Matias Vernengo
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189322
- eISBN:
- 9780199783823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189322.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter examines the growth and distributional impacts of Malaysia's policy of maintaining open current and capital accounts. Malaysia's external liberalization policy initiatives are described. ...
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This chapter examines the growth and distributional impacts of Malaysia's policy of maintaining open current and capital accounts. Malaysia's external liberalization policy initiatives are described. Malaysia's external liberalization experience is then analyzed, followed by an assessment of the macroeconomic impact of external liberalization à la Berg and Taylor (2000). The socio-economic impacts of external liberalization are dealt with in the following section. The final section provides a more detailed discussion of certain aspects of external liberalization, focusing on international trade, foreign direct investment, international finance, intellectual property rights, and international economic governance.Less
This chapter examines the growth and distributional impacts of Malaysia's policy of maintaining open current and capital accounts. Malaysia's external liberalization policy initiatives are described. Malaysia's external liberalization experience is then analyzed, followed by an assessment of the macroeconomic impact of external liberalization à la Berg and Taylor (2000). The socio-economic impacts of external liberalization are dealt with in the following section. The final section provides a more detailed discussion of certain aspects of external liberalization, focusing on international trade, foreign direct investment, international finance, intellectual property rights, and international economic governance.
Richard Caplan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199263455
- eISBN:
- 9780191602726
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199263450.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Explores how, and under what circumstances, international authorities should withdraw from the administration of a territory. Whereas elections were once viewed as the capstone of international ...
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Explores how, and under what circumstances, international authorities should withdraw from the administration of a territory. Whereas elections were once viewed as the capstone of international involvement, as in Cambodia, transitional authorities today are focused additionally on the development of institutional safeguards (for minority groups, for instance) that, it is hoped, will endure beyond the transitional period. Other approaches include a phased exit strategy whereby the pace of transfer is commensurate with the demonstrated ability of the local leadership to meet specified benchmarks. Follow-on measures—a role for which regional organizations may be particularly well suited—are also important to reinforce positive results, as are regional stabilization measures, such as the incentive structure represented by the prospect of membership in regional and international organizations.Less
Explores how, and under what circumstances, international authorities should withdraw from the administration of a territory. Whereas elections were once viewed as the capstone of international involvement, as in Cambodia, transitional authorities today are focused additionally on the development of institutional safeguards (for minority groups, for instance) that, it is hoped, will endure beyond the transitional period. Other approaches include a phased exit strategy whereby the pace of transfer is commensurate with the demonstrated ability of the local leadership to meet specified benchmarks. Follow-on measures—a role for which regional organizations may be particularly well suited—are also important to reinforce positive results, as are regional stabilization measures, such as the incentive structure represented by the prospect of membership in regional and international organizations.
Tim Quinlan and Alan Whiteside
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237401
- eISBN:
- 9780191723957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237401.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
In early 2003, an outbreak of a new disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused panic around the world. When the disease was finally brought under control and the costs were totalled, ...
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In early 2003, an outbreak of a new disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused panic around the world. When the disease was finally brought under control and the costs were totalled, SARS had claimed 321 lives in twenty-six countries. The estimated cost to the global economy was between US$40 billion and US$140 billion. In contrast, HIV has been recognized for more than twenty years. Since the epidemic began, more than sixty million people have been infected and twenty million died. The HIV pandemic has not been brought under control, and the toll continues to mount. Yet, this disease has not had the level of global, social, and economic response that SARS had. This chapter explains why this is the case, by first looking at the social and economic impacts of the pandemic.Less
In early 2003, an outbreak of a new disease, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused panic around the world. When the disease was finally brought under control and the costs were totalled, SARS had claimed 321 lives in twenty-six countries. The estimated cost to the global economy was between US$40 billion and US$140 billion. In contrast, HIV has been recognized for more than twenty years. Since the epidemic began, more than sixty million people have been infected and twenty million died. The HIV pandemic has not been brought under control, and the toll continues to mount. Yet, this disease has not had the level of global, social, and economic response that SARS had. This chapter explains why this is the case, by first looking at the social and economic impacts of the pandemic.
Debarati Guha-Sapir and Indhira Santos (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199841936
- eISBN:
- 9780199950157
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199841936.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Natural disasters, in particular climate related ones, are increasing in frequency. Along with this, their socio economic impacts have doubled or even tripled. These trends present important ...
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Natural disasters, in particular climate related ones, are increasing in frequency. Along with this, their socio economic impacts have doubled or even tripled. These trends present important challenges to policy makers at national and international levels, especially within the context of climate change and global warming. This book focuses on the economic impact of these catastrophic events. The first part critically reviews economic tools currently available to measure and analyze impact on national economies as well as household welfare. It also examines ex-ante and ex-post mechanisms to deal with the effects of disasters and the relationship between extreme natural events and climate change. The authors discuss methods related to the valuation of disaster losses and their impact on non-marketed goods like the environment as well as balancing risks, costs and benefits of disaster management. Case studies from different economic settings are then presented. Examples from industrialized countries, including Netherlands and Japan, consider cost benefit analysis, micro-level consumption and insurance patterns. Cases from developing countries such as Nicaragua and Bangladesh cover topics ranging from informal mechanisms of inter-household transfers and their relations to public aid schemes, to flood loss management for adaptation options. The book concludes with concrete research and policy priorities that are relevant at national and international levels. It opens up new avenues for thinking and debate, emphasizing the need for better evidence of the socio economic effects of disasters and better policies to reduce impact.Less
Natural disasters, in particular climate related ones, are increasing in frequency. Along with this, their socio economic impacts have doubled or even tripled. These trends present important challenges to policy makers at national and international levels, especially within the context of climate change and global warming. This book focuses on the economic impact of these catastrophic events. The first part critically reviews economic tools currently available to measure and analyze impact on national economies as well as household welfare. It also examines ex-ante and ex-post mechanisms to deal with the effects of disasters and the relationship between extreme natural events and climate change. The authors discuss methods related to the valuation of disaster losses and their impact on non-marketed goods like the environment as well as balancing risks, costs and benefits of disaster management. Case studies from different economic settings are then presented. Examples from industrialized countries, including Netherlands and Japan, consider cost benefit analysis, micro-level consumption and insurance patterns. Cases from developing countries such as Nicaragua and Bangladesh cover topics ranging from informal mechanisms of inter-household transfers and their relations to public aid schemes, to flood loss management for adaptation options. The book concludes with concrete research and policy priorities that are relevant at national and international levels. It opens up new avenues for thinking and debate, emphasizing the need for better evidence of the socio economic effects of disasters and better policies to reduce impact.
Jonathan Karam Skaff
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199734139
- eISBN:
- 9780199950195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734139.003.0008
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, World History: BCE to 500CE, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines the argument that unlike popular belief, the material needs of the Turko-Mongols only played a small role in shaping the relations between the Sui-Tang Empires and ...
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This chapter examines the argument that unlike popular belief, the material needs of the Turko-Mongols only played a small role in shaping the relations between the Sui-Tang Empires and Mongolia-based powers. It first discusses the economic impact of Turko-Mongol rule over subordinate peoples, where it considers the available economic opportunities, the administration, and taxation. The next section studies the administrative and financial impact on tribes accepting Tang authority. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the Tang horse system and a description of the horse trade.Less
This chapter examines the argument that unlike popular belief, the material needs of the Turko-Mongols only played a small role in shaping the relations between the Sui-Tang Empires and Mongolia-based powers. It first discusses the economic impact of Turko-Mongol rule over subordinate peoples, where it considers the available economic opportunities, the administration, and taxation. The next section studies the administrative and financial impact on tribes accepting Tang authority. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the Tang horse system and a description of the horse trade.
Stephen Conway
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199253753
- eISBN:
- 9780191719738
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253753.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
To understand more fully the significance of the impact of conflicts, the experience of the years 1739-63 compared with the British and Irish experience of earlier and later armed struggles during ...
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To understand more fully the significance of the impact of conflicts, the experience of the years 1739-63 compared with the British and Irish experience of earlier and later armed struggles during the long 18th century must be considered, particularly the War of the League of Augsburg, or Nine Years War (1689-97), the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13), the American War (1775-83), and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793-1815). It is also important to look beyond the British Isles; the stresses, strains, and opportunities created or intensified by the mid-century conflicts placed in a European context.Less
To understand more fully the significance of the impact of conflicts, the experience of the years 1739-63 compared with the British and Irish experience of earlier and later armed struggles during the long 18th century must be considered, particularly the War of the League of Augsburg, or Nine Years War (1689-97), the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13), the American War (1775-83), and the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793-1815). It is also important to look beyond the British Isles; the stresses, strains, and opportunities created or intensified by the mid-century conflicts placed in a European context.
Catherine Kovesi Killerby
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247936
- eISBN:
- 9780191714733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247936.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter begins by explaining that sumptuary legislation cannot be ‘linked in a simple or satisfying way to contemporary economic opinion or conditions’. It then investigates the importance for ...
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This chapter begins by explaining that sumptuary legislation cannot be ‘linked in a simple or satisfying way to contemporary economic opinion or conditions’. It then investigates the importance for late medieval and Renaissance Italian governments of preserving and encouraging the two resources of money and people by means of sumptuary laws. It stresses that the laws stated that expenditure itself was not discouraged for it was recognised that the circulation of money was vital to the maintenance and improvement of trade and industry. It clarifies that the laws considered useless expenditure to be universally condemned. It argues that an apparent flaw in these governments' economic thought here is their failure to consider that expenditure by the wealthy, though possibly foolish, provided income for artisans. It stresses that sumptuary laws were not employed as a useless, rhetorical exercise of moral catharsis, but as a practical means of dealing with practical problems.Less
This chapter begins by explaining that sumptuary legislation cannot be ‘linked in a simple or satisfying way to contemporary economic opinion or conditions’. It then investigates the importance for late medieval and Renaissance Italian governments of preserving and encouraging the two resources of money and people by means of sumptuary laws. It stresses that the laws stated that expenditure itself was not discouraged for it was recognised that the circulation of money was vital to the maintenance and improvement of trade and industry. It clarifies that the laws considered useless expenditure to be universally condemned. It argues that an apparent flaw in these governments' economic thought here is their failure to consider that expenditure by the wealthy, though possibly foolish, provided income for artisans. It stresses that sumptuary laws were not employed as a useless, rhetorical exercise of moral catharsis, but as a practical means of dealing with practical problems.
Alan Forrest
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206163
- eISBN:
- 9780191676994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206163.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the impact of the French Revolution on the social and economic conditions in Aquitaine. For much of Aquitaine, the Revolution spelt the end of an era of prosperity and the onset ...
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This chapter examines the impact of the French Revolution on the social and economic conditions in Aquitaine. For much of Aquitaine, the Revolution spelt the end of an era of prosperity and the onset of a long and painful decline. The impact of the Revolution started to be felt between 1879 and 1792 when Aquitaine lost a substantial part of its European trade and its exports were reduced because of poor harvests. In addition, between 1792 and 1795, foreign trade finally collapsed.Less
This chapter examines the impact of the French Revolution on the social and economic conditions in Aquitaine. For much of Aquitaine, the Revolution spelt the end of an era of prosperity and the onset of a long and painful decline. The impact of the Revolution started to be felt between 1879 and 1792 when Aquitaine lost a substantial part of its European trade and its exports were reduced because of poor harvests. In addition, between 1792 and 1795, foreign trade finally collapsed.
K.M. Venkat Narayan, Desmond Williams, Edward W. Gregg, and Catherine C. Cowie (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Numerous research programs have developed over the last decade to improve the understanding of the causes, prevention, and treatment of diabetes and its complications. Efficient synthesis of the data ...
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Numerous research programs have developed over the last decade to improve the understanding of the causes, prevention, and treatment of diabetes and its complications. Efficient synthesis of the data and information from these diverse sources is crucial to prioritize interventions and assemble resources for the implementation of public health programs. This book meets this need and builds on previous works to reflect the evolution of science related to diabetes public health. Through compelling evidence related to the current health and economic impact of diabetes, the book provides effective approaches to prevent and manage diabetes through the practice of public health. It combines descriptions of risk factors and complications, effective and cost-effective approaches to prevention and treatment, translational research, and genomics to give an analysis on diabetes public health. Critical review and synthesis of influential epidemiologic studies and consensus statements, expected future advances in trials and technologies, and public health information resources are also highlighted topics.Less
Numerous research programs have developed over the last decade to improve the understanding of the causes, prevention, and treatment of diabetes and its complications. Efficient synthesis of the data and information from these diverse sources is crucial to prioritize interventions and assemble resources for the implementation of public health programs. This book meets this need and builds on previous works to reflect the evolution of science related to diabetes public health. Through compelling evidence related to the current health and economic impact of diabetes, the book provides effective approaches to prevent and manage diabetes through the practice of public health. It combines descriptions of risk factors and complications, effective and cost-effective approaches to prevention and treatment, translational research, and genomics to give an analysis on diabetes public health. Critical review and synthesis of influential epidemiologic studies and consensus statements, expected future advances in trials and technologies, and public health information resources are also highlighted topics.
Frank B. Hu
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195312911
- eISBN:
- 9780199865260
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195312911.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the economic costs of obesity. There is overwhelming evidence that excess weight is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current estimates of economic expenses ...
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This chapter discusses the economic costs of obesity. There is overwhelming evidence that excess weight is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current estimates of economic expenses related to excess weight clearly underestimate the true costs to society. To date, the majority of these estimates have evaluated only a narrow range of overweight- and obesity-related illness; they have not included factors such as the impact of reduced physical functioning, and many have not accounted for the effects on those who are overweight but not obese. With the rising prevalence of overweight and obesity, there will be growing effects and mounting costs on the individual, communities, and society as a whole.Less
This chapter discusses the economic costs of obesity. There is overwhelming evidence that excess weight is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current estimates of economic expenses related to excess weight clearly underestimate the true costs to society. To date, the majority of these estimates have evaluated only a narrow range of overweight- and obesity-related illness; they have not included factors such as the impact of reduced physical functioning, and many have not accounted for the effects on those who are overweight but not obese. With the rising prevalence of overweight and obesity, there will be growing effects and mounting costs on the individual, communities, and society as a whole.
Carol Lasser
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199585489
- eISBN:
- 9780191728969
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199585489.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter distinguishes between anti-slavery arguments developed by dissenting women in Britain and America between the 1790s and the 1850s. While women on both sides of the Atlantic asserted the ...
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This chapter distinguishes between anti-slavery arguments developed by dissenting women in Britain and America between the 1790s and the 1850s. While women on both sides of the Atlantic asserted the propriety of their intervention in anti-slavery discourse, British women working in the tradition of rational dissent began, in the 1790s, by arguing that abstention from the consumption of slave-made goods would have an economic impact that would undermine the profitability of slavery and thus bring about its demise. American women instead emphasized their concerns with moral purification to which their abstention would testify, thereby setting a religious example for the necessary conversion that would speed the ending of slavery. Ultimately, the sentimentalization of women's anti-slavery discourse dominated, leaving behind the economic arguments of the early rational dissenters.Less
This chapter distinguishes between anti-slavery arguments developed by dissenting women in Britain and America between the 1790s and the 1850s. While women on both sides of the Atlantic asserted the propriety of their intervention in anti-slavery discourse, British women working in the tradition of rational dissent began, in the 1790s, by arguing that abstention from the consumption of slave-made goods would have an economic impact that would undermine the profitability of slavery and thus bring about its demise. American women instead emphasized their concerns with moral purification to which their abstention would testify, thereby setting a religious example for the necessary conversion that would speed the ending of slavery. Ultimately, the sentimentalization of women's anti-slavery discourse dominated, leaving behind the economic arguments of the early rational dissenters.
Alan Roe and Jeffery Round
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198817369
- eISBN:
- 9780191858871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0023
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the channels of impact of an extractives activity on an economy by describing the different routes through which the direct economic and social impacts of these activities ...
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This chapter discusses the channels of impact of an extractives activity on an economy by describing the different routes through which the direct economic and social impacts of these activities might be enhanced. These routes include those that often have the highest political profile, namely spending of government revenues. It also discusses other channels that arguably are far more important, such as the direct effects of corporate spend in local supply chains; the immediate ‘multiplier’ effects of this; the further multipliers that follow from significant income growth; the new downstream activities that may be built on the primary extractive activity; and the externalities that may accrue from the direct boost that a large extractive investment is likely to provide.Less
This chapter discusses the channels of impact of an extractives activity on an economy by describing the different routes through which the direct economic and social impacts of these activities might be enhanced. These routes include those that often have the highest political profile, namely spending of government revenues. It also discusses other channels that arguably are far more important, such as the direct effects of corporate spend in local supply chains; the immediate ‘multiplier’ effects of this; the further multipliers that follow from significant income growth; the new downstream activities that may be built on the primary extractive activity; and the externalities that may accrue from the direct boost that a large extractive investment is likely to provide.
Peter Piot
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231166263
- eISBN:
- 9780231538770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231166263.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter discusses the economic dimensions of HIV and AIDS. In general the poor are more affected by disease than the rich. It is the case for infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, ...
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This chapter discusses the economic dimensions of HIV and AIDS. In general the poor are more affected by disease than the rich. It is the case for infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and tuberculosis. In the case of AIDS, however, things are different. The association between economic status and the disease seems more complex, probably because sex is the main route of transmission, transgressing classic disease vulnerabilities that are largely determined by social context and access to health services. Whereas the poorest region in the world is sub-Saharan Africa, which is also the region most affected by HIV, the richest subregion, Southern Africa, has the highest HIV infection rate. In severely affected societies, AIDS has an economic impact in terms of human and social capital, households, business, health costs, savings, and investments. The remainder of the chapter covers the macroeconomic impact of AIDS, the increase in AIDS orphans around the world, impact of HIV on productivity and services, financing the AIDS response, and debates over resource allocation related to HIV/AIDS.Less
This chapter discusses the economic dimensions of HIV and AIDS. In general the poor are more affected by disease than the rich. It is the case for infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and tuberculosis. In the case of AIDS, however, things are different. The association between economic status and the disease seems more complex, probably because sex is the main route of transmission, transgressing classic disease vulnerabilities that are largely determined by social context and access to health services. Whereas the poorest region in the world is sub-Saharan Africa, which is also the region most affected by HIV, the richest subregion, Southern Africa, has the highest HIV infection rate. In severely affected societies, AIDS has an economic impact in terms of human and social capital, households, business, health costs, savings, and investments. The remainder of the chapter covers the macroeconomic impact of AIDS, the increase in AIDS orphans around the world, impact of HIV on productivity and services, financing the AIDS response, and debates over resource allocation related to HIV/AIDS.
Kenichi Kawasaki, Atsushi Sunami, Yoko Ikeda, and Michael C. Huang
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198825296
- eISBN:
- 9780191864001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198825296.003.0020
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
After the withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) in 2017, Japan has taken the lead in advancing the TPP framework via the CPTPP to reform its highly regulated ...
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After the withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) in 2017, Japan has taken the lead in advancing the TPP framework via the CPTPP to reform its highly regulated sectors such as agriculture and medical services. This chapter analyzes Japan’s participation in the TPP regime by (1) examining the expected impact of changes in rules and regulations that have come to be institutionalized as “entrenched regulations” or ganban in those sectors; and (2) simulating the macroeconomic impact of TPP membership on Japan and other TPP member countries, using a GTAP database and a CGE model to analyze global trade outcomes. The simulation scenarios show the framework of TPP12 and model the economic impact of and third party country spillover from the reduction of non-tariff measures (NTMs).Less
After the withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) in 2017, Japan has taken the lead in advancing the TPP framework via the CPTPP to reform its highly regulated sectors such as agriculture and medical services. This chapter analyzes Japan’s participation in the TPP regime by (1) examining the expected impact of changes in rules and regulations that have come to be institutionalized as “entrenched regulations” or ganban in those sectors; and (2) simulating the macroeconomic impact of TPP membership on Japan and other TPP member countries, using a GTAP database and a CGE model to analyze global trade outcomes. The simulation scenarios show the framework of TPP12 and model the economic impact of and third party country spillover from the reduction of non-tariff measures (NTMs).
Scott L. Cummings
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780190215927
- eISBN:
- 9780190936839
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190215927.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
This chapter analyzes the labor movement’s challenge to retail giant Wal-Mart, which in 2002 announced plans to open forty Supercenters in California—threatening to undermine labor standards, and ...
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This chapter analyzes the labor movement’s challenge to retail giant Wal-Mart, which in 2002 announced plans to open forty Supercenters in California—threatening to undermine labor standards, and union strength, in the grocery sector. It focuses on the confrontation with Wal-Mart in the separately incorporated city of Inglewood, a historically working-class African American community in South Los Angeles. There, a community-labor coalition, led by LAANE, organized to stop Supercenter development through legislative and legal challenges—a technique known as a “site fight” because it aimed to block Wal-Mart at a specific location. The chapter examines three phases of the fight, tracing how the coalition mobilized law to defeat the Inglewood proposal, design innovative policies to limit Wal-Mart’s entry into the Los Angeles market, and thwart Wal-Mart’s effort to bypass those policies by opening a small-format grocery store in historic Chinatown. In evaluating the campaign, the chapter suggests that the outcome was, in part, a product of Wal-Mart’s political miscalculation: The company’s drive for a Supercenter in Inglewood failed despite evidence of public support, in large measure because of an ill-conceived attempt to gain voter approval through a city initiative that would have completely circumvented the local planning process. Yet Wal-Mart’s defeat was not merely self-inflicted. The company’s miscalculation of the local response to the initiative was politically consequential precisely because there was a sophisticated team of activists and lawyers who used Wal-Mart’s disregard of public input to successfully mobilize community opposition to the Supercenter and build new anti-big-box policy. In that sense, the presence of a political-legal support structure, with experience mounting development-oriented campaigns from the community benefits context, was essential to Wal-Mart’s defeat—strengthening grocery labor standards in Los Angeles going forward.Less
This chapter analyzes the labor movement’s challenge to retail giant Wal-Mart, which in 2002 announced plans to open forty Supercenters in California—threatening to undermine labor standards, and union strength, in the grocery sector. It focuses on the confrontation with Wal-Mart in the separately incorporated city of Inglewood, a historically working-class African American community in South Los Angeles. There, a community-labor coalition, led by LAANE, organized to stop Supercenter development through legislative and legal challenges—a technique known as a “site fight” because it aimed to block Wal-Mart at a specific location. The chapter examines three phases of the fight, tracing how the coalition mobilized law to defeat the Inglewood proposal, design innovative policies to limit Wal-Mart’s entry into the Los Angeles market, and thwart Wal-Mart’s effort to bypass those policies by opening a small-format grocery store in historic Chinatown. In evaluating the campaign, the chapter suggests that the outcome was, in part, a product of Wal-Mart’s political miscalculation: The company’s drive for a Supercenter in Inglewood failed despite evidence of public support, in large measure because of an ill-conceived attempt to gain voter approval through a city initiative that would have completely circumvented the local planning process. Yet Wal-Mart’s defeat was not merely self-inflicted. The company’s miscalculation of the local response to the initiative was politically consequential precisely because there was a sophisticated team of activists and lawyers who used Wal-Mart’s disregard of public input to successfully mobilize community opposition to the Supercenter and build new anti-big-box policy. In that sense, the presence of a political-legal support structure, with experience mounting development-oriented campaigns from the community benefits context, was essential to Wal-Mart’s defeat—strengthening grocery labor standards in Los Angeles going forward.
Harald Bathelt, Francesca Golfetto, and Diego Rinallo
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199643080
- eISBN:
- 9780191779541
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199643080.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Knowledge Management
After examining paradigmatic views on the relationship between trade shows and their underlying economic geographies, based on the structure–agency debate in the social sciences, this chapter ...
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After examining paradigmatic views on the relationship between trade shows and their underlying economic geographies, based on the structure–agency debate in the social sciences, this chapter proposes a two-way model of reciprocal influences between trade show specialization and territorial specialization. On the one hand, trade show specialization depends upon the characteristics of firms located in the local catchment basin, the hosting areas' image and cultural heritage, and the national institutional set-up. On the other hand, trade shows impact hosting areas by generating local economic impacts and regional development, facilitating the establishment of vertical pipelines with non-local business, and by contributing to the reproduction of national specialization patterns. The chapter also discusses how the link between trade shows and territories is stronger in some phases of the trade show lifecycle than in others, and for certain types of trade shows in contrast to others, thus emphasizing the need for a contextual analysis.Less
After examining paradigmatic views on the relationship between trade shows and their underlying economic geographies, based on the structure–agency debate in the social sciences, this chapter proposes a two-way model of reciprocal influences between trade show specialization and territorial specialization. On the one hand, trade show specialization depends upon the characteristics of firms located in the local catchment basin, the hosting areas' image and cultural heritage, and the national institutional set-up. On the other hand, trade shows impact hosting areas by generating local economic impacts and regional development, facilitating the establishment of vertical pipelines with non-local business, and by contributing to the reproduction of national specialization patterns. The chapter also discusses how the link between trade shows and territories is stronger in some phases of the trade show lifecycle than in others, and for certain types of trade shows in contrast to others, thus emphasizing the need for a contextual analysis.
Philip Martin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- April 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198834557
- eISBN:
- 9780191872655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198834557.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
US researchers have reached more consensus on the number and characteristics of migrants than on their socio-economic impacts, especially with regard to unauthorized migrants. When there is consensus ...
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US researchers have reached more consensus on the number and characteristics of migrants than on their socio-economic impacts, especially with regard to unauthorized migrants. When there is consensus among social scientists on some aspect of migration, such as the additional economic output due to the presence of migrants, this consensus result suggests very different policies for advocates. For example, the finding that the US economy may have been up to $10 billion larger in the 1990s due to migrants was touted by advocates of more migrants as proof of their benefits, and criticized by those favouring less migration as the equivalent of two weeks economic growth. President Trump is an example of a policy-maker selectively using migration research to justify restrictionist policies.Less
US researchers have reached more consensus on the number and characteristics of migrants than on their socio-economic impacts, especially with regard to unauthorized migrants. When there is consensus among social scientists on some aspect of migration, such as the additional economic output due to the presence of migrants, this consensus result suggests very different policies for advocates. For example, the finding that the US economy may have been up to $10 billion larger in the 1990s due to migrants was touted by advocates of more migrants as proof of their benefits, and criticized by those favouring less migration as the equivalent of two weeks economic growth. President Trump is an example of a policy-maker selectively using migration research to justify restrictionist policies.
Robert Baldwin, Martin Cave, and Martin Lodge
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199576081
- eISBN:
- 9780191806698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199576081.003.0015
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter examines the role of regulatory impact assessment and other forms of economic analysis as a means of evaluating and influencing regulatory policy. It first considers the growing ...
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This chapter examines the role of regulatory impact assessment and other forms of economic analysis as a means of evaluating and influencing regulatory policy. It first considers the growing importance of regulatory impact analyses in government before turning to a discussion of the general challenges of using cost-benefit analysis to evaluate regulatory proposals and actions. It then outlines the difficulties of incorporating economic impact analysis within policymaking and legislative processes. Finally, it asks whether the use of impact analysis is likely to lead to ‘better’ regulation.Less
This chapter examines the role of regulatory impact assessment and other forms of economic analysis as a means of evaluating and influencing regulatory policy. It first considers the growing importance of regulatory impact analyses in government before turning to a discussion of the general challenges of using cost-benefit analysis to evaluate regulatory proposals and actions. It then outlines the difficulties of incorporating economic impact analysis within policymaking and legislative processes. Finally, it asks whether the use of impact analysis is likely to lead to ‘better’ regulation.
Jonathan Gruber
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226533568
- eISBN:
- 9780226533575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226533575.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter reviews the structure of the Medicaid program and its economic impact. Section 1.1 begins by reviewing the program's history, and discussing the evolution and current structure of ...
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This chapter reviews the structure of the Medicaid program and its economic impact. Section 1.1 begins by reviewing the program's history, and discussing the evolution and current structure of program rules. Section 1.2 then turns to a more detailed discussion of the program as it currently exists, presenting a variety of statistics on enrollment and expenditures. Section 1.3 provides a heuristic overview of the economic impacts of the Medicaid program, and Section 1.4 reviews the large empirical literature on the Medicaid program and its impacts on health care utilization, health, labor supply, family structure, and other behaviors. Section 1.5 discusses current policy issues and how they are informed (or not informed) by the existing literature, and Section 1.6 concludes.Less
This chapter reviews the structure of the Medicaid program and its economic impact. Section 1.1 begins by reviewing the program's history, and discussing the evolution and current structure of program rules. Section 1.2 then turns to a more detailed discussion of the program as it currently exists, presenting a variety of statistics on enrollment and expenditures. Section 1.3 provides a heuristic overview of the economic impacts of the Medicaid program, and Section 1.4 reviews the large empirical literature on the Medicaid program and its impacts on health care utilization, health, labor supply, family structure, and other behaviors. Section 1.5 discusses current policy issues and how they are informed (or not informed) by the existing literature, and Section 1.6 concludes.
Atul Kohli
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- February 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190069629
- eISBN:
- 9780190069650
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190069629.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, International Relations and Politics
British colonialism in India was prolonged and deep. By contrast, British rule in Africa, including in Nigeria, was relatively short and superficial. This chapter analyzes the motives, mechanisms, ...
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British colonialism in India was prolonged and deep. By contrast, British rule in Africa, including in Nigeria, was relatively short and superficial. This chapter analyzes the motives, mechanisms, and impact of British colonialism by comparing these two experiences. The economic importance of India to Britain was far greater than that of Nigeria. Crown rule over India was established with brutal force and sustained via despotic institutions of rule. The Scramble for Africa was sparked by growing competition among European powers, but the economic context was also important. The British left behind moderately well-functioning state institutions in India but an impoverished economy, in which the life expectancy of an average Indian was thirty-two years. In Nigeria both the state and the economy that the British left behind were seriously underdeveloped.Less
British colonialism in India was prolonged and deep. By contrast, British rule in Africa, including in Nigeria, was relatively short and superficial. This chapter analyzes the motives, mechanisms, and impact of British colonialism by comparing these two experiences. The economic importance of India to Britain was far greater than that of Nigeria. Crown rule over India was established with brutal force and sustained via despotic institutions of rule. The Scramble for Africa was sparked by growing competition among European powers, but the economic context was also important. The British left behind moderately well-functioning state institutions in India but an impoverished economy, in which the life expectancy of an average Indian was thirty-two years. In Nigeria both the state and the economy that the British left behind were seriously underdeveloped.
