Jan Zielonka
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199292219
- eISBN:
- 9780191603754
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199292213.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter examines how the enlarged EU is likely to respond to three major economic challenges: Will the enlarged EU attempt to bridge the internal development gaps by flexible policies ...
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This chapter examines how the enlarged EU is likely to respond to three major economic challenges: Will the enlarged EU attempt to bridge the internal development gaps by flexible policies stimulating growth or by central redistribution from Brussels? Will the enlarged EU cope with the challenge of global economic competition by opting for more institutional differentiation or central regulation? Will it try to insulate itself from poor and unstable neighbors or try to govern them? In all three cases, the enlarged EU is more likely to embrace the neo-medieval rather than the neo-Westphalian alternative.Less
This chapter examines how the enlarged EU is likely to respond to three major economic challenges: Will the enlarged EU attempt to bridge the internal development gaps by flexible policies stimulating growth or by central redistribution from Brussels? Will the enlarged EU cope with the challenge of global economic competition by opting for more institutional differentiation or central regulation? Will it try to insulate itself from poor and unstable neighbors or try to govern them? In all three cases, the enlarged EU is more likely to embrace the neo-medieval rather than the neo-Westphalian alternative.
Geir Lundestad
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199266685
- eISBN:
- 9780191601057
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199266689.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Discusses the expansion of the cooperation established between the US and Western Europe in the period 1950–1962, and analyses the Atlantic community, Germany's role in the relationship, and Western ...
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Discusses the expansion of the cooperation established between the US and Western Europe in the period 1950–1962, and analyses the Atlantic community, Germany's role in the relationship, and Western European integration. The first section looks at the dominant status that America had achieved in Europe by 1950, and at Europe's centrality to American–European cooperation—the shared assumption that Europe was the area of the world that mattered most, and that the struggle between East and West was primarily a struggle over Europe. The second section discusses the (North) Atlantic community in terms of balance of power (notably the threat of Soviet communism), the domestic threat from communists and other anti‐democratic groups, and from Germany, and the third discusses European integration in relation to this Atlantic framework. The fourth and fifth sections examine the motives for America's support of European integration, and the European economic challenge to the Atlantic framework. The sixth section analyses the development of the ‘special relationships’ formed between the US and various European countries, notably Britain, but also West Germany, Norway, Switzerland, Austria, Ireland, Sweden, Finland, and Yugoslavia. The last section looks at some of the concessions that the US had to make, and some of its defeats, in its relationship with Western Europe.Less
Discusses the expansion of the cooperation established between the US and Western Europe in the period 1950–1962, and analyses the Atlantic community, Germany's role in the relationship, and Western European integration. The first section looks at the dominant status that America had achieved in Europe by 1950, and at Europe's centrality to American–European cooperation—the shared assumption that Europe was the area of the world that mattered most, and that the struggle between East and West was primarily a struggle over Europe. The second section discusses the (North) Atlantic community in terms of balance of power (notably the threat of Soviet communism), the domestic threat from communists and other anti‐democratic groups, and from Germany, and the third discusses European integration in relation to this Atlantic framework. The fourth and fifth sections examine the motives for America's support of European integration, and the European economic challenge to the Atlantic framework. The sixth section analyses the development of the ‘special relationships’ formed between the US and various European countries, notably Britain, but also West Germany, Norway, Switzerland, Austria, Ireland, Sweden, Finland, and Yugoslavia. The last section looks at some of the concessions that the US had to make, and some of its defeats, in its relationship with Western Europe.
Paul A. David and Mark Thomas
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263471
- eISBN:
- 9780191734786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263471.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This book discusses some of the ways in which studying the economic experiences of societies in the past can contribute to a better understanding of current and future economic issues. It offers a ...
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This book discusses some of the ways in which studying the economic experiences of societies in the past can contribute to a better understanding of current and future economic issues. It offers a variety of engagements of the ‘historian's craft’, in the service of enlightened discussions of social and economic policy. It draws upon detailed historical works that provide fresh and useful insights into some of the major economic challenges that will continue to concern policy-makers and informed members of the general public in the decades ahead.Less
This book discusses some of the ways in which studying the economic experiences of societies in the past can contribute to a better understanding of current and future economic issues. It offers a variety of engagements of the ‘historian's craft’, in the service of enlightened discussions of social and economic policy. It draws upon detailed historical works that provide fresh and useful insights into some of the major economic challenges that will continue to concern policy-makers and informed members of the general public in the decades ahead.
Fritz W. Scharpf and Vivien A. Schmidt
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240883
- eISBN:
- 9780191600173
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240884.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The conclusion emphasizes more general patterns that were identified in the comparative analyses. If due account is taken of the specifics of economic changes and national policy legacies, the ...
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The conclusion emphasizes more general patterns that were identified in the comparative analyses. If due account is taken of the specifics of economic changes and national policy legacies, the variation among the responses of individual countries is far from random. In each of the periods covered by the study, there were distinct groups of countries facing similar policy challenges that would have called for similar responses. And even though the increasing internationalization of the economic environment has narrowed the range of economically viable national policy choices, we are able to show that in each of these groups, one or more countries did in fact have the institutional capabilities and the policy discourses that allowed them to move “from vulnerability to competitiveness” without abandoning their normative aspirations or jeopardizing the democratic legitimacy of their governments.Less
The conclusion emphasizes more general patterns that were identified in the comparative analyses. If due account is taken of the specifics of economic changes and national policy legacies, the variation among the responses of individual countries is far from random. In each of the periods covered by the study, there were distinct groups of countries facing similar policy challenges that would have called for similar responses. And even though the increasing internationalization of the economic environment has narrowed the range of economically viable national policy choices, we are able to show that in each of these groups, one or more countries did in fact have the institutional capabilities and the policy discourses that allowed them to move “from vulnerability to competitiveness” without abandoning their normative aspirations or jeopardizing the democratic legitimacy of their governments.
Janet A. Kourany
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199732623
- eISBN:
- 9780199866403
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732623.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
This chapter defends the political approach with its ideal of socially responsible science against five important challenges. The first—the epistemological challenge—suggests that the more a practice ...
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This chapter defends the political approach with its ideal of socially responsible science against five important challenges. The first—the epistemological challenge—suggests that the more a practice is concerned with knowledge, especially technical knowledge, the more it should be free from societal control or oversight. The second—the historical challenge—points to the dire social as well as epistemic effects that have resulted from societal interference with science—for example, those that occurred in Stalinist Russia or Nazi Germany or Galileo’s Italy. The third—the sociological challenge—emphasizes the cognitive and social norms institutionalized in science that ensure the advancement of science and the fourth—the economic challenge—emphasizes the socioeconomic progress that results from this advancement in the absence of societal interference. Finally the fifth—the political challenge—insists that scientists have a right to freedom of research and that societal interference with science infringes on that right.Less
This chapter defends the political approach with its ideal of socially responsible science against five important challenges. The first—the epistemological challenge—suggests that the more a practice is concerned with knowledge, especially technical knowledge, the more it should be free from societal control or oversight. The second—the historical challenge—points to the dire social as well as epistemic effects that have resulted from societal interference with science—for example, those that occurred in Stalinist Russia or Nazi Germany or Galileo’s Italy. The third—the sociological challenge—emphasizes the cognitive and social norms institutionalized in science that ensure the advancement of science and the fourth—the economic challenge—emphasizes the socioeconomic progress that results from this advancement in the absence of societal interference. Finally the fifth—the political challenge—insists that scientists have a right to freedom of research and that societal interference with science infringes on that right.
Maureen D. McKelvey
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297246
- eISBN:
- 9780191685316
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297246.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Knowledge Management
This chapter examines the technical and economic challenges and opportunities which firms acted upon to integrate genetic engineering techniques into functioning production systems. These challenges ...
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This chapter examines the technical and economic challenges and opportunities which firms acted upon to integrate genetic engineering techniques into functioning production systems. These challenges differ from those involving genetic engineering per se which were encountered in the two preceding chapters. This chapter analyses the firms' knowledge-seeking activities in the context of interactions with external agents and environmental conditions and focuses more specifically on the integration of genetic engineering into production systems in firms. These systems involved many other component technologies, such as fermentation, purification, and analytical methods. In the historical material recounted in this chapter, much of the discussion focuses on firms' knowledge-seeking activities to develop new knowledge and techniques for designing and testing functioning production systems. Designing such systems involved challenges and bottlenecks, requiring that corporate managers decide which specific types of knowledge-seeking activities to focus on at specific times.Less
This chapter examines the technical and economic challenges and opportunities which firms acted upon to integrate genetic engineering techniques into functioning production systems. These challenges differ from those involving genetic engineering per se which were encountered in the two preceding chapters. This chapter analyses the firms' knowledge-seeking activities in the context of interactions with external agents and environmental conditions and focuses more specifically on the integration of genetic engineering into production systems in firms. These systems involved many other component technologies, such as fermentation, purification, and analytical methods. In the historical material recounted in this chapter, much of the discussion focuses on firms' knowledge-seeking activities to develop new knowledge and techniques for designing and testing functioning production systems. Designing such systems involved challenges and bottlenecks, requiring that corporate managers decide which specific types of knowledge-seeking activities to focus on at specific times.
Andy Neely
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199696086
- eISBN:
- 9780191767869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199696086.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
Society faces significant grand challenges—demographic, economic, and environmental. This chapter explores the role that services might play in helping address these grand challenges. The chapter ...
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Society faces significant grand challenges—demographic, economic, and environmental. This chapter explores the role that services might play in helping address these grand challenges. The chapter begins by reviewing traditional reasons why manufacturing firms are making a shift to services, identifying five options that firms appears to be pursuing. Next the chapter then turns to the future, looking at the illustrative challenges that society faces—most notably demographic, economic, and environmental—and explores the implications of these challenges for the phenomenon of servitization. Finally, the chapter combines the five servitization options with the previously discussed societal challenges, offering some thoughts on what the future might hold.Less
Society faces significant grand challenges—demographic, economic, and environmental. This chapter explores the role that services might play in helping address these grand challenges. The chapter begins by reviewing traditional reasons why manufacturing firms are making a shift to services, identifying five options that firms appears to be pursuing. Next the chapter then turns to the future, looking at the illustrative challenges that society faces—most notably demographic, economic, and environmental—and explores the implications of these challenges for the phenomenon of servitization. Finally, the chapter combines the five servitization options with the previously discussed societal challenges, offering some thoughts on what the future might hold.
Stephen Syrett and David North
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861348623
- eISBN:
- 9781447303213
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861348623.003.0017
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter presents the possibilities and limitations of current policy approaches to improving the economic conditions that currently exist within deprived neighbourhoods. It focuses on the three ...
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This chapter presents the possibilities and limitations of current policy approaches to improving the economic conditions that currently exist within deprived neighbourhoods. It focuses on the three key elements apparent in policy, i.e., work, enterprise and improved governance. In seeking to understand and respond to the economic needs of deprived neighbourhoods, place matters. Spatial differences present different economic challenges and require different mixes of interventions tailored and delivered to meet local needs. The New Labour governments have shown a commitment to placing the issue of localised deprivation at the centre of their policy agenda. However, the resulting impact on improving the economic life of deprived communities and the people who live within them has been hampered both by the wider discourses that have informed policy development and the practical problems of developing integrated delivery mechanisms. Any future development of the policy context needs to be informed by the basic issues discussed in this chapter.Less
This chapter presents the possibilities and limitations of current policy approaches to improving the economic conditions that currently exist within deprived neighbourhoods. It focuses on the three key elements apparent in policy, i.e., work, enterprise and improved governance. In seeking to understand and respond to the economic needs of deprived neighbourhoods, place matters. Spatial differences present different economic challenges and require different mixes of interventions tailored and delivered to meet local needs. The New Labour governments have shown a commitment to placing the issue of localised deprivation at the centre of their policy agenda. However, the resulting impact on improving the economic life of deprived communities and the people who live within them has been hampered both by the wider discourses that have informed policy development and the practical problems of developing integrated delivery mechanisms. Any future development of the policy context needs to be informed by the basic issues discussed in this chapter.
Madhu Satsangi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847423856
- eISBN:
- 9781447303985
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847423856.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
For the past century, governments have been compelled, time and again, to return to the search for solutions to the housing and economic challenges posed by a restructuring countryside. This book is ...
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For the past century, governments have been compelled, time and again, to return to the search for solutions to the housing and economic challenges posed by a restructuring countryside. This book is an analysis of the complexity of housing and development tensions in the rural areas of England, Wales and Scotland. It analyses a range of topics from attitudes to rural development, economic change, land use, planning and counter-urbanisation, through retirement and ageing, leisure consumption, lifestyle shifts and homelessness, to public and private house building, private and public renting and community initiatives. Across this spectrum of concerns, it attempts to isolate the fundamental tensions that give the rural housing question an intractable quality.Less
For the past century, governments have been compelled, time and again, to return to the search for solutions to the housing and economic challenges posed by a restructuring countryside. This book is an analysis of the complexity of housing and development tensions in the rural areas of England, Wales and Scotland. It analyses a range of topics from attitudes to rural development, economic change, land use, planning and counter-urbanisation, through retirement and ageing, leisure consumption, lifestyle shifts and homelessness, to public and private house building, private and public renting and community initiatives. Across this spectrum of concerns, it attempts to isolate the fundamental tensions that give the rural housing question an intractable quality.
Stephen Syrett
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861348623
- eISBN:
- 9781447303213
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861348623.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Jobs and enterprise are critical to creating viable neighbourhoods. Yet much recent policy activity aimed at the regeneration of deprived neighbourhoods has had only a marginal impact on the economic ...
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Jobs and enterprise are critical to creating viable neighbourhoods. Yet much recent policy activity aimed at the regeneration of deprived neighbourhoods has had only a marginal impact on the economic challenges presented by areas of concentrated disadvantage. This book directly addresses the economic development issues central to neighbourhood renewal, drawing on original research and wide-ranging analysis of recent academic theory and policy practice. This book's critical examination of the economic problems of deprived areas, and the range of employment and enterprise-related policy initiatives and governance arrangements that have attempted to address them, offers informed insights into what does and what does not work. Through its topical focus on issues of work and enterprise in deprived neighbourhoods, the book goes to the heart of much current policy practice that seeks to combine concerns of economic competitiveness with those of social exclusion.Less
Jobs and enterprise are critical to creating viable neighbourhoods. Yet much recent policy activity aimed at the regeneration of deprived neighbourhoods has had only a marginal impact on the economic challenges presented by areas of concentrated disadvantage. This book directly addresses the economic development issues central to neighbourhood renewal, drawing on original research and wide-ranging analysis of recent academic theory and policy practice. This book's critical examination of the economic problems of deprived areas, and the range of employment and enterprise-related policy initiatives and governance arrangements that have attempted to address them, offers informed insights into what does and what does not work. Through its topical focus on issues of work and enterprise in deprived neighbourhoods, the book goes to the heart of much current policy practice that seeks to combine concerns of economic competitiveness with those of social exclusion.
Martin Sandbu
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691175942
- eISBN:
- 9781400885510
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691175942.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter defines the three main economic challenges of the members of the single currency. The first is to deal better with balance-of-payments crises — both finish the job of fixing the ...
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This chapter defines the three main economic challenges of the members of the single currency. The first is to deal better with balance-of-payments crises — both finish the job of fixing the financial fragmentation from 2010–11 and safeguard against future ones. This is a financial and monetary task, one of ensuring that capital flows across national borders in an orderly and efficient way. The second challenge is a ‘real economy’ task of ensuring that each economy's resources are fully employed: the classic macroeconomic problem of aggregate demand management. Both of these tasks are largely about undoing self-inflicted errors. Finally, the long-run challenge is to make labour and capital as productive as they can be, which is what sustains long-term improvement in living standards.Less
This chapter defines the three main economic challenges of the members of the single currency. The first is to deal better with balance-of-payments crises — both finish the job of fixing the financial fragmentation from 2010–11 and safeguard against future ones. This is a financial and monetary task, one of ensuring that capital flows across national borders in an orderly and efficient way. The second challenge is a ‘real economy’ task of ensuring that each economy's resources are fully employed: the classic macroeconomic problem of aggregate demand management. Both of these tasks are largely about undoing self-inflicted errors. Finally, the long-run challenge is to make labour and capital as productive as they can be, which is what sustains long-term improvement in living standards.
Andrew Beer, Debbie Faulkner, Chris Paris, and Terry Clower
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847424280
- eISBN:
- 9781447302520
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847424280.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter examines the housing markets and housing policy during the twenty-first century. It begins with a section on the questions, challenges, and opportunities faced by housing throughout the ...
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This chapter examines the housing markets and housing policy during the twenty-first century. It begins with a section on the questions, challenges, and opportunities faced by housing throughout the life course. This is followed by a discussion on the economic, demographic, and political challenges of housing during modern times. The chapter also examines the theoretical understanding of housing and the dynamics of housing markets, before introducing the Housing 21 Survey.Less
This chapter examines the housing markets and housing policy during the twenty-first century. It begins with a section on the questions, challenges, and opportunities faced by housing throughout the life course. This is followed by a discussion on the economic, demographic, and political challenges of housing during modern times. The chapter also examines the theoretical understanding of housing and the dynamics of housing markets, before introducing the Housing 21 Survey.
James Livesey
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300139020
- eISBN:
- 9780300155907
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300139020.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter traces the history of Ireland's Dublin Society in the early eighteenth century. Founded in 1731, the Dublin Society was one of the most significant institutions through which Ireland ...
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This chapter traces the history of Ireland's Dublin Society in the early eighteenth century. Founded in 1731, the Dublin Society was one of the most significant institutions through which Ireland adapted itself to the economic challenges that the country faced. The Irish House of Commons supported the institution's goal of improving the Irish economy by providing a wide variety of grants, premiums, and statutory boards. The Dublin Society eventually became the template, which dependency and the idea of British liberty would be reconciled, and a new socially grounded vision of the nation as a civil society was articulated.Less
This chapter traces the history of Ireland's Dublin Society in the early eighteenth century. Founded in 1731, the Dublin Society was one of the most significant institutions through which Ireland adapted itself to the economic challenges that the country faced. The Irish House of Commons supported the institution's goal of improving the Irish economy by providing a wide variety of grants, premiums, and statutory boards. The Dublin Society eventually became the template, which dependency and the idea of British liberty would be reconciled, and a new socially grounded vision of the nation as a civil society was articulated.
David R. Ambaras
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520245792
- eISBN:
- 9780520932203
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520245792.003.0007
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter shows that the onset of war presented urban working youths with new economic challenges and opportunities, but also notes that the expansion and continuation of conflict only worsened ...
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This chapter shows that the onset of war presented urban working youths with new economic challenges and opportunities, but also notes that the expansion and continuation of conflict only worsened the long-standing fears of the authorities about the indiscipline and alienation of these youths. It shows that aggressive new measures were enacted to ensure the youth's conformity to national goals.Less
This chapter shows that the onset of war presented urban working youths with new economic challenges and opportunities, but also notes that the expansion and continuation of conflict only worsened the long-standing fears of the authorities about the indiscipline and alienation of these youths. It shows that aggressive new measures were enacted to ensure the youth's conformity to national goals.
Thiess Buettner and Wolfgang Ochel (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017015
- eISBN:
- 9780262301466
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017015.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
The European Union began with efforts in the Cold War era to foster economic integration among a few Western European countries. Today’s EU constitutes an upper tier of government that affects almost ...
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The European Union began with efforts in the Cold War era to foster economic integration among a few Western European countries. Today’s EU constitutes an upper tier of government that affects almost every level of policymaking in each of its twenty-seven member states. The recent financial and economic crises have tested this still-evolving institutional framework, and this book surveys key economic challenges faced by the EU. European economists examine such topics as the stability of the financial markets and possible policy options to reduce future vulnerability to crises, including Glass–Steagull-style narrow banking; the effect of emerging economies such as China and India on Europe’s economic position; the protection of national interests in industrial policy; reforming and preserving the welfare state in the face of unemployment, population aging, and worker mobility within the EU; and improving the EU’s institutional framework by reassigning responsibilities among supranational, national, and local governments. Among the conclusions that emerge from these analyses are the necessity for banking regulation as well as budgetary discipline; the need to consider global as well as European integration; and the idea that an environment which fosters internal competition will increase Europe’s competitiveness internationally.Less
The European Union began with efforts in the Cold War era to foster economic integration among a few Western European countries. Today’s EU constitutes an upper tier of government that affects almost every level of policymaking in each of its twenty-seven member states. The recent financial and economic crises have tested this still-evolving institutional framework, and this book surveys key economic challenges faced by the EU. European economists examine such topics as the stability of the financial markets and possible policy options to reduce future vulnerability to crises, including Glass–Steagull-style narrow banking; the effect of emerging economies such as China and India on Europe’s economic position; the protection of national interests in industrial policy; reforming and preserving the welfare state in the face of unemployment, population aging, and worker mobility within the EU; and improving the EU’s institutional framework by reassigning responsibilities among supranational, national, and local governments. Among the conclusions that emerge from these analyses are the necessity for banking regulation as well as budgetary discipline; the need to consider global as well as European integration; and the idea that an environment which fosters internal competition will increase Europe’s competitiveness internationally.
