Joseph Henrich and Natalie Smith
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199262052
- eISBN:
- 9780191601637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199262055.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Experimental results are reported from Ultimatum and Public Goods Games performed among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon, the Mapuche and Huinca of southern Chile, and US control groups in Los ...
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Experimental results are reported from Ultimatum and Public Goods Games performed among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon, the Mapuche and Huinca of southern Chile, and US control groups in Los Angeles and Ann Arbor (Michigan). The chapter begins with a brief ethno‐historical sketch of the Machiguenga, Mapuche, and Huinca, then the Ultimatum Game methodologies used are sketched and the results presented. Next, the Public Goods Game methodologies used are described, and those results presented – first for the Machiguenga/American comparison and then for the Mapuche/Huinca experiment. Three findings are emphasized: first, results from both the Ultimatum (bargaining) and Public Goods Games indicate much greater between‐group variation than previous work has suggested; second, if individual economic decisions vary as a consequence of differences in individuals’ circumstances, then variables such as wealth, household size, age, and sex should provide some explanatory power, but in fact individual‐level economic and demographic variables do not account for much, if any, of the variation found; and finally, despite the failure of individual‐level variables to explain variation, the results seem to reflect group‐level differences in the economic life of these groups, as captured in numerous ethnographic accounts. Some theoretical and methodological points related to the findings conclude the chapter.Less
Experimental results are reported from Ultimatum and Public Goods Games performed among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon, the Mapuche and Huinca of southern Chile, and US control groups in Los Angeles and Ann Arbor (Michigan). The chapter begins with a brief ethno‐historical sketch of the Machiguenga, Mapuche, and Huinca, then the Ultimatum Game methodologies used are sketched and the results presented. Next, the Public Goods Game methodologies used are described, and those results presented – first for the Machiguenga/American comparison and then for the Mapuche/Huinca experiment. Three findings are emphasized: first, results from both the Ultimatum (bargaining) and Public Goods Games indicate much greater between‐group variation than previous work has suggested; second, if individual economic decisions vary as a consequence of differences in individuals’ circumstances, then variables such as wealth, household size, age, and sex should provide some explanatory power, but in fact individual‐level economic and demographic variables do not account for much, if any, of the variation found; and finally, despite the failure of individual‐level variables to explain variation, the results seem to reflect group‐level differences in the economic life of these groups, as captured in numerous ethnographic accounts. Some theoretical and methodological points related to the findings conclude the chapter.
John Mary Matovu and Frances Stewart
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241880
- eISBN:
- 9780191696978
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241880.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Uganda has had a harsh, conflict-ridden history since 1962. These conflicts were the outcome of complex interactions across ethnic, regional, and religions divisions. Underlying these distinctions ...
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Uganda has had a harsh, conflict-ridden history since 1962. These conflicts were the outcome of complex interactions across ethnic, regional, and religions divisions. Underlying these distinctions are entrenched economic differences. This first part of this chapter explores the economic and social consequences of the conflicts in Uganda. The second section reviews Uganda's political history, which provides the context for economic developments. The third section examines macroeconomic performance. The fourth section assesses the meso-consequences and considers some aggregate indicators of household well-being. The fifth section looks at the unevenness of developments across different regions of the country. The sixth section focuses on the effects of conflict on people most centrally affected. The last section presents some general conclusions.Less
Uganda has had a harsh, conflict-ridden history since 1962. These conflicts were the outcome of complex interactions across ethnic, regional, and religions divisions. Underlying these distinctions are entrenched economic differences. This first part of this chapter explores the economic and social consequences of the conflicts in Uganda. The second section reviews Uganda's political history, which provides the context for economic developments. The third section examines macroeconomic performance. The fourth section assesses the meso-consequences and considers some aggregate indicators of household well-being. The fifth section looks at the unevenness of developments across different regions of the country. The sixth section focuses on the effects of conflict on people most centrally affected. The last section presents some general conclusions.
D. J. Jolley, B. Jarman, and P. Elliott
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622358
- eISBN:
- 9780191723636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622358.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews methods used to quantify ecological differences in the socio-economic status of areas, with reference to the literature on inequalities in health in Britain and elsewhere. It ...
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This chapter reviews methods used to quantify ecological differences in the socio-economic status of areas, with reference to the literature on inequalities in health in Britain and elsewhere. It examines local variation in socio-economic characteristics near an industrial source, and presents an approach to the adjustment of socio-economic confounding at the small-area level.Less
This chapter reviews methods used to quantify ecological differences in the socio-economic status of areas, with reference to the literature on inequalities in health in Britain and elsewhere. It examines local variation in socio-economic characteristics near an industrial source, and presents an approach to the adjustment of socio-economic confounding at the small-area level.
Ayşe K Uskul and Harriet Over
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- March 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190492908
- eISBN:
- 9780190879853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190492908.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter discusses economic group differences in responses to social exclusion in children and adults. It begins by outlining evidence that different economies give rise to different habits and ...
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This chapter discusses economic group differences in responses to social exclusion in children and adults. It begins by outlining evidence that different economies give rise to different habits and social practices and that these habits and social practices lead to differences in the extent to which individuals perceive themselves to be independent from, or interdependent with, others. It then argues that differences in social interdependence are associated with differences in how individuals respond to social exclusion. Drawing on the authors’ own research with an interdependent farming community and a more independent herding community, the chapter describes cultural differences in how individuals perceive social exclusion, respond to being excluded, and morally evaluate those who exclude others.Less
This chapter discusses economic group differences in responses to social exclusion in children and adults. It begins by outlining evidence that different economies give rise to different habits and social practices and that these habits and social practices lead to differences in the extent to which individuals perceive themselves to be independent from, or interdependent with, others. It then argues that differences in social interdependence are associated with differences in how individuals respond to social exclusion. Drawing on the authors’ own research with an interdependent farming community and a more independent herding community, the chapter describes cultural differences in how individuals perceive social exclusion, respond to being excluded, and morally evaluate those who exclude others.
Patricia Buckley Ebrey
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520069305
- eISBN:
- 9780520910454
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520069305.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine the relation between marriage and social, political, and economic inequalities. Inequality has not been a neglected ...
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This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine the relation between marriage and social, political, and economic inequalities. Inequality has not been a neglected topic in Chinese studies. The imperial institution, the civil service recruitment system, the distribution of landholding, and the ideology of class and gender differentiation have all been studied in detail. Yet little attention has been given to the ways marriage mediated inequality or inequalities structured marriage. The book investigates these processes and mechanisms by focusing on how marriage relates to three forms of inequality: the political power of rulers; the social and economic differences among families; and the inequalities between men and women and among women. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.Less
This introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to examine the relation between marriage and social, political, and economic inequalities. Inequality has not been a neglected topic in Chinese studies. The imperial institution, the civil service recruitment system, the distribution of landholding, and the ideology of class and gender differentiation have all been studied in detail. Yet little attention has been given to the ways marriage mediated inequality or inequalities structured marriage. The book investigates these processes and mechanisms by focusing on how marriage relates to three forms of inequality: the political power of rulers; the social and economic differences among families; and the inequalities between men and women and among women. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Jill M. Bystydzienski
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814799789
- eISBN:
- 9780814723197
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814799789.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter examines strategies of accommodation. Economic class differences and related cultural expectations in particular are a source of tension for more than half of the couples in this study. ...
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This chapter examines strategies of accommodation. Economic class differences and related cultural expectations in particular are a source of tension for more than half of the couples in this study. External pressures especially in regard to racial and religious differences can bear down on the partnerships. The majority of couples do not find cultural differences to cause significant conflict between the partners; some struggle, however, with what they perceive to be fundamental dissimilarities of cultural upbringing. Thus, the chapter looks at the strategies that the partners develop to manage and resolve conflict, particularly those disagreements stemming from class and cultural differences in such areas as financial issues and family relations. Also of interest are gender differences in communication related to the development of accommodation strategies, and the shared values and commitments of the partners that allow them to transcend social group boundaries.Less
This chapter examines strategies of accommodation. Economic class differences and related cultural expectations in particular are a source of tension for more than half of the couples in this study. External pressures especially in regard to racial and religious differences can bear down on the partnerships. The majority of couples do not find cultural differences to cause significant conflict between the partners; some struggle, however, with what they perceive to be fundamental dissimilarities of cultural upbringing. Thus, the chapter looks at the strategies that the partners develop to manage and resolve conflict, particularly those disagreements stemming from class and cultural differences in such areas as financial issues and family relations. Also of interest are gender differences in communication related to the development of accommodation strategies, and the shared values and commitments of the partners that allow them to transcend social group boundaries.
Walter Benn Michaels
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781479829682
- eISBN:
- 9781479839681
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479829682.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Walter Benn Michaels argues that the salient issue should not be the debate between cosmopolitanism and multiculturalism, but rather the choice of cultural difference over economic difference that ...
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Walter Benn Michaels argues that the salient issue should not be the debate between cosmopolitanism and multiculturalism, but rather the choice of cultural difference over economic difference that for him is implied in both. On university campuses, Michaels contends, cultural difference is considered a positive opportunity while economic difference—that is, poverty—does not define a useful identity. Cosmopolitanism cannot afford to invest in cultural difference at the expense of concern for class difference and social justice.Less
Walter Benn Michaels argues that the salient issue should not be the debate between cosmopolitanism and multiculturalism, but rather the choice of cultural difference over economic difference that for him is implied in both. On university campuses, Michaels contends, cultural difference is considered a positive opportunity while economic difference—that is, poverty—does not define a useful identity. Cosmopolitanism cannot afford to invest in cultural difference at the expense of concern for class difference and social justice.
Kimani Njogu and John F M Middleton
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748635221
- eISBN:
- 9780748653010
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748635221.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, African Studies
Studies of the media in Africa, incorporating both African and international perspectives, are few. The thirty chapters collected here were presented as papers at a seminar organised and hosted by ...
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Studies of the media in Africa, incorporating both African and international perspectives, are few. The thirty chapters collected here were presented as papers at a seminar organised and hosted by the Kenya-based Twaweza Communications and the International African Institute in Nairobi in 2004. They demonstrate how media outlets are used to perpetuate, question or modify the unequal power relations between the North and the South. Focusing on east Africa, the chapters include discussions of the construction of old and new social entities, as defined by class, gender, ethnicity, political and economic differences, wealth, poverty, cultural behaviour, language and religion. The chapters illustrate how there is increasing control by local people of traditional and modern forms of media. Globalisation is being countered by local responses, within the context of social and cultural identities. Essentially, the book describes the tensions between the global and the local, tensions not often discussed in media studies, thus pioneering new debates.Less
Studies of the media in Africa, incorporating both African and international perspectives, are few. The thirty chapters collected here were presented as papers at a seminar organised and hosted by the Kenya-based Twaweza Communications and the International African Institute in Nairobi in 2004. They demonstrate how media outlets are used to perpetuate, question or modify the unequal power relations between the North and the South. Focusing on east Africa, the chapters include discussions of the construction of old and new social entities, as defined by class, gender, ethnicity, political and economic differences, wealth, poverty, cultural behaviour, language and religion. The chapters illustrate how there is increasing control by local people of traditional and modern forms of media. Globalisation is being countered by local responses, within the context of social and cultural identities. Essentially, the book describes the tensions between the global and the local, tensions not often discussed in media studies, thus pioneering new debates.
Winthrop D. Jordan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834022
- eISBN:
- 9781469600765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807838686_jordan.14
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter discusses the major factor making for sectional division in the United States—the proportion of Negroes in the population. By the 1790s it was clear that slavery was going to survive ...
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This chapter discusses the major factor making for sectional division in the United States—the proportion of Negroes in the population. By the 1790s it was clear that slavery was going to survive only in the area of high concentration of Negroes in the states south of Pennsylvania. Yet in the late eighteenth century sectional division lacked the clarity it was later to take on. The proportion of Negroes, despite a sharp break at the Mason-Dixon line, made for something of an achromatic spectrum—off-white in New Hampshire to dark grey in Georgia. Economic differences and the pattern of antislavery sentiment within the South also blurred the distinction between northern and southern states, since it was by no means definite that Virginia and Maryland would not become “northern” states by accomplishing general emancipation.Less
This chapter discusses the major factor making for sectional division in the United States—the proportion of Negroes in the population. By the 1790s it was clear that slavery was going to survive only in the area of high concentration of Negroes in the states south of Pennsylvania. Yet in the late eighteenth century sectional division lacked the clarity it was later to take on. The proportion of Negroes, despite a sharp break at the Mason-Dixon line, made for something of an achromatic spectrum—off-white in New Hampshire to dark grey in Georgia. Economic differences and the pattern of antislavery sentiment within the South also blurred the distinction between northern and southern states, since it was by no means definite that Virginia and Maryland would not become “northern” states by accomplishing general emancipation.
