Alasdair Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195374988
- eISBN:
- 9780199776849
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374988.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The era of economic liberalization, spanning 1978 to 2008, is often regarded as a period in which government was simply dismantled. In fact, government was reconstructed to meet the needs of a ...
More
The era of economic liberalization, spanning 1978 to 2008, is often regarded as a period in which government was simply dismantled. In fact, government was reconstructed to meet the needs of a globalized economy. Central banking, fiscal control, tax collection, regulation, port and airport management, infrastructure development—in all of these areas, radical reforms were made to the architecture of government. A common philosophy shaped all of these reforms: the logic of discipline. It was premised on deep skepticism about the ability of democratic processes to make sensible policy choices. It sought to impose constraints on elected officials and citizens, often by shifting power to technocrat-guardians who were shielded from political influence. It placed great faith in the power of legal changes—new laws, treaties, and contracts—to produce significant alterations in the performance of governmental systems. Even before the global economic crisis of 2007-2009, the logic of discipline was under assault. Faced with many failed reform projects, advocates of discipline realized that they had underestimated the complexity of governmental change. Opponents of discipline emphasized the damage to democratic values that followed from the empowerment of new groups of technocrat-guardians. The financial crisis did further damage to the logic of discipline, as governments modified their attitudes about central bank independence and fiscal control, and global financial and trade flows declined. It was the market that now appeared to behave myopically and erratically, and which now insisted that governments should abandon precepts about the role of government that it had once insisted were inviolable. An account of neoliberal governmental restructuring across the world, The Logic of Discipline offers an analysis of how this undemocratic model is unravelling in the face of a monumental and ongoing failure of the market.Less
The era of economic liberalization, spanning 1978 to 2008, is often regarded as a period in which government was simply dismantled. In fact, government was reconstructed to meet the needs of a globalized economy. Central banking, fiscal control, tax collection, regulation, port and airport management, infrastructure development—in all of these areas, radical reforms were made to the architecture of government. A common philosophy shaped all of these reforms: the logic of discipline. It was premised on deep skepticism about the ability of democratic processes to make sensible policy choices. It sought to impose constraints on elected officials and citizens, often by shifting power to technocrat-guardians who were shielded from political influence. It placed great faith in the power of legal changes—new laws, treaties, and contracts—to produce significant alterations in the performance of governmental systems. Even before the global economic crisis of 2007-2009, the logic of discipline was under assault. Faced with many failed reform projects, advocates of discipline realized that they had underestimated the complexity of governmental change. Opponents of discipline emphasized the damage to democratic values that followed from the empowerment of new groups of technocrat-guardians. The financial crisis did further damage to the logic of discipline, as governments modified their attitudes about central bank independence and fiscal control, and global financial and trade flows declined. It was the market that now appeared to behave myopically and erratically, and which now insisted that governments should abandon precepts about the role of government that it had once insisted were inviolable. An account of neoliberal governmental restructuring across the world, The Logic of Discipline offers an analysis of how this undemocratic model is unravelling in the face of a monumental and ongoing failure of the market.
Jong‐Il You
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189322
- eISBN:
- 9780199783823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189322.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter reviews Korea's experience with economic liberalization since the early 1980s. Section 1 provides a brief history of the economic liberalization policy in the broader context of the rise ...
More
This chapter reviews Korea's experience with economic liberalization since the early 1980s. Section 1 provides a brief history of the economic liberalization policy in the broader context of the rise and fall of the Korean model of development. Section 2 analyzes the major economic consequences of the liberalization policy, including its impact on growth and distribution, the currency crisis, and the financial crisis. Section 3 examines the macroeconomic adjustments since the crisis, including the impact on the labor market and income distribution. Section 4 reviews the economic and social policy reforms that the government has pursued since the crisis. The concluding section draws some lessons on liberalization policy from the Korean experience.Less
This chapter reviews Korea's experience with economic liberalization since the early 1980s. Section 1 provides a brief history of the economic liberalization policy in the broader context of the rise and fall of the Korean model of development. Section 2 analyzes the major economic consequences of the liberalization policy, including its impact on growth and distribution, the currency crisis, and the financial crisis. Section 3 examines the macroeconomic adjustments since the crisis, including the impact on the labor market and income distribution. Section 4 reviews the economic and social policy reforms that the government has pursued since the crisis. The concluding section draws some lessons on liberalization policy from the Korean experience.
Yung Chul Park
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199276776
- eISBN:
- 9780191603051
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199276773.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This book examines East Asia’s economic development and integration following the Asian crisis of 1997-1998. The book is divided into six parts. Part 1 describes the development experiences of East ...
More
This book examines East Asia’s economic development and integration following the Asian crisis of 1997-1998. The book is divided into six parts. Part 1 describes the development experiences of East Asia’s emerging economies, their characteristics and accomplishments, and then provides an overview of some of the critical failures of the East Asian development model. Part 2 examines the causes and consequences of the Asian crisis, together with a reassessment of the IMF reform program. Part 3 covers the topics of corporate and institutional sector reform, the role of government, and the need for improved social welfare and industrial relations policies. Part 4 assesses the progress in three key areas for the region: reform of the financial sector, the pros and cons of a floating exchange rate regime, and the degree and effect of capital account liberalization. Part 5 reviews the key sectors of trade and financial integration in East Asia, the prospects for continued economic cooperation and integration, and the need for policy coordination with regard to the record foreign currency reserves held by East Asian economies, which resulted in a Transpacific trade imbalance. Part 6 considers the road ahead for East Asia and outlines the characteristics of a new paradigm for development. It is argued that merely adopting liberal economic reform measures will not ensure successful development. This new and evolving development paradigm — distinct from the old system yet not an Anglo-American system — is the key to ensuring success in the region.Less
This book examines East Asia’s economic development and integration following the Asian crisis of 1997-1998. The book is divided into six parts. Part 1 describes the development experiences of East Asia’s emerging economies, their characteristics and accomplishments, and then provides an overview of some of the critical failures of the East Asian development model. Part 2 examines the causes and consequences of the Asian crisis, together with a reassessment of the IMF reform program. Part 3 covers the topics of corporate and institutional sector reform, the role of government, and the need for improved social welfare and industrial relations policies. Part 4 assesses the progress in three key areas for the region: reform of the financial sector, the pros and cons of a floating exchange rate regime, and the degree and effect of capital account liberalization. Part 5 reviews the key sectors of trade and financial integration in East Asia, the prospects for continued economic cooperation and integration, and the need for policy coordination with regard to the record foreign currency reserves held by East Asian economies, which resulted in a Transpacific trade imbalance. Part 6 considers the road ahead for East Asia and outlines the characteristics of a new paradigm for development. It is argued that merely adopting liberal economic reform measures will not ensure successful development. This new and evolving development paradigm — distinct from the old system yet not an Anglo-American system — is the key to ensuring success in the region.
Milada Anna Vachudova
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199241194
- eISBN:
- 9780191602382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241198.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The quality of political competition at the moment of regime change determined whether East European states embarked on a liberal or an illiberal pattern of political change after 1989. It was ...
More
The quality of political competition at the moment of regime change determined whether East European states embarked on a liberal or an illiberal pattern of political change after 1989. It was initially determined by the presence or absence of an opposition to communism strong enough to take power in 1989, and secondarily by the presence or absence of a reforming communist party. This chapter makes the theoretical case for why political competition is central to understanding variation in the domestic trajectories of post-communist states. It also presents a model of the causal mechanisms that translate different levels of political competition into liberal and illiberal political outcomes.Less
The quality of political competition at the moment of regime change determined whether East European states embarked on a liberal or an illiberal pattern of political change after 1989. It was initially determined by the presence or absence of an opposition to communism strong enough to take power in 1989, and secondarily by the presence or absence of a reforming communist party. This chapter makes the theoretical case for why political competition is central to understanding variation in the domestic trajectories of post-communist states. It also presents a model of the causal mechanisms that translate different levels of political competition into liberal and illiberal political outcomes.
Alasdair Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195374988
- eISBN:
- 9780199776849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374988.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter begins with a discussion of the focus of the book, an era in governmental reform that spanned thirty years. It began, roughly, in 1978-1980 with the advent of market reforms in China, ...
More
This chapter begins with a discussion of the focus of the book, an era in governmental reform that spanned thirty years. It began, roughly, in 1978-1980 with the advent of market reforms in China, led by Deng Xiaoping; the election of British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and her subsequent assault on the British planned economy; and the election of U.S. president Ronald Reagan and his own program of economic deregulation. Economic liberalization was at first a revolutionary doctrine, but after three decades it became an orthodoxy promoted by center-left politicians (Democratic president Bill Clinton and Labor prime minister Tony Blair, for example) as well as those on the right. The book examines many of these reforms and shows that each of these reform projects had more in common than the shared objective of making the global economy run smoothly. They also shared a design philosophy called logic of discipline. This discipline, its limits, and impact of the onset of global financial crises in August 2007 are discussed.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the focus of the book, an era in governmental reform that spanned thirty years. It began, roughly, in 1978-1980 with the advent of market reforms in China, led by Deng Xiaoping; the election of British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and her subsequent assault on the British planned economy; and the election of U.S. president Ronald Reagan and his own program of economic deregulation. Economic liberalization was at first a revolutionary doctrine, but after three decades it became an orthodoxy promoted by center-left politicians (Democratic president Bill Clinton and Labor prime minister Tony Blair, for example) as well as those on the right. The book examines many of these reforms and shows that each of these reform projects had more in common than the shared objective of making the global economy run smoothly. They also shared a design philosophy called logic of discipline. This discipline, its limits, and impact of the onset of global financial crises in August 2007 are discussed.
Maria Kousis
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199252060
- eISBN:
- 9780191601064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252068.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Analysis of 579 environmental protest events in Greece, reported in Eleftherotypia during 1988–97, showed an uneven decline of protest during the decade, an overrepresentation of urban environmental ...
More
Analysis of 579 environmental protest events in Greece, reported in Eleftherotypia during 1988–97, showed an uneven decline of protest during the decade, an overrepresentation of urban environmental claims, and the prominence of nature conservation, pollution, urban, and industrial claims made by both formal and informal environmental groups. Claims involving the health effects of environmental degradation declined, due to a steeper reduction in the reported incidence of grassroots environmental activism. In general, there was limited variation in the tactics used, with conventional protest predominating, followed by confrontation and demonstrations, and rarely by violence. Community activists tended to opt more often for confrontational or violent actions than did formal NGOs. The observed patterns are influenced by the changing political and economic opportunity structure associated with economic liberalization, the pattern of newspaper coverage, and the organization of social space.Less
Analysis of 579 environmental protest events in Greece, reported in Eleftherotypia during 1988–97, showed an uneven decline of protest during the decade, an overrepresentation of urban environmental claims, and the prominence of nature conservation, pollution, urban, and industrial claims made by both formal and informal environmental groups. Claims involving the health effects of environmental degradation declined, due to a steeper reduction in the reported incidence of grassroots environmental activism. In general, there was limited variation in the tactics used, with conventional protest predominating, followed by confrontation and demonstrations, and rarely by violence. Community activists tended to opt more often for confrontational or violent actions than did formal NGOs. The observed patterns are influenced by the changing political and economic opportunity structure associated with economic liberalization, the pattern of newspaper coverage, and the organization of social space.
Zoya Hasan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195685978
- eISBN:
- 9780199082216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195685978.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
This chapter recounts the economic crises and political processes that spurred a dramatic change of economic policy, which constitutes a watershed in India’s economic history. It is concerned with ...
More
This chapter recounts the economic crises and political processes that spurred a dramatic change of economic policy, which constitutes a watershed in India’s economic history. It is concerned with the degree to which it was induced by policy choices of political leaders acting in response to a changing domestic and international environment, and by structural determinants. It is essentially an attempt to look at the broader question of the politics of economic liberalization. The chapter also tries to understand the changing role of the political elite and the continuities and discontinuities in economic policy from Rajiv Gandhi to Rao. Liberalization provoked popular discontent, yet it continued to get the full backing of the Congress because the political alliance of powerful groups prevailed over opponents of liberalization. This underlined the changed policy priorities of the Congress leadership.Less
This chapter recounts the economic crises and political processes that spurred a dramatic change of economic policy, which constitutes a watershed in India’s economic history. It is concerned with the degree to which it was induced by policy choices of political leaders acting in response to a changing domestic and international environment, and by structural determinants. It is essentially an attempt to look at the broader question of the politics of economic liberalization. The chapter also tries to understand the changing role of the political elite and the continuities and discontinuities in economic policy from Rajiv Gandhi to Rao. Liberalization provoked popular discontent, yet it continued to get the full backing of the Congress because the political alliance of powerful groups prevailed over opponents of liberalization. This underlined the changed policy priorities of the Congress leadership.
Alasdair Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195374988
- eISBN:
- 9780199776849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374988.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on the infrastructure crisis faced by many countries throughout the era of liberalization. Many governments experimented with a new method of infrastructure development: the ...
More
This chapter focuses on the infrastructure crisis faced by many countries throughout the era of liberalization. Many governments experimented with a new method of infrastructure development: the long-term infrastructure contract. A powerful commercial lobby pushed for its use, but this innovation proved just as problematic as many of the others promoted under the logic of discipline.Less
This chapter focuses on the infrastructure crisis faced by many countries throughout the era of liberalization. Many governments experimented with a new method of infrastructure development: the long-term infrastructure contract. A powerful commercial lobby pushed for its use, but this innovation proved just as problematic as many of the others promoted under the logic of discipline.
Alasdair Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195374988
- eISBN:
- 9780199776849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374988.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses central bank independence and why it should be regarded as an application of the logic of discipline. The argument for central bank independence mutated substantially over ...
More
This chapter discusses central bank independence and why it should be regarded as an application of the logic of discipline. The argument for central bank independence mutated substantially over thirty years. It began as a simple application of the logic of discipline: legal reforms were necessary to establish the independence of central banks so that they could make difficult decisions about monetary policy. Formal-legal reforms empowered a new guardian class of central bankers and scholarly economists. Over time the argument for independence was refined to include the claim that de jure independence would be an effective means of reassuring foreign investors about the commitment to price stability. By 2009, however, this now-conventional argument for central bank independence had been discredited in several ways. The most obvious difficulty was the failure of leading central bankers to anticipate and avoid the crisis of 2007-2009.Less
This chapter discusses central bank independence and why it should be regarded as an application of the logic of discipline. The argument for central bank independence mutated substantially over thirty years. It began as a simple application of the logic of discipline: legal reforms were necessary to establish the independence of central banks so that they could make difficult decisions about monetary policy. Formal-legal reforms empowered a new guardian class of central bankers and scholarly economists. Over time the argument for independence was refined to include the claim that de jure independence would be an effective means of reassuring foreign investors about the commitment to price stability. By 2009, however, this now-conventional argument for central bank independence had been discredited in several ways. The most obvious difficulty was the failure of leading central bankers to anticipate and avoid the crisis of 2007-2009.
Alasdair Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195374988
- eISBN:
- 9780199776849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374988.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines institutional reform efforts aimed at curbing the unhealthy tendencies of unconstrained democratic processes in the era of liberalization. In many countries, power was ...
More
This chapter examines institutional reform efforts aimed at curbing the unhealthy tendencies of unconstrained democratic processes in the era of liberalization. In many countries, power was consolidated in the hands of finance ministries, with the expectation that they would control the spending impulses of legislators and other agencies. Many countries also adopted legal rules that were intended to limit spending and borrowing. This was the logic of discipline at work: skepticism about the capacity of democratic institutions to regulate themselves, combined with the naïve institutionalist's optimism that institutional reforms would produce significant changes in the behavior of governmental systems. These attempts at discipline largely failed. The authority of finance ministries could be asserted during crises but faltered afterward, largely because it proved so profoundly hostile to the principle of democratic control. And legal constraints on spending and borrowing proved to be unequal to the impulses they sought to contain. This was evident even before the onset of the global financial crisis in August 2007. The crisis itself did even more damage to the idea of budgetary discipline, as Treasuries themselves became the most activist of spending ministries.Less
This chapter examines institutional reform efforts aimed at curbing the unhealthy tendencies of unconstrained democratic processes in the era of liberalization. In many countries, power was consolidated in the hands of finance ministries, with the expectation that they would control the spending impulses of legislators and other agencies. Many countries also adopted legal rules that were intended to limit spending and borrowing. This was the logic of discipline at work: skepticism about the capacity of democratic institutions to regulate themselves, combined with the naïve institutionalist's optimism that institutional reforms would produce significant changes in the behavior of governmental systems. These attempts at discipline largely failed. The authority of finance ministries could be asserted during crises but faltered afterward, largely because it proved so profoundly hostile to the principle of democratic control. And legal constraints on spending and borrowing proved to be unequal to the impulses they sought to contain. This was evident even before the onset of the global financial crisis in August 2007. The crisis itself did even more damage to the idea of budgetary discipline, as Treasuries themselves became the most activist of spending ministries.
Alasdair Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195374988
- eISBN:
- 9780199776849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374988.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It identifies the limitations of the logic of discipline, including its lack of candor about motivation, its underdevelopment as a ...
More
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It identifies the limitations of the logic of discipline, including its lack of candor about motivation, its underdevelopment as a political philosophy, and its flawed conception of how governmental processes are reformed. The reforms canvassed in this book were closely connected with the larger project of advancing global capitalism, and the extent to which someone favors aspects of this reform program hinges substantially on his or her opinion of the wisdom of that larger project. But a citizen can be skeptical about globalization and nonetheless concede the seriousness of some of the problems canvassed in this book, such as fiscal drift, uncontrolled inflation, or declining tax ratios. The question is how to best address these problems. How do we craft reforms that are effective and durable? An important preliminary step is to develop a more sophisticated way of thinking about the goals and process of reform. We can begin by abandoning three words that featured prominently in reform debates in the era of liberalization: depoliticization, autonomization, and discipline.Less
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It identifies the limitations of the logic of discipline, including its lack of candor about motivation, its underdevelopment as a political philosophy, and its flawed conception of how governmental processes are reformed. The reforms canvassed in this book were closely connected with the larger project of advancing global capitalism, and the extent to which someone favors aspects of this reform program hinges substantially on his or her opinion of the wisdom of that larger project. But a citizen can be skeptical about globalization and nonetheless concede the seriousness of some of the problems canvassed in this book, such as fiscal drift, uncontrolled inflation, or declining tax ratios. The question is how to best address these problems. How do we craft reforms that are effective and durable? An important preliminary step is to develop a more sophisticated way of thinking about the goals and process of reform. We can begin by abandoning three words that featured prominently in reform debates in the era of liberalization: depoliticization, autonomization, and discipline.
Yung Chul Park
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199276776
- eISBN:
- 9780191603051
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199276773.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The book’s objective is to analyze the implications of major developments in East Asian economic liberalization and integration, and its future prospects.
The book’s objective is to analyze the implications of major developments in East Asian economic liberalization and integration, and its future prospects.
Alasdair Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195374988
- eISBN:
- 9780199776849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374988.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on the creation of new independent regulatory agencies and signing of thousands of bilateral investment treaties during the era of liberalization. This was another massive ...
More
This chapter focuses on the creation of new independent regulatory agencies and signing of thousands of bilateral investment treaties during the era of liberalization. This was another massive experiment with the logic of discipline. But the experiment did not always produce the expected results. Governments sometimes escaped the constraints they had promised to honor. And where constraints continued to bind, troubling questions about the corrosion of democratic governance were raised.Less
This chapter focuses on the creation of new independent regulatory agencies and signing of thousands of bilateral investment treaties during the era of liberalization. This was another massive experiment with the logic of discipline. But the experiment did not always produce the expected results. Governments sometimes escaped the constraints they had promised to honor. And where constraints continued to bind, troubling questions about the corrosion of democratic governance were raised.
Jon Brookfield, Sea-Jin Chang, Israel Drori, Shmuel Ellis, Sérgio G. Lazzarini, Jordan I. Siegel, and Juan Pablo von Bernath Bardina
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017275
- eISBN:
- 9780262301572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017275.003.0056
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter examines the impact of economic liberalization on business ownership networks in six major emerging economies which include Brazil, Chile, Israel, Mexico, South Korea, and Taiwan. It ...
More
This chapter examines the impact of economic liberalization on business ownership networks in six major emerging economies which include Brazil, Chile, Israel, Mexico, South Korea, and Taiwan. It describes the institutional differences in these countries and analyzes the effect of these differences on the local structure of ownership networks and the configuration of business groups. It also provides data on the specific impact of liberalization on centralization of governance, directors’ networks, and potential implications for competitiveness.Less
This chapter examines the impact of economic liberalization on business ownership networks in six major emerging economies which include Brazil, Chile, Israel, Mexico, South Korea, and Taiwan. It describes the institutional differences in these countries and analyzes the effect of these differences on the local structure of ownership networks and the configuration of business groups. It also provides data on the specific impact of liberalization on centralization of governance, directors’ networks, and potential implications for competitiveness.
Alasdair Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195374988
- eISBN:
- 9780199776849
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374988.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on mainport reforms during the era of liberalization. Mounting anxiety about the capacity of mainports to meet the requirements of a globalized economy resulted in organizational ...
More
This chapter focuses on mainport reforms during the era of liberalization. Mounting anxiety about the capacity of mainports to meet the requirements of a globalized economy resulted in organizational reforms that produced “an unprecedented transformation on a global scale.” In many countries, ports and airports used to be organized as conventional government bureaucracies, often integrated into a single national ministry or department. These old monoliths were now broken up and replaced by a larger set of organizations, each usually responsible for the management of a single port or airport. Decentralization was accompanied by autonomization—that is, the creation of legal barriers to protect mainports from political and bureaucratic interference.Less
This chapter focuses on mainport reforms during the era of liberalization. Mounting anxiety about the capacity of mainports to meet the requirements of a globalized economy resulted in organizational reforms that produced “an unprecedented transformation on a global scale.” In many countries, ports and airports used to be organized as conventional government bureaucracies, often integrated into a single national ministry or department. These old monoliths were now broken up and replaced by a larger set of organizations, each usually responsible for the management of a single port or airport. Decentralization was accompanied by autonomization—that is, the creation of legal barriers to protect mainports from political and bureaucratic interference.
Nikita Sud
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198076933
- eISBN:
- 9780199080908
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198076933.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
In this path-breaking account, Nikita Sud critically re-examines the post-independence history and politics of Gujarat, one of India’s leading federal units. Today, Gujarat is known for its ...
More
In this path-breaking account, Nikita Sud critically re-examines the post-independence history and politics of Gujarat, one of India’s leading federal units. Today, Gujarat is known for its pioneering role in market liberalization and as the site of ethno-religious strife. Adopting a long-term view, Sud offers a fresh perspective on the seemingly puzzling coexistence of economic liberalism and political illiberalism. Challenging paradigms that posit the decline of the developmental state in India, she places the ideas, institutions and politics of the state at the heart of the analysis. Highlighting the state’s recent re-orientation, both as an enabler of the market and as a vehicle for Hindu cultural nationalism, Sud explores how interactions among a re-invigorated state, private corporate capital and ethno-nationalism are configuring the ‘new India’.Less
In this path-breaking account, Nikita Sud critically re-examines the post-independence history and politics of Gujarat, one of India’s leading federal units. Today, Gujarat is known for its pioneering role in market liberalization and as the site of ethno-religious strife. Adopting a long-term view, Sud offers a fresh perspective on the seemingly puzzling coexistence of economic liberalism and political illiberalism. Challenging paradigms that posit the decline of the developmental state in India, she places the ideas, institutions and politics of the state at the heart of the analysis. Highlighting the state’s recent re-orientation, both as an enabler of the market and as a vehicle for Hindu cultural nationalism, Sud explores how interactions among a re-invigorated state, private corporate capital and ethno-nationalism are configuring the ‘new India’.
Baldev Raj Nayar
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195699395
- eISBN:
- 9780199080526
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195699395.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter examines the performance of the state with regard to the supply of some important public goods, such as internal security, education, and health. It finds the state to be seriously ...
More
This chapter examines the performance of the state with regard to the supply of some important public goods, such as internal security, education, and health. It finds the state to be seriously lagging behind the performance of the economy. One consequence of this performance of the state has been the resort by the public to the market for such goods. In the changed context of politics after the passing of the first generation of post-independence leadership, the factors of social diversity and political democracy as presently practised are also, regrettably, responsible for the lag in the state's performance. While the economic arena has seen considerable reform as part of economic liberalization, there has been little reform in the area of governance.Less
This chapter examines the performance of the state with regard to the supply of some important public goods, such as internal security, education, and health. It finds the state to be seriously lagging behind the performance of the economy. One consequence of this performance of the state has been the resort by the public to the market for such goods. In the changed context of politics after the passing of the first generation of post-independence leadership, the factors of social diversity and political democracy as presently practised are also, regrettably, responsible for the lag in the state's performance. While the economic arena has seen considerable reform as part of economic liberalization, there has been little reform in the area of governance.
Baldev Raj Nayar
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195699395
- eISBN:
- 9780199080526
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195699395.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter discusses the shift to liberalization and its economic impact — the key feature of which has been the resurgence of the private sector, leading, in turn, to the acceleration of the ...
More
This chapter discusses the shift to liberalization and its economic impact — the key feature of which has been the resurgence of the private sector, leading, in turn, to the acceleration of the growth rate. One result of the impressive economic performance following liberalization has been, paradoxically, the ‘empowering’ or ‘enabling’ of the state through the increased access to resources that accelerated growth has made available. Another has been a considerable ideational change in favour of economic liberalization among groups that were initially hostile to it, including, interestingly, the Communist Party of India (Marxist), if only in part.Less
This chapter discusses the shift to liberalization and its economic impact — the key feature of which has been the resurgence of the private sector, leading, in turn, to the acceleration of the growth rate. One result of the impressive economic performance following liberalization has been, paradoxically, the ‘empowering’ or ‘enabling’ of the state through the increased access to resources that accelerated growth has made available. Another has been a considerable ideational change in favour of economic liberalization among groups that were initially hostile to it, including, interestingly, the Communist Party of India (Marxist), if only in part.
Anthony P. D’Costa
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199646210
- eISBN:
- 9780191741630
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199646210.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This concluding chapter reiterates the significance of the role of the state in managing national economies, especially under new pressures and opportunities arising from globalization. The ...
More
This concluding chapter reiterates the significance of the role of the state in managing national economies, especially under new pressures and opportunities arising from globalization. The continuity of state activism was captured by modifying the conventional definition of economic nationalism and underscoring it as a dynamic concept and process, which is historically contingent on new social forces. In looking ahead, this chapter critically assesses the common presumption that economic nationalism benefits society. East Asia has certainly benefited but the outcomes are mixed in South Asia and Latin America. Today, India and China are also beneficiaries of the global economy and their respective states have a bearing on such an outcome. However, their market reforms and economic liberalization have also unleashed social disruptions in the form of rising inequality, unemployment, and job-less growth. Future research on economic nationalism under globalization ought to address these acute challenges.Less
This concluding chapter reiterates the significance of the role of the state in managing national economies, especially under new pressures and opportunities arising from globalization. The continuity of state activism was captured by modifying the conventional definition of economic nationalism and underscoring it as a dynamic concept and process, which is historically contingent on new social forces. In looking ahead, this chapter critically assesses the common presumption that economic nationalism benefits society. East Asia has certainly benefited but the outcomes are mixed in South Asia and Latin America. Today, India and China are also beneficiaries of the global economy and their respective states have a bearing on such an outcome. However, their market reforms and economic liberalization have also unleashed social disruptions in the form of rising inequality, unemployment, and job-less growth. Future research on economic nationalism under globalization ought to address these acute challenges.
Peter C. Y. Chow and Mitchell H. Kellman
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195078954
- eISBN:
- 9780199855001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195078954.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Assessing the conditions of the world economy as background for the external trading environment for the NICs is necessary to provide a prospective scenario for the export status of the NICs, thus, ...
More
Assessing the conditions of the world economy as background for the external trading environment for the NICs is necessary to provide a prospective scenario for the export status of the NICs, thus, several assumptions that project the trend of world trade are discussed. The authors illustrate how the trend of deindustrialization and some sociopolitical environments may significantly hinder the export expansions in the NICs and affect their economic growth. Nevertheless, the process of economic liberalization, the drive for deregulation, the privatization of public enterprises, the surge of outward foreign direct investment from the NICs, and the gradual liberalization of financial markets and institutions are all promising developments toward more efficient and open economies for NICs in the near future. In addition, the relative importance of the U.S., EC and Japanese market to their past export performances are explored to be able to forecast their future trend in export growth.Less
Assessing the conditions of the world economy as background for the external trading environment for the NICs is necessary to provide a prospective scenario for the export status of the NICs, thus, several assumptions that project the trend of world trade are discussed. The authors illustrate how the trend of deindustrialization and some sociopolitical environments may significantly hinder the export expansions in the NICs and affect their economic growth. Nevertheless, the process of economic liberalization, the drive for deregulation, the privatization of public enterprises, the surge of outward foreign direct investment from the NICs, and the gradual liberalization of financial markets and institutions are all promising developments toward more efficient and open economies for NICs in the near future. In addition, the relative importance of the U.S., EC and Japanese market to their past export performances are explored to be able to forecast their future trend in export growth.
