Zara Steiner
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198221142
- eISBN:
- 9780191678417
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221142.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book is first and foremost a history of ruling-class diplomacy, but other factors are not ignored: the Bolsheviks, the Turks, and the insurgencies in Europe. This book provides detailed ...
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This book is first and foremost a history of ruling-class diplomacy, but other factors are not ignored: the Bolsheviks, the Turks, and the insurgencies in Europe. This book provides detailed narrative and cogent analysis of the all that happened in Paris in 1919 and all that came out of it, with the aftermath of the peace process and the difficulty of avoiding war for twenty years. This book falls into two parts. Part 1 shows how the peacemakers and their successors dealt with the problems of a shattered Europe. The war had fundamentally altered both the internal structures of many of the European states and transformed the traditional order. The book shows that the management of the European state system in the decade after 1919, while in some ways resembling that of the past, assumed a shape that distinguished it both from the pre-war decades and the post-1933 period. Part II covers the ‘hinge years’ 1929 to 1933. These were the years in which many of the experiments in internationalism came to be tested and their weakness revealed. Many of the difficulties stemmed from the enveloping economic depression. The way was open to the movements towards étatism, autarcy, virulent nationalism, and expansionism which characterized the post-1933 European scene. The events of these years were critical to both Hitler's challenge to the European status quo and the reactions of the European statesmen to his assault on what remained of an international system.Less
This book is first and foremost a history of ruling-class diplomacy, but other factors are not ignored: the Bolsheviks, the Turks, and the insurgencies in Europe. This book provides detailed narrative and cogent analysis of the all that happened in Paris in 1919 and all that came out of it, with the aftermath of the peace process and the difficulty of avoiding war for twenty years. This book falls into two parts. Part 1 shows how the peacemakers and their successors dealt with the problems of a shattered Europe. The war had fundamentally altered both the internal structures of many of the European states and transformed the traditional order. The book shows that the management of the European state system in the decade after 1919, while in some ways resembling that of the past, assumed a shape that distinguished it both from the pre-war decades and the post-1933 period. Part II covers the ‘hinge years’ 1929 to 1933. These were the years in which many of the experiments in internationalism came to be tested and their weakness revealed. Many of the difficulties stemmed from the enveloping economic depression. The way was open to the movements towards étatism, autarcy, virulent nationalism, and expansionism which characterized the post-1933 European scene. The events of these years were critical to both Hitler's challenge to the European status quo and the reactions of the European statesmen to his assault on what remained of an international system.
Cindy S. Aron
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195142341
- eISBN:
- 9780199849024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195142341.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Social History
The economic depression would seem an inhospitable climate for vacations in the United States. Surprisingly, evidence suggests that Americans continued to promote, endorse, and take vacations. ...
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The economic depression would seem an inhospitable climate for vacations in the United States. Surprisingly, evidence suggests that Americans continued to promote, endorse, and take vacations. Vacationing remained a prevalent and popular American institution throughout the 1930s, experiencing only a temporary decline in the early years of the decade. But longstanding cultural anxieties about leisure and vacationing remained, intensified in fact by the abundance of “leisure” that the depression seemed to be producing. No longer able to suggest that people mix vacations with work, cultural critics returned to a familiar 19th-century theme—leisure in pursuit of personal growth and self-improvement. The fear of leisure and relaxation—expressed as soon as mid-19th-century middle-class vacationers began traveling to beaches, springs, and mountains—took new forms but endured not only through the 1930s but until today.Less
The economic depression would seem an inhospitable climate for vacations in the United States. Surprisingly, evidence suggests that Americans continued to promote, endorse, and take vacations. Vacationing remained a prevalent and popular American institution throughout the 1930s, experiencing only a temporary decline in the early years of the decade. But longstanding cultural anxieties about leisure and vacationing remained, intensified in fact by the abundance of “leisure” that the depression seemed to be producing. No longer able to suggest that people mix vacations with work, cultural critics returned to a familiar 19th-century theme—leisure in pursuit of personal growth and self-improvement. The fear of leisure and relaxation—expressed as soon as mid-19th-century middle-class vacationers began traveling to beaches, springs, and mountains—took new forms but endured not only through the 1930s but until today.
Edmund S. Phelps
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198283331
- eISBN:
- 9780191596766
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198283334.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This volume represents the publication of seven lectures––the first annual Arne Ryde Memorial lectures administered by the University of Lund––on what the author deems to be the seven leading schools ...
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This volume represents the publication of seven lectures––the first annual Arne Ryde Memorial lectures administered by the University of Lund––on what the author deems to be the seven leading schools of thought in contemporary macroeconomics. The result is a wide‐ranging appreciation of the richness of macro theory and a commentary on some of its more doubtful tenets by a scholar who has himself made contributions to all seven schools. The recurring motif is that actual economies are complicated and each school has its own important insights into them. The first four schools have in common that they regard monetary mechanisms as a key part of the engine determining the level of economic activity while the last three schools all adopt essentially non‐monetary perspectives. The first chapter considers at length the basis for Keynes's break from classical economics. The next chapter addresses the sister school called ‘monetarism’. Chapters on the New Classical school and the New Keynesian school follow. The supply side is the first stop in the non‐monetary realm and the related school, called ‘Real Business Cycle theory’, is the next. The last chapter looks at the early work of the structuralist school, which was at an early stage of development when these lectures were given.Less
This volume represents the publication of seven lectures––the first annual Arne Ryde Memorial lectures administered by the University of Lund––on what the author deems to be the seven leading schools of thought in contemporary macroeconomics. The result is a wide‐ranging appreciation of the richness of macro theory and a commentary on some of its more doubtful tenets by a scholar who has himself made contributions to all seven schools. The recurring motif is that actual economies are complicated and each school has its own important insights into them. The first four schools have in common that they regard monetary mechanisms as a key part of the engine determining the level of economic activity while the last three schools all adopt essentially non‐monetary perspectives. The first chapter considers at length the basis for Keynes's break from classical economics. The next chapter addresses the sister school called ‘monetarism’. Chapters on the New Classical school and the New Keynesian school follow. The supply side is the first stop in the non‐monetary realm and the related school, called ‘Real Business Cycle theory’, is the next. The last chapter looks at the early work of the structuralist school, which was at an early stage of development when these lectures were given.
Barry Eichengreen
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195101133
- eISBN:
- 9780199869626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195101138.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
By 1934, it was impossible to ignore the contrast between the persistence of depression in gold standard countries and the acceleration of recovery in the rest of the world; the continued allegiance ...
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By 1934, it was impossible to ignore the contrast between the persistence of depression in gold standard countries and the acceleration of recovery in the rest of the world; the continued allegiance to gold by several European countries, led by France, has consequently been regarded as an enigma. This chapter shows how domestic politics combined with collective memory of inflationary chaos in the 1920s to sustain resistance to currency depreciation. Indeed, inflation anxiety in the gold bloc was not entirely unfounded, and sometimes it proved self‐fulfilling. When currency depreciation finally came to France in 1936, it was accompanied by inflation and social turmoil, but not by the beneficial effects evident in other countries. Here, as in the rest of the book, historical and political factors, not just economics, bear the burden of explanation.Less
By 1934, it was impossible to ignore the contrast between the persistence of depression in gold standard countries and the acceleration of recovery in the rest of the world; the continued allegiance to gold by several European countries, led by France, has consequently been regarded as an enigma. This chapter shows how domestic politics combined with collective memory of inflationary chaos in the 1920s to sustain resistance to currency depreciation. Indeed, inflation anxiety in the gold bloc was not entirely unfounded, and sometimes it proved self‐fulfilling. When currency depreciation finally came to France in 1936, it was accompanied by inflation and social turmoil, but not by the beneficial effects evident in other countries. Here, as in the rest of the book, historical and political factors, not just economics, bear the burden of explanation.
A. J. Nicholls
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208525
- eISBN:
- 9780191678059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208525.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on the origin of the concepts of neo-liberalism, and it looks at the subsequent economic depression and dictatorship that came to Germany during the early 20th century. Walter ...
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This chapter focuses on the origin of the concepts of neo-liberalism, and it looks at the subsequent economic depression and dictatorship that came to Germany during the early 20th century. Walter Eucken defended the tradition of classical liberal economic theory against nationalist and Marxist heresies. Even though Eucken's proposals to combat inflation were naïve, the Stresemann and Luther governments had to follow Euken's concept to combat inflation after the German currency collapse in 1923. Liberal economists during the 1920s emphasized resisting high taxation and socialist moves towards public ownership. Cartelization, besides taxation and public expenditure, were the prominent threats to an effective market economy. The economic depression of 1923 had traumatic effects on the country's economy and society. The political stability was shattered. Unemployment increased drastically and there was a severe squeeze on commercial undertakings. The social friction was a cause of economic hardship. Wilhelm Röpke and Alexander Rüstow were two economists who made strenuous efforts to stabilize the economy crisis before Hitler's accession to power.Less
This chapter focuses on the origin of the concepts of neo-liberalism, and it looks at the subsequent economic depression and dictatorship that came to Germany during the early 20th century. Walter Eucken defended the tradition of classical liberal economic theory against nationalist and Marxist heresies. Even though Eucken's proposals to combat inflation were naïve, the Stresemann and Luther governments had to follow Euken's concept to combat inflation after the German currency collapse in 1923. Liberal economists during the 1920s emphasized resisting high taxation and socialist moves towards public ownership. Cartelization, besides taxation and public expenditure, were the prominent threats to an effective market economy. The economic depression of 1923 had traumatic effects on the country's economy and society. The political stability was shattered. Unemployment increased drastically and there was a severe squeeze on commercial undertakings. The social friction was a cause of economic hardship. Wilhelm Röpke and Alexander Rüstow were two economists who made strenuous efforts to stabilize the economy crisis before Hitler's accession to power.
Christian Gollier
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148762
- eISBN:
- 9781400845408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148762.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the effects of a dramatic switch in the dynamics of economic growth for the term structure of the discount rate over the longer term. Economies undergo radical transformations. ...
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This chapter examines the effects of a dramatic switch in the dynamics of economic growth for the term structure of the discount rate over the longer term. Economies undergo radical transformations. One such radical transformation was called the “industrial revolution” which has had a long-lasting effect on economic growth. The chapter considers the possibility of a reversion to the pre-industrial age, at least in terms of an absence of growth, in the distant future, or any other effects on the current economic growth rate. Other less persistent—but more frequent—transformations observed in the past were wars or great economic depressions. It is thus important to include the possibility of such changes in the dynamics of growth in the analysis of the term structure of the discount rate.Less
This chapter examines the effects of a dramatic switch in the dynamics of economic growth for the term structure of the discount rate over the longer term. Economies undergo radical transformations. One such radical transformation was called the “industrial revolution” which has had a long-lasting effect on economic growth. The chapter considers the possibility of a reversion to the pre-industrial age, at least in terms of an absence of growth, in the distant future, or any other effects on the current economic growth rate. Other less persistent—but more frequent—transformations observed in the past were wars or great economic depressions. It is thus important to include the possibility of such changes in the dynamics of growth in the analysis of the term structure of the discount rate.
Kenneth O. Morgan
- Published in print:
- 1980
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198217367
- eISBN:
- 9780191678233
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198217367.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The erosion of the political and cultural traditions of post-war Wales was damaging but far from fatal to the wellbeing of the nation. More serious and sweeping in its impact on the life of Wales was ...
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The erosion of the political and cultural traditions of post-war Wales was damaging but far from fatal to the wellbeing of the nation. More serious and sweeping in its impact on the life of Wales was the prolonged economic depression of the Interwar period. From the start of the 1920s and emphatically so after 1923, right down to the latter years of the 1930s, when the rearmament programme began to have some impact on economic activity there as in other regions of Britain, Wales, especially the coalfield, was paralysed by a collapse in its industrial, manufacturing, and commercial life. It experienced mass unemployment and poverty without parallel in the British Isles. As British capitalism lurched into a massive crisis in the years after 1922, the Welsh valleys were foremost amongst its helpless victims.Less
The erosion of the political and cultural traditions of post-war Wales was damaging but far from fatal to the wellbeing of the nation. More serious and sweeping in its impact on the life of Wales was the prolonged economic depression of the Interwar period. From the start of the 1920s and emphatically so after 1923, right down to the latter years of the 1930s, when the rearmament programme began to have some impact on economic activity there as in other regions of Britain, Wales, especially the coalfield, was paralysed by a collapse in its industrial, manufacturing, and commercial life. It experienced mass unemployment and poverty without parallel in the British Isles. As British capitalism lurched into a massive crisis in the years after 1922, the Welsh valleys were foremost amongst its helpless victims.
R. J. Crampton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541584
- eISBN:
- 9780191719325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541584.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines Bulgaria's political conditions from 1919 to 1941, after the First World War and prior to the Second World War. The first world war severely damaged, but did not destroy, the ...
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This chapter examines Bulgaria's political conditions from 1919 to 1941, after the First World War and prior to the Second World War. The first world war severely damaged, but did not destroy, the established political system in Bulgaria. Immediately after the war that system was overwhelmed by radical forces on the left, but within half a decade extreme forces on the right had seized hold of the state apparatus. Both the left and the right tolerated, albeit grudgingly, the established order and in the second half of the 1920s something akin to the pre-war system was restored. In a proclamation issued on April 21, 1935, King Boris and his minister president Andrei Toshev promised to return the country to a stable life with a constitution adapted to modern needs. This proved hard to accomplish.Less
This chapter examines Bulgaria's political conditions from 1919 to 1941, after the First World War and prior to the Second World War. The first world war severely damaged, but did not destroy, the established political system in Bulgaria. Immediately after the war that system was overwhelmed by radical forces on the left, but within half a decade extreme forces on the right had seized hold of the state apparatus. Both the left and the right tolerated, albeit grudgingly, the established order and in the second half of the 1920s something akin to the pre-war system was restored. In a proclamation issued on April 21, 1935, King Boris and his minister president Andrei Toshev promised to return the country to a stable life with a constitution adapted to modern needs. This proved hard to accomplish.
David Zimmerman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264812
- eISBN:
- 9780191754029
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264812.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies)
This chapter examines in detail the central role of Lord Beveridge in establishing the Academic Assistance Council, in a context of economic depression, social and political turmoil, and pervasive ...
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This chapter examines in detail the central role of Lord Beveridge in establishing the Academic Assistance Council, in a context of economic depression, social and political turmoil, and pervasive anti-Jewish hostility in Britain. Lord Beveridge's work with British academic refugee organizations was on a par with his leading role in the major expansion of the London School of Economics, the building of London University's Senate House in the 1920s, and perhaps even with his famous 1942 report on Social Insurance and Allied Services.Less
This chapter examines in detail the central role of Lord Beveridge in establishing the Academic Assistance Council, in a context of economic depression, social and political turmoil, and pervasive anti-Jewish hostility in Britain. Lord Beveridge's work with British academic refugee organizations was on a par with his leading role in the major expansion of the London School of Economics, the building of London University's Senate House in the 1920s, and perhaps even with his famous 1942 report on Social Insurance and Allied Services.
Anthony Howe
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201465
- eISBN:
- 9780191674891
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201465.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Economic History
This chapter examines the decline of the Liberal vision of European progress based on free trade, peace, and democracy. The interlocking pressures of rising military expenditure, economic depression, ...
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This chapter examines the decline of the Liberal vision of European progress based on free trade, peace, and democracy. The interlocking pressures of rising military expenditure, economic depression, and territorial imperialism all exposed the fragility of Britain’s ability to shape the international economic order in her own free trade image. Her supposed leadership of the world economic system — the hegemony attributed Britain by late 19th-century German historical economists and by latter-day theorists of international relations — proved chimerical, as nation after nation imitated the American-inspired model of protection, propagated by List in the 1840s, but now more enthusiastically endorsed in Germany, France, Italy, Canada, and the Australian colonies, and not without its supporters in England.Less
This chapter examines the decline of the Liberal vision of European progress based on free trade, peace, and democracy. The interlocking pressures of rising military expenditure, economic depression, and territorial imperialism all exposed the fragility of Britain’s ability to shape the international economic order in her own free trade image. Her supposed leadership of the world economic system — the hegemony attributed Britain by late 19th-century German historical economists and by latter-day theorists of international relations — proved chimerical, as nation after nation imitated the American-inspired model of protection, propagated by List in the 1840s, but now more enthusiastically endorsed in Germany, France, Italy, Canada, and the Australian colonies, and not without its supporters in England.
Simon J. Potter
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199568963
- eISBN:
- 9780191741821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568963.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Cultural History
During the early 1930s, governments created more powerful public broadcasting authorities in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, including the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), the ...
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During the early 1930s, governments created more powerful public broadcasting authorities in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, including the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC), and the New Zealand Broadcasting Board (NZBB). In Canada, the Canadian Radio League (CRL) enlisted the help of the BBC to make the case for public broadcasting. However, the world economic depression hampered plans to develop broadcasting, both on a national basis in these countries, and on an imperial footing. The BBC's underfunded Empire Service did little to link up the British world, despite attempts to use sport and the monarchy to generate interest in its broadcasts. BBC recorded programmes or transcriptions similarly met with a mixed response, and the BBC for its part seemed unenthusiastic about taking reciprocal programmes from the dominions. BBC attempts to operate overseas on a rigorously public-service basis compounded its problemsLess
During the early 1930s, governments created more powerful public broadcasting authorities in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, including the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC), and the New Zealand Broadcasting Board (NZBB). In Canada, the Canadian Radio League (CRL) enlisted the help of the BBC to make the case for public broadcasting. However, the world economic depression hampered plans to develop broadcasting, both on a national basis in these countries, and on an imperial footing. The BBC's underfunded Empire Service did little to link up the British world, despite attempts to use sport and the monarchy to generate interest in its broadcasts. BBC recorded programmes or transcriptions similarly met with a mixed response, and the BBC for its part seemed unenthusiastic about taking reciprocal programmes from the dominions. BBC attempts to operate overseas on a rigorously public-service basis compounded its problems
Peter Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208341
- eISBN:
- 9780191677984
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208341.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book examines the French response to the challenge posed by National Socialist Germany in the years 1933–1939. It focuses on the relationship between the intelligence on German intentions and ...
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This book examines the French response to the challenge posed by National Socialist Germany in the years 1933–1939. It focuses on the relationship between the intelligence on German intentions and capabilities and the evolution of French national policy from the rise of Hitler in 1933 to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. Based on extensive archival research, it considers the nature of the intelligence process and the place of intelligence within the French policy-making establishment during the inter-war period. The central argument in the book is that the German threat was far from the only challenge facing French national leaders in an era of economic depression and profound ideological discord. Only after the national humiliation at the Munich Conference did the threat from Nazi Germany take precedence over France's internal problems in the making of policy.Less
This book examines the French response to the challenge posed by National Socialist Germany in the years 1933–1939. It focuses on the relationship between the intelligence on German intentions and capabilities and the evolution of French national policy from the rise of Hitler in 1933 to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. Based on extensive archival research, it considers the nature of the intelligence process and the place of intelligence within the French policy-making establishment during the inter-war period. The central argument in the book is that the German threat was far from the only challenge facing French national leaders in an era of economic depression and profound ideological discord. Only after the national humiliation at the Munich Conference did the threat from Nazi Germany take precedence over France's internal problems in the making of policy.
Harold James
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153407
- eISBN:
- 9781400841868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153407.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter details the Krupps' struggles during the aftermath of the war, as the company struggled to find a new role in a state that was reinventing itself dramatically. It describes workplace ...
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This chapter details the Krupps' struggles during the aftermath of the war, as the company struggled to find a new role in a state that was reinventing itself dramatically. It describes workplace struggles, the postwar demilitarization efforts, Krupp's attempts at hidden rearmament, financial troubles, and other difficulties buffeting the company in the aftermath of World War I. The chapter also depicts a period of stabilization and recovery for the company, though the reprieve would be short-lived, as economic depression would strike Germany sometime during the 1920s. In addition, this period heralded the arrival of a new patriarch, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach II.Less
This chapter details the Krupps' struggles during the aftermath of the war, as the company struggled to find a new role in a state that was reinventing itself dramatically. It describes workplace struggles, the postwar demilitarization efforts, Krupp's attempts at hidden rearmament, financial troubles, and other difficulties buffeting the company in the aftermath of World War I. The chapter also depicts a period of stabilization and recovery for the company, though the reprieve would be short-lived, as economic depression would strike Germany sometime during the 1920s. In addition, this period heralded the arrival of a new patriarch, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach II.
Kenneth O. Morgan
- Published in print:
- 1980
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198217367
- eISBN:
- 9780191678233
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198217367.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The economic depression and the cultural divisions of the Interwar period and the Second World War coincided with a totally new phase of political and social leadership in Wales. By 1922, it was ...
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The economic depression and the cultural divisions of the Interwar period and the Second World War coincided with a totally new phase of political and social leadership in Wales. By 1922, it was clear that the classes and organizations that had dominated public life since the later Victorian era were in full retreat. From the early 1920s until the end of the Second World War — indeed for at least three decades after 1945 — a period of Labour ascendancy over the political and industrial life of Wales was inaugurated which was even more overwhelming in extent than the Liberal ascendancy had been of the years from 1880 to 1914. The general election of 1945 provided a suitable final comment on the ordeal of Wales during the 1920s and 1930s. The campaign was charged with folk memories and communal bitterness which Churchill's talk of a Labour ‘Gestapo’ reinforced.Less
The economic depression and the cultural divisions of the Interwar period and the Second World War coincided with a totally new phase of political and social leadership in Wales. By 1922, it was clear that the classes and organizations that had dominated public life since the later Victorian era were in full retreat. From the early 1920s until the end of the Second World War — indeed for at least three decades after 1945 — a period of Labour ascendancy over the political and industrial life of Wales was inaugurated which was even more overwhelming in extent than the Liberal ascendancy had been of the years from 1880 to 1914. The general election of 1945 provided a suitable final comment on the ordeal of Wales during the 1920s and 1930s. The campaign was charged with folk memories and communal bitterness which Churchill's talk of a Labour ‘Gestapo’ reinforced.
Canter Brown and Larry Eugene Rivers
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813061146
- eISBN:
- 9780813051420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061146.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter establishes Mary Edwards Bryan’s family background, focusing on her parents John David Edwards and Louisa Houghton Edwards. It explains the pertinent history of the Territory of Florida, ...
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This chapter establishes Mary Edwards Bryan’s family background, focusing on her parents John David Edwards and Louisa Houghton Edwards. It explains the pertinent history of the Territory of Florida, particularly the Old South regions known as Middle Florida. It describes frontier violence of the time, which ranged from dueling to fighting related to the Second Seminole War. It also takes into account the economic climate from cotton plantation development to bank speculation to economic depression. It details the circumstances of Mary’s birth in Jefferson County, Florida, in 1839.Less
This chapter establishes Mary Edwards Bryan’s family background, focusing on her parents John David Edwards and Louisa Houghton Edwards. It explains the pertinent history of the Territory of Florida, particularly the Old South regions known as Middle Florida. It describes frontier violence of the time, which ranged from dueling to fighting related to the Second Seminole War. It also takes into account the economic climate from cotton plantation development to bank speculation to economic depression. It details the circumstances of Mary’s birth in Jefferson County, Florida, in 1839.
Paul Slack
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206613
- eISBN:
- 9780191677243
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206613.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Social History
The Parliament's Reformation is the title of a tract which Samuel Hartlib addressed to the Long Parliament in 1646. This chapter describes the quarter-century or so after 1688, ...
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The Parliament's Reformation is the title of a tract which Samuel Hartlib addressed to the Long Parliament in 1646. This chapter describes the quarter-century or so after 1688, when Parliament had to respond again to heightened political and religious expectations against a background of war and economic depression, when there were further projects for the reform of public welfare to be put to a new Board of Trade, the descendant of the Councils of Worsley and Shaftesbury, and when powerful movements for a reformation of manners and a revival of piety seemed poised once more to yoke religious and secular improvement together in a single channel of endeavour. For a time, particularly in the 1690s, the prospects for a national reformation again seemed to its advocates real.Less
The Parliament's Reformation is the title of a tract which Samuel Hartlib addressed to the Long Parliament in 1646. This chapter describes the quarter-century or so after 1688, when Parliament had to respond again to heightened political and religious expectations against a background of war and economic depression, when there were further projects for the reform of public welfare to be put to a new Board of Trade, the descendant of the Councils of Worsley and Shaftesbury, and when powerful movements for a reformation of manners and a revival of piety seemed poised once more to yoke religious and secular improvement together in a single channel of endeavour. For a time, particularly in the 1690s, the prospects for a national reformation again seemed to its advocates real.
Kenneth O. Morgan
- Published in print:
- 1980
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198217367
- eISBN:
- 9780191678233
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198217367.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The onset of economic depression brought obvious and visible strains to the fabric of Welsh society and culture. More insidious and less apparent, but equally worrying for a growing number of ...
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The onset of economic depression brought obvious and visible strains to the fabric of Welsh society and culture. More insidious and less apparent, but equally worrying for a growing number of contemporaries, was the emergence of more formidable cultural barriers than had hitherto existed between those who did and those who did not speak the Welsh language. The changing balance between these two communities added to the tension of life in the region. Whatever ‘the Welsh way of life’ comprised, it was clearly swamped by the collectivist, centralizing forces entailed in another total war. The worlds of the Welsh and of the Anglo-Welsh, for all the patriotism and the occasional nationalism of the apostles of the latter, continued to diverge. The heightened cultural sensibilities of the 1920s and 1930s did not bind Wales more closely together. In some ways, they helped perpetuate its divisions.Less
The onset of economic depression brought obvious and visible strains to the fabric of Welsh society and culture. More insidious and less apparent, but equally worrying for a growing number of contemporaries, was the emergence of more formidable cultural barriers than had hitherto existed between those who did and those who did not speak the Welsh language. The changing balance between these two communities added to the tension of life in the region. Whatever ‘the Welsh way of life’ comprised, it was clearly swamped by the collectivist, centralizing forces entailed in another total war. The worlds of the Welsh and of the Anglo-Welsh, for all the patriotism and the occasional nationalism of the apostles of the latter, continued to diverge. The heightened cultural sensibilities of the 1920s and 1930s did not bind Wales more closely together. In some ways, they helped perpetuate its divisions.
Cyril Barrett
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198217527
- eISBN:
- 9780191678240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198217527.003.0020
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The effects of war of independence and the civil war had to be overcome before resources were available for the arts; there were more pressing needs. Then came the economic depression, the economic ...
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The effects of war of independence and the civil war had to be overcome before resources were available for the arts; there were more pressing needs. Then came the economic depression, the economic war, and the Second World War. Recent work, however, indicates that even in the decades immediately after independence there was more vitality and innovation, greater openness to international ideas and models, especially in architecture, than this picture suggests. The Fianna Fáil governments of the 1930s were equally anxious to promote a modern image for Ireland. The importance of promoting good design, because of its commercial potential, took some time to be recognised: it was little appreciated in the 1920s.Less
The effects of war of independence and the civil war had to be overcome before resources were available for the arts; there were more pressing needs. Then came the economic depression, the economic war, and the Second World War. Recent work, however, indicates that even in the decades immediately after independence there was more vitality and innovation, greater openness to international ideas and models, especially in architecture, than this picture suggests. The Fianna Fáil governments of the 1930s were equally anxious to promote a modern image for Ireland. The importance of promoting good design, because of its commercial potential, took some time to be recognised: it was little appreciated in the 1920s.
David Pratten
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748625536
- eISBN:
- 9780748670659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748625536.003.0004
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, African Studies
This chapter focuses on the years between the Women's War and the outbreak of the Second World War. The 1930s were years in which colonial rule decisively embedded itself into local Annang society. ...
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This chapter focuses on the years between the Women's War and the outbreak of the Second World War. The 1930s were years in which colonial rule decisively embedded itself into local Annang society. The proliferation of schools, clinics and courts carried with them British normative principles and procedures in education, medicine and justice. Routines were established as taxes were collected, as weights and measures were checked, and as court fees and fines were recorded. It was a period of administrative bureaucratisation and legal codification as the civil service expanded. Colonial rule between the wars has therefore been characterised as a period of social, political and economic stagnation. The 1930s was indeed the decade of greatest stability in colonial rule, though as this chapter illustrates the calm and routine were superficial. The economic depression of the 1930s not only affected the markets, it also fostered profound changes in class and gender relations.Less
This chapter focuses on the years between the Women's War and the outbreak of the Second World War. The 1930s were years in which colonial rule decisively embedded itself into local Annang society. The proliferation of schools, clinics and courts carried with them British normative principles and procedures in education, medicine and justice. Routines were established as taxes were collected, as weights and measures were checked, and as court fees and fines were recorded. It was a period of administrative bureaucratisation and legal codification as the civil service expanded. Colonial rule between the wars has therefore been characterised as a period of social, political and economic stagnation. The 1930s was indeed the decade of greatest stability in colonial rule, though as this chapter illustrates the calm and routine were superficial. The economic depression of the 1930s not only affected the markets, it also fostered profound changes in class and gender relations.
Kenneth O. Morgan
- Published in print:
- 1980
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198217367
- eISBN:
- 9780191678233
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198217367.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The pattern of change in Wales in the hundred years from the general election of 1880 to that of 1979 was bewildering and confusing. In that span of time, the land underwent successively an upsurge ...
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The pattern of change in Wales in the hundred years from the general election of 1880 to that of 1979 was bewildering and confusing. In that span of time, the land underwent successively an upsurge of political and economic advance, and of patriotic consciousness; a shattering collapse in its economic fabric with social despair and new cultural tension; and, finally, a period of economic rehabilitation and renewal in which the awareness of nationhood flourished anew, although with very different symbols and in very different circumstances from the earlier reawakening before 1914. There was a considerable gulf between the nationalism of Owen M. Edwards and of Saunders Lewis. The First World War was perhaps the most important in some ways, with its traumatic consequences for the politics, the social structure, and the moral values of the Welsh people.Less
The pattern of change in Wales in the hundred years from the general election of 1880 to that of 1979 was bewildering and confusing. In that span of time, the land underwent successively an upsurge of political and economic advance, and of patriotic consciousness; a shattering collapse in its economic fabric with social despair and new cultural tension; and, finally, a period of economic rehabilitation and renewal in which the awareness of nationhood flourished anew, although with very different symbols and in very different circumstances from the earlier reawakening before 1914. There was a considerable gulf between the nationalism of Owen M. Edwards and of Saunders Lewis. The First World War was perhaps the most important in some ways, with its traumatic consequences for the politics, the social structure, and the moral values of the Welsh people.
