Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Intended as an introductory textbook for advanced undergraduates and first year graduate students, this book leads the reader from familiar basic micro- and macroeconomic concepts in the introduction ...
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Intended as an introductory textbook for advanced undergraduates and first year graduate students, this book leads the reader from familiar basic micro- and macroeconomic concepts in the introduction to not so familiar concepts relating to income distribution in the subsequent chapters. The income concept and household sample surveys are examined first, followed by descriptive statistics techniques commonly used to present the survey results. The commonality found in the shape of the income density function leads to statistical modeling, parameter estimation, and goodness of fit tests. Alternative models are then introduced along with the related summary measures of income distribution, including the Gini coefficient. This is followed by a sequence of chapters that deal with normative issues such as inequality, poverty, and country comparisons. The remaining chapters cover an assortment of topics including: economic development and globalization and their impact on income distribution, redistribution of income, and integrating macroeconomic models with income distribution models.Less
Intended as an introductory textbook for advanced undergraduates and first year graduate students, this book leads the reader from familiar basic micro- and macroeconomic concepts in the introduction to not so familiar concepts relating to income distribution in the subsequent chapters. The income concept and household sample surveys are examined first, followed by descriptive statistics techniques commonly used to present the survey results. The commonality found in the shape of the income density function leads to statistical modeling, parameter estimation, and goodness of fit tests. Alternative models are then introduced along with the related summary measures of income distribution, including the Gini coefficient. This is followed by a sequence of chapters that deal with normative issues such as inequality, poverty, and country comparisons. The remaining chapters cover an assortment of topics including: economic development and globalization and their impact on income distribution, redistribution of income, and integrating macroeconomic models with income distribution models.
David Gerber
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228225
- eISBN:
- 9780191711350
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228225.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law
This book examines the relationship between law and economic globalization. It focuses on national and international efforts to protect the competitive process, exploring the critically important ...
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This book examines the relationship between law and economic globalization. It focuses on national and international efforts to protect the competitive process, exploring the critically important relationships between those two domains and the way the resulting system shapes economic activity in all parts of the world. The laws, institutions, and principles of the international domain increasingly influence national competition law development, and national competition law experience provides both the lenses through which decision makers view transnational competition issues and the incentive structures that generate their competition law decisions. The analysis examines the ideas, institutions, and people that provide the legal framework for global competition; how they evolved, how they operate today, and the forces that are likely to influence their future development. US anti-trust experience has long been at the center of this global governance picture, but European competition law experience is also rich, varied, and potentially of great value for future competition law development. China, Japan, Korea, and newer players in Latin America and Africa will also play a key role in this future, and the analysis pays close attention to them as well. On the basis of this analysis, the book analyzes current global competition law proposals and outlines a strategy that utilizes these discussions, but more specifically addresses global economic development needs. This strategy may be developed within the institutional framework of the WTO, but it may also be pursued independently.Less
This book examines the relationship between law and economic globalization. It focuses on national and international efforts to protect the competitive process, exploring the critically important relationships between those two domains and the way the resulting system shapes economic activity in all parts of the world. The laws, institutions, and principles of the international domain increasingly influence national competition law development, and national competition law experience provides both the lenses through which decision makers view transnational competition issues and the incentive structures that generate their competition law decisions. The analysis examines the ideas, institutions, and people that provide the legal framework for global competition; how they evolved, how they operate today, and the forces that are likely to influence their future development. US anti-trust experience has long been at the center of this global governance picture, but European competition law experience is also rich, varied, and potentially of great value for future competition law development. China, Japan, Korea, and newer players in Latin America and Africa will also play a key role in this future, and the analysis pays close attention to them as well. On the basis of this analysis, the book analyzes current global competition law proposals and outlines a strategy that utilizes these discussions, but more specifically addresses global economic development needs. This strategy may be developed within the institutional framework of the WTO, but it may also be pursued independently.
Robert J. Flanagan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195306002
- eISBN:
- 9780199783564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195306007.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter reveals the influence of economic development, national economic and political institutions, and social diversity on labor conditions. Putting globalization aside, the foremost positive ...
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This chapter reveals the influence of economic development, national economic and political institutions, and social diversity on labor conditions. Putting globalization aside, the foremost positive influence on labor conditions is level of development (a country’s real per capita income). Policies that raise per capita income improve virtually all labor conditions. At any level of development, however, countries still differ in their labor conditions. The chapter shows how democratic government, protection of property rights, and the degree of ethnic and religious diversity influence this remaining international variation in labor conditions.Less
This chapter reveals the influence of economic development, national economic and political institutions, and social diversity on labor conditions. Putting globalization aside, the foremost positive influence on labor conditions is level of development (a country’s real per capita income). Policies that raise per capita income improve virtually all labor conditions. At any level of development, however, countries still differ in their labor conditions. The chapter shows how democratic government, protection of property rights, and the degree of ethnic and religious diversity influence this remaining international variation in labor conditions.
Masayuki Tanimoto
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198292746
- eISBN:
- 9780191603891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292740.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter provides an introduction to the book and relates the succeeding chapters to theoretical and comparative issues in the English-language literature. It presents an overview of author’s ...
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This chapter provides an introduction to the book and relates the succeeding chapters to theoretical and comparative issues in the English-language literature. It presents an overview of author’s research on the rural weaving industry. After showing comparative quantitative data on the weight of small businesses, the chapter shows the development of the rural weaving industry up to the 1920s, discussing the functions of the putting-out system combined with peasant household strategy. The role of economic and social institutions together with the economy of the industrial district is also discussed, based on this case study addressing the recent scholarship of Japanese economic history. This particular pattern of development is conceptualized as ‘indigenous development’, and its implications are considered within the context of comparative economic development.Less
This chapter provides an introduction to the book and relates the succeeding chapters to theoretical and comparative issues in the English-language literature. It presents an overview of author’s research on the rural weaving industry. After showing comparative quantitative data on the weight of small businesses, the chapter shows the development of the rural weaving industry up to the 1920s, discussing the functions of the putting-out system combined with peasant household strategy. The role of economic and social institutions together with the economy of the industrial district is also discussed, based on this case study addressing the recent scholarship of Japanese economic history. This particular pattern of development is conceptualized as ‘indigenous development’, and its implications are considered within the context of comparative economic development.
The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199243099
- eISBN:
- 9780191599538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199243093.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This section is the text of an address delivered by Nelson Mandela to the Kosovo Commission's final seminar. It focuses on Africa's need for international attention and assistance to fight gross ...
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This section is the text of an address delivered by Nelson Mandela to the Kosovo Commission's final seminar. It focuses on Africa's need for international attention and assistance to fight gross violations of human rights and promote economic development in places of former and on‐going conflict such as Burundi.Less
This section is the text of an address delivered by Nelson Mandela to the Kosovo Commission's final seminar. It focuses on Africa's need for international attention and assistance to fight gross violations of human rights and promote economic development in places of former and on‐going conflict such as Burundi.
J. Stan Metcalfe and Ronnie Ramlogan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290475
- eISBN:
- 9780191603495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199290474.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This chapter focuses on the connection between economic adaptation and economic development and growth. It argues that economic adaptation is inseparable from the growth of knowledge, and that market ...
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This chapter focuses on the connection between economic adaptation and economic development and growth. It argues that economic adaptation is inseparable from the growth of knowledge, and that market based dynamics give adaptation a form that is central to change in modern capitalism. Reallocation of resources is the consequence of different beliefs; the imagination that the economic world can be organized differently. This is the primary reason why economies evolve and adapt, in that they are instituted variation, selection, and developmental processes.Less
This chapter focuses on the connection between economic adaptation and economic development and growth. It argues that economic adaptation is inseparable from the growth of knowledge, and that market based dynamics give adaptation a form that is central to change in modern capitalism. Reallocation of resources is the consequence of different beliefs; the imagination that the economic world can be organized differently. This is the primary reason why economies evolve and adapt, in that they are instituted variation, selection, and developmental processes.
David J. Gerber
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228225
- eISBN:
- 9780191711350
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228225.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law
Competition law was of limited importance in most parts of the world outside the US and Europe until the 1990s. Since then, however, it has developed rapidly virtually everywhere, as many countries ...
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Competition law was of limited importance in most parts of the world outside the US and Europe until the 1990s. Since then, however, it has developed rapidly virtually everywhere, as many countries have introduced competition laws for the first time and others have intensified enforcement and implementation efforts. This chapter focuses on countries in which competition law is either relatively new or little-developed. These countries will be central to global competition law development, because the success of any global competition law strategy will depend on their support. The chapter reviews with varying levels of intensity the competition law experiences of Japan, Korea, China, Canada, and Australia in their own right, and it identifies patterns in Latin America and Africa. In each case, it views national experience in its global context. A main theme is the evolving relationships between national and international domains of competition law.Less
Competition law was of limited importance in most parts of the world outside the US and Europe until the 1990s. Since then, however, it has developed rapidly virtually everywhere, as many countries have introduced competition laws for the first time and others have intensified enforcement and implementation efforts. This chapter focuses on countries in which competition law is either relatively new or little-developed. These countries will be central to global competition law development, because the success of any global competition law strategy will depend on their support. The chapter reviews with varying levels of intensity the competition law experiences of Japan, Korea, China, Canada, and Australia in their own right, and it identifies patterns in Latin America and Africa. In each case, it views national experience in its global context. A main theme is the evolving relationships between national and international domains of competition law.
Vladimir Mau and Irina Starodubrovskaya
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241507
- eISBN:
- 9780191599835
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241503.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines the role of economic modernization as a principle generator of the challenges that, if not adequately addressed by the state, lead to pre‐revolutionary conditions and thence to ...
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This chapter examines the role of economic modernization as a principle generator of the challenges that, if not adequately addressed by the state, lead to pre‐revolutionary conditions and thence to revolution itself. It examines the historical record of economic modernization in this context, and reviews the theoretical literature on the processes involved. In the Russian case, the Soviet system proved unable to master the economic development that it had itself unleashed, or to remove the internal constraints on adaptation that it had itself established.Less
This chapter examines the role of economic modernization as a principle generator of the challenges that, if not adequately addressed by the state, lead to pre‐revolutionary conditions and thence to revolution itself. It examines the historical record of economic modernization in this context, and reviews the theoretical literature on the processes involved. In the Russian case, the Soviet system proved unable to master the economic development that it had itself unleashed, or to remove the internal constraints on adaptation that it had itself established.
Stanley L. Engerman and Kenneth L. Sokoloff
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305197
- eISBN:
- 9780199783519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305191.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay explores the hypothesis that extreme differences in inequality across European colonies in the Americas gave rise to systematic differences in the ways institutions evolved, and in turn, ...
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This essay explores the hypothesis that extreme differences in inequality across European colonies in the Americas gave rise to systematic differences in the ways institutions evolved, and in turn, on the paths of development. European colonization altered the composition of the populations in the colonized societies. Because colonization generally meant implanting communities that were greatly advantaged over natives in terms of human capital and legal status, and because the trajectories of institutional development were sensitive to the incidence of extreme inequality that often followed, European colonial activity had long, lingering effects. Colonies in the Americas with extreme inequality, compared with those with relative equality, were systematically more likely to evolve institutions that restricted access to economic opportunities and to generate lower rates of public investment in schools and other infrastructure considered conducive to growth. These patterns of institutional development, which tend to persist over time in economic performance, may help explain why many societies that began with extreme inequality continue to suffer from the same condition.Less
This essay explores the hypothesis that extreme differences in inequality across European colonies in the Americas gave rise to systematic differences in the ways institutions evolved, and in turn, on the paths of development. European colonization altered the composition of the populations in the colonized societies. Because colonization generally meant implanting communities that were greatly advantaged over natives in terms of human capital and legal status, and because the trajectories of institutional development were sensitive to the incidence of extreme inequality that often followed, European colonial activity had long, lingering effects. Colonies in the Americas with extreme inequality, compared with those with relative equality, were systematically more likely to evolve institutions that restricted access to economic opportunities and to generate lower rates of public investment in schools and other infrastructure considered conducive to growth. These patterns of institutional development, which tend to persist over time in economic performance, may help explain why many societies that began with extreme inequality continue to suffer from the same condition.
Hiroyuki Odagiri, Akira Goto, Atsushi Sunami, and Richard R. Nelson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574759
- eISBN:
- 9780191722660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574759.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter first argues that catch‐up is a complex process and that developing countries rely on diverse means to acquire technologies from advanced countries and build their own capabilities. ...
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This chapter first argues that catch‐up is a complex process and that developing countries rely on diverse means to acquire technologies from advanced countries and build their own capabilities. Then, after briefly describing the history of the patent and other intellectual property right (IPR) system and the TRIPS agreement, the chapter surveys past studies on the role of IPR, particularly in relation to technology transfer. It is emphasized, however, that to understand the role of IPR in catch‐up an in‐depth analysis of individual countries is essential. The chapter then gives a brief account of the long‐term economic growth record of ten countries and one region (Nordic) that are discussed in this book and summarizes briefly each of the following chapters.Less
This chapter first argues that catch‐up is a complex process and that developing countries rely on diverse means to acquire technologies from advanced countries and build their own capabilities. Then, after briefly describing the history of the patent and other intellectual property right (IPR) system and the TRIPS agreement, the chapter surveys past studies on the role of IPR, particularly in relation to technology transfer. It is emphasized, however, that to understand the role of IPR in catch‐up an in‐depth analysis of individual countries is essential. The chapter then gives a brief account of the long‐term economic growth record of ten countries and one region (Nordic) that are discussed in this book and summarizes briefly each of the following chapters.
Lucie White
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195141177
- eISBN:
- 9780199871391
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195141172.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines two key areas in which cause lawyers are active in Ghana – womens’ rights and economic development policy. The analysis is based on interviews with mid‐level professionals, and ...
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This chapter examines two key areas in which cause lawyers are active in Ghana – womens’ rights and economic development policy. The analysis is based on interviews with mid‐level professionals, and details what their objectives and outlooks have in common.Less
This chapter examines two key areas in which cause lawyers are active in Ghana – womens’ rights and economic development policy. The analysis is based on interviews with mid‐level professionals, and details what their objectives and outlooks have in common.
Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid and Jaime Ros
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195371161
- eISBN:
- 9780199870608
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371161.001.1
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This book's basic premise is that a historical perspective may be helpful in illuminating current obstacles to economic development in Mexico. It thus looks at Mexico's present development policies ...
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This book's basic premise is that a historical perspective may be helpful in illuminating current obstacles to economic development in Mexico. It thus looks at Mexico's present development policies and problems from a historical perspective by reviewing long-term trends in the Mexican economy and examining in particular some past episodes of radical shifts in development strategy and in the role of markets and the state. The book provides an overview of Mexico's economic development since independence that examines and compares the successive periods of stagnation and growth that alternately have characterized Mexico's economic history. It gives special attention to developments since 1940 and presents a re-evaluation of Mexico's development policies during the state-led industrialization period from 1940 to 1982 and during the more recent market reform process. This re-evaluation is critical of the dominant trend in the economic literature and, indeed, revisionist by arguing in particular that the market reforms undertaken by successive Mexican governments since 1983 have not addressed the fundamental obstacles to economic growth.Less
This book's basic premise is that a historical perspective may be helpful in illuminating current obstacles to economic development in Mexico. It thus looks at Mexico's present development policies and problems from a historical perspective by reviewing long-term trends in the Mexican economy and examining in particular some past episodes of radical shifts in development strategy and in the role of markets and the state. The book provides an overview of Mexico's economic development since independence that examines and compares the successive periods of stagnation and growth that alternately have characterized Mexico's economic history. It gives special attention to developments since 1940 and presents a re-evaluation of Mexico's development policies during the state-led industrialization period from 1940 to 1982 and during the more recent market reform process. This re-evaluation is critical of the dominant trend in the economic literature and, indeed, revisionist by arguing in particular that the market reforms undertaken by successive Mexican governments since 1983 have not addressed the fundamental obstacles to economic growth.
John Harriss
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231423
- eISBN:
- 9780191710865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231423.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter examines the role of politics, power, and culture in the explanation of institutional change. It criticizes the rational choice framework of the new institutional economics for its ...
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This chapter examines the role of politics, power, and culture in the explanation of institutional change. It criticizes the rational choice framework of the new institutional economics for its apparent limitations in theorizing on these issues. It underlines the analytical advantages of historical institutionalism. The conflict among social classes and the institutional substance of power structures are of particular analytical significance. They are interrelated factors in the evolution of cultural values, as exemplified by the case of Indian economic development and its socio-political underpinnings.Less
This chapter examines the role of politics, power, and culture in the explanation of institutional change. It criticizes the rational choice framework of the new institutional economics for its apparent limitations in theorizing on these issues. It underlines the analytical advantages of historical institutionalism. The conflict among social classes and the institutional substance of power structures are of particular analytical significance. They are interrelated factors in the evolution of cultural values, as exemplified by the case of Indian economic development and its socio-political underpinnings.
Young‐Iob Chung
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195178302
- eISBN:
- 9780199783557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195178300.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This introductory chapter discusses the purpose of the book and its scope of analysis relative to the extent, pattern, and character of capital formation and its contribution to Korea's three stages ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the purpose of the book and its scope of analysis relative to the extent, pattern, and character of capital formation and its contribution to Korea's three stages of economic development and transformation. It identifies the reasons why the study of capital formation and economic transformation in Korea during the 70-year period is essential to understanding the path of the country's economic transformation. The chapter emphasizes the three major groups of players in Korea, namely, the Koreans, the Japanese, and foreigners (those other than Japanese and Korean nationals) whose role or lack of role was significant. The approach followed in this study is more behavioral and analytical than historical; the nature of the sources of data used in this book is also noted.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the purpose of the book and its scope of analysis relative to the extent, pattern, and character of capital formation and its contribution to Korea's three stages of economic development and transformation. It identifies the reasons why the study of capital formation and economic transformation in Korea during the 70-year period is essential to understanding the path of the country's economic transformation. The chapter emphasizes the three major groups of players in Korea, namely, the Koreans, the Japanese, and foreigners (those other than Japanese and Korean nationals) whose role or lack of role was significant. The approach followed in this study is more behavioral and analytical than historical; the nature of the sources of data used in this book is also noted.
Mark Thatcher
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199245680
- eISBN:
- 9780191715273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199245680.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter sets out the analytical framework used in the book. It offers a critique of two major relevant literatures that study internationalisation and domestic institutions, namely the second ...
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This chapter sets out the analytical framework used in the book. It offers a critique of two major relevant literatures that study internationalisation and domestic institutions, namely the second image reversed approach and comparative institutionalism (historical institutionalism and varieties of capitalism). It argues that while both offer valuable elements, they pay too much attention to economic forms of internationalisation and underestimate the potential for institutional reform. Instead, the chapter offers a policy analysis approach that pays attention to policymaking at both international and domestic levels. It defines and discusses three forms of market internationalisation that are used in the study: transnational technological and economic developments; and two policy forms: reforms in a significant overseas nation (in this case, the US) and supranational regulation (by the EU). It then discusses possible mechanisms whereby these different forms of internationalisation can influence domestic decisions about national institutions.Less
This chapter sets out the analytical framework used in the book. It offers a critique of two major relevant literatures that study internationalisation and domestic institutions, namely the second image reversed approach and comparative institutionalism (historical institutionalism and varieties of capitalism). It argues that while both offer valuable elements, they pay too much attention to economic forms of internationalisation and underestimate the potential for institutional reform. Instead, the chapter offers a policy analysis approach that pays attention to policymaking at both international and domestic levels. It defines and discusses three forms of market internationalisation that are used in the study: transnational technological and economic developments; and two policy forms: reforms in a significant overseas nation (in this case, the US) and supranational regulation (by the EU). It then discusses possible mechanisms whereby these different forms of internationalisation can influence domestic decisions about national institutions.
Michael Redclift and Colin Sage
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295662
- eISBN:
- 9780191599521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295669.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Identifies four critical dimensions of inequality that are relevant to any consideration of environment and resource degradation: first, the unequal distribution of historical responsibilities for ...
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Identifies four critical dimensions of inequality that are relevant to any consideration of environment and resource degradation: first, the unequal distribution of historical responsibilities for environmental change, notably climate change; second, the fact that global changes have unequal impacts on different regions and peoples of the world; third, the degree to which inequalities of interest promote different environmentalist agendas; fourth, the extent to which distributive problems lie at the heart of the failure to undertake effective and concerted action of the type envisaged at 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Begins by exploring the way in which environmental problems are constructed, both through structural processes, such as trade and technology transfer, and through attachment to cultural ‘models’ of development, disseminated on television screens and illustrated by new patterns of consumption. This social construction of environmental problems forms the backcloth against which the chapter analyses global inequality and the effects of economic globalization on the environment.Less
Identifies four critical dimensions of inequality that are relevant to any consideration of environment and resource degradation: first, the unequal distribution of historical responsibilities for environmental change, notably climate change; second, the fact that global changes have unequal impacts on different regions and peoples of the world; third, the degree to which inequalities of interest promote different environmentalist agendas; fourth, the extent to which distributive problems lie at the heart of the failure to undertake effective and concerted action of the type envisaged at 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Begins by exploring the way in which environmental problems are constructed, both through structural processes, such as trade and technology transfer, and through attachment to cultural ‘models’ of development, disseminated on television screens and illustrated by new patterns of consumption. This social construction of environmental problems forms the backcloth against which the chapter analyses global inequality and the effects of economic globalization on the environment.
Jan W. Van Deth
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294757
- eISBN:
- 9780191599040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294751.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The main element of a macro setting for micro politics in advanced industrial societies is the effect of increasing economic development on increasing levels of government activity. The chapter ...
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The main element of a macro setting for micro politics in advanced industrial societies is the effect of increasing economic development on increasing levels of government activity. The chapter provides a brief overview of these twin processes, looking first at several aspects of economic development over recent decades and its correlates in terms of rising levels of education, increasing mobility and communication, and the position of women in society, and then at corresponding growth and shifts in government intervention over the same period. The final part of the chapter looks at the characteristics of the political processes in Western Europe in terms of involvement and protest.Less
The main element of a macro setting for micro politics in advanced industrial societies is the effect of increasing economic development on increasing levels of government activity. The chapter provides a brief overview of these twin processes, looking first at several aspects of economic development over recent decades and its correlates in terms of rising levels of education, increasing mobility and communication, and the position of women in society, and then at corresponding growth and shifts in government intervention over the same period. The final part of the chapter looks at the characteristics of the political processes in Western Europe in terms of involvement and protest.
Vladimir Mau and Irina Starodubrovskaya
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241507
- eISBN:
- 9780191599835
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241503.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines the reasons why the Soviet command economy proved unable to achieve the level of modernization required for its survival. It demonstrates how the control of the Communist Party ...
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This chapter examines the reasons why the Soviet command economy proved unable to achieve the level of modernization required for its survival. It demonstrates how the control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) over the economy lacked the capacity to adapt to postmodern conditions, and thereby set in motion the destabilizing processes that eventually brought it down.Less
This chapter examines the reasons why the Soviet command economy proved unable to achieve the level of modernization required for its survival. It demonstrates how the control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) over the economy lacked the capacity to adapt to postmodern conditions, and thereby set in motion the destabilizing processes that eventually brought it down.
Hiroyuki Odagiri, Akira Goto, Atsushi Sunami, and Richard R. Nelson (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574759
- eISBN:
- 9780191722660
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574759.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
Economic development involves a process of catching up with leading countries at the time. Catch‐up is never achieved by investment in physical assets alone: also needed are the learning of modern ...
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Economic development involves a process of catching up with leading countries at the time. Catch‐up is never achieved by investment in physical assets alone: also needed are the learning of modern technologies and accumulation of a country's own technological capabilities. Nevertheless, most literature on economic development has paid scant attention to this technological aspect of catch‐up or at best assumed that developing countries can simply take advantage of the backlog of technologies practiced in advanced countries. Despite this assumption catch‐up can only occur with significant efforts and capacity. Moreover, the speed of catch‐up depends not just on the technological distance from the leaders but also on the country's social capability and legal, economic, and scientific institutions. One such institution is the regime of intellectual property rights (IPR), particularly patents. Patents may promote innovation and technology transfer. Yet they may prove to be barriers for developing countries that intend to acquire technologies through imitation and reverse‐engineering. Therefore, the current move to harmonize the IPR system internationally, such as the TRIPS agreement, may have unexpected consequences on developing countries. This book explores this issue through an in‐depth study of ten countries and one region, ranging from early developing countries (USA, Nordic countries, and Japan) and post‐World War II developing countries (Korea, Taiwan, and Israel) to more recent developing countries (Argentine, Brazil, China, India, and Thailand). These studies clearly indicate that the impact of IPR is complex and significantly varies across industries and across development stages.Less
Economic development involves a process of catching up with leading countries at the time. Catch‐up is never achieved by investment in physical assets alone: also needed are the learning of modern technologies and accumulation of a country's own technological capabilities. Nevertheless, most literature on economic development has paid scant attention to this technological aspect of catch‐up or at best assumed that developing countries can simply take advantage of the backlog of technologies practiced in advanced countries. Despite this assumption catch‐up can only occur with significant efforts and capacity. Moreover, the speed of catch‐up depends not just on the technological distance from the leaders but also on the country's social capability and legal, economic, and scientific institutions. One such institution is the regime of intellectual property rights (IPR), particularly patents. Patents may promote innovation and technology transfer. Yet they may prove to be barriers for developing countries that intend to acquire technologies through imitation and reverse‐engineering. Therefore, the current move to harmonize the IPR system internationally, such as the TRIPS agreement, may have unexpected consequences on developing countries. This book explores this issue through an in‐depth study of ten countries and one region, ranging from early developing countries (USA, Nordic countries, and Japan) and post‐World War II developing countries (Korea, Taiwan, and Israel) to more recent developing countries (Argentine, Brazil, China, India, and Thailand). These studies clearly indicate that the impact of IPR is complex and significantly varies across industries and across development stages.
Stephen D. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179354
- eISBN:
- 9780199783779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179354.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
One of the most sensitive issues regarding FDI and MNCs is their impact on relatively less developed countries (LDCs). This chapter makes no effort to “prove” net harm or benefits to LDCs. Instead, ...
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One of the most sensitive issues regarding FDI and MNCs is their impact on relatively less developed countries (LDCs). This chapter makes no effort to “prove” net harm or benefits to LDCs. Instead, the thesis developed here is that it is impossible to determine scientifically that all MNCs are collectively harmful or beneficial to all LDCs on a permanent basis. To demonstrate the critical importance of heterogeneity, complexity, perceptions, and the fallacy of generalization, the nature of the conceptual obstacles to a definitive black-or-white judgment is examined. An examination of the many plausible arguments that incoming FDI is harmful on balance to the economic development of LDCs is followed by an examination of the many plausible arguments on behalf of the opposite conclusion, namely that on balance FDI has had a positive impact. A fourth section focuses on the difficulty in determining whether pre-existing economic conditions in a developing country determine the effects of incoming FDI, or whether FDI itself determines economic progress. The final section makes the case that the preferred answer to the question of the impact of MNCs and FDI on economic development is that it is indeterminate.Less
One of the most sensitive issues regarding FDI and MNCs is their impact on relatively less developed countries (LDCs). This chapter makes no effort to “prove” net harm or benefits to LDCs. Instead, the thesis developed here is that it is impossible to determine scientifically that all MNCs are collectively harmful or beneficial to all LDCs on a permanent basis. To demonstrate the critical importance of heterogeneity, complexity, perceptions, and the fallacy of generalization, the nature of the conceptual obstacles to a definitive black-or-white judgment is examined. An examination of the many plausible arguments that incoming FDI is harmful on balance to the economic development of LDCs is followed by an examination of the many plausible arguments on behalf of the opposite conclusion, namely that on balance FDI has had a positive impact. A fourth section focuses on the difficulty in determining whether pre-existing economic conditions in a developing country determine the effects of incoming FDI, or whether FDI itself determines economic progress. The final section makes the case that the preferred answer to the question of the impact of MNCs and FDI on economic development is that it is indeterminate.
