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Restoring Virtue, 1579–1582

MARK GREENGRASS

in Governing Passions: Peace and Reform in the French Kingdom, 1576-1585

Quatrains, a modest volume of fifty four line poems written by Guy Du Faur, sieur de Pibrac, in 1574, are a reminder that reform must not be interpreted simply as administrative ... More

Quatrains, a modest volume of fifty four line poems written by Guy Du Faur, sieur de Pibrac, in 1574, are a reminder that reform must not be interpreted simply as administrative changes but as a struggle for virtue. Virtue was the cornerstone of classical moral philosophy and a principal focus of the lectures at the Palace Academy in France. This chapter compares the cahiers from the estates general and the Ordinances of Blois and discusses the reasons why the Ordinances failed in achieving the peace it desired for the realm. The implications of the sale of royal offices, and judicial offices in particular, for efforts to conjugate virtue and reform are discussed, along with the assembly of the French clergy and ecclesiastical reform of the Catholic Church, and Henry III's use of penitence as part of his reforming endeavours.Less

The Moral Counterrevolution

Brent S. Sirota

in The Christian Monitors: The Church of England and the Age of Benevolence, 1680-1730

This chapter focuses on the Anglican high-church campaign to restore the convocation and enact a comprehensive program of ecclesiastical reform as an alternative to Anglican voluntarism. Mistrustful ... More

This chapter focuses on the Anglican high-church campaign to restore the convocation and enact a comprehensive program of ecclesiastical reform as an alternative to Anglican voluntarism. Mistrustful of the projects and societies of the associational world, Anglican high churchmen sought to refurbish the traditional instruments of ecclesiastical discipline.Less

The Meeting of the Council

Susan Wessel

in Cyril of Alexandria and the Nestorian Controversy: The Making of a Saint and of a Heretic

This chapter examines the proceedings at Ephesus I, including the problems of ecclesiastical procedure raised by the council; its relationship to the Council of Nicaea; the role of the emperor in ... More

This chapter examines the proceedings at Ephesus I, including the problems of ecclesiastical procedure raised by the council; its relationship to the Council of Nicaea; the role of the emperor in conveying an ecumenical proceeding; and the problems of authority implicit in two opposing councils held by the parties competing at Ephesus I.Less

Introduction: A Pre-Gregorian Reform?

John Howe

in Before the Gregorian Reform: The Latin Church at the Turn of the First Millennium

This book explores ecclesiastical history and the history of Western civilization more generally by focusing on the tenth-and early eleventh-century Latin Church, or more precisely the millennial ... More

This book explores ecclesiastical history and the history of Western civilization more generally by focusing on the tenth-and early eleventh-century Latin Church, or more precisely the millennial Church. It challenges the narrative linking ecclesiastical revival to the Gregorian Reform and argues that the rise of the West began well before the mid-eleventh century. It presents ecclesiastical reform as a central part of the post-Carolingian, postinvasion revival and suggests that the Church embodied and defined a rising Europe. It shows that the achievements associated with Gregorian Reform in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries rested on earlier ones. The book offers insights into the Christendom that was inherited by the mid-eleventh-century Latin reformers and puts the millennial Church as well as the resurgence of the Latin West in their appropriate contexts.Less

Anti-Episcopacy

in English Presbyterianism 1590–1640

This chapter describes the long-standing opposition of English Presbyterianism to episcopacy. They challenged the very nature of episcopacy and made extensive arguments against the civil powers that ... More

This chapter describes the long-standing opposition of English Presbyterianism to episcopacy. They challenged the very nature of episcopacy and made extensive arguments against the civil powers that the bishops claimed. English presbyterians also argued that episcopacy was not only unbiblical but unnatural. Concern for a preaching ministry was integral to attacks against episcopacy during the early seventeenth century. The puritans' legal opposition to the Church coincided with the height of the conflict between presbyterians and defenders of episcopacy. English presbyterians visualized their ecclesiastical reform as both local and national. Furthermore, presbyterian critique of episcopal jurisdiction could drive out a wider intellectual and organizational opposition to it, not simply by directing such criticism to parliament but also to counties, towns, and parishes.Less

“Enter Confidently into the War of the Lord God”

John Howe

in Before the Gregorian Reform: The Latin Church at the Turn of the First Millennium

This chapter examines the connection between the rise of the West and the revival and reform of the Latin Church. At the end of the eleventh century, descendants of the demoralized Latin Christians ... More

This chapter examines the connection between the rise of the West and the revival and reform of the Latin Church. At the end of the eleventh century, descendants of the demoralized Latin Christians who in the tenth century had to endure attacks by non-Christian invaders would fight their way through Greek, Turkish, and Arab empires to raise the Latin cross over Jerusalem. The success of the Crusaders was more than a military achievement. This chapter begins with a brief overview of the military, political, and ecclesiastical history of the tenth-century Latin West, with particular emphasis on “encastellation” (the development of extensive internal fortifications) as a form of military security in early medieval Western Europe. It then considers how barbarian invasions and the wreckage they caused reshaped the political order and resulted in the fragmentation of Europe into smaller polities. It also discusses the efforts of the kings and ruling elites of the new order to rebuild the Church and carry out ecclesiastical reform via church building.Less

Architecture and Sculpture, 1169–1603

Edwin C. Rae

in A New History of Ireland: Volume II, Medieval Ireland 1169–1534

This chapter discusses the following: ecclesiastical reforms of the eleventh and twelfth centuries: Cistercian monasticism; the Cistercian monastery; Augustinian canons and their monasteries; ... More

This chapter discusses the following: ecclesiastical reforms of the eleventh and twelfth centuries: Cistercian monasticism; the Cistercian monastery; Augustinian canons and their monasteries; founding a monastery; advent of the Cistercians to Ireland; appearance of the Norman Romanesque ingredient in native foundations; patronage of the O'Briens of Thomond; St Mary's cathedral, Limerick; transitional work in the east; spread of the new manners; O'Connor patronage; a distinctive Irish manner; the Cistercian achievement; character of Gothic ecclesiastical architecture: its introduction by the Anglo-Normans; the greater Irish cathedrals; other buildings in the ‘cathedral age’; the mendicant orders and their spread in Ireland; development of Irish friaries before the Black Death; the Decorated style in architecture; friary towers; motte-and-bailey castles; the greater early castles; variations in defensive structures; later developments in Anglo-Norman castles; domestic building to c.1350; defences of towns and cities; architectural sculpture; devotional statuary; sepulchral slabs and effigies; the earlier wall tombs (tomb niches); colonial recession and Gaelic resurgence; changes in the older monastic orders; sources for Irish late Gothic architecture; the greater projects; flourishing of friars and friaries; other religious buildings; castles in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; tower-houses; unfortified dwellings; cross slabs; flowering of the wall tomb; colour and painting; a mixture of manners in sculpture; effigies and mensa tombs in North Leinster before the sixteenth century; the ‘apostle’ tomb; sixteenth-century ateliers; and non-sepulchral stone sculpture of the end of the Gothic period.Less

Race and the Visions of John Lafayette Girardeau

Otis W. Pickett

in Southern Religion, Southern Culture: Essays Honoring Charles Reagan Wilson

This chapter focuses on John Lafayette Girardeau, a Presbyterian leader who, after the Civil War, simultaneously worked to shape churchly reform and Lost Cause religiosity. Girardeau's postbellum ... More

This chapter focuses on John Lafayette Girardeau, a Presbyterian leader who, after the Civil War, simultaneously worked to shape churchly reform and Lost Cause religiosity. Girardeau's postbellum ecclesiastical reform in ordaining African Americans and pushing for their ecclesiastical equality places him among emancipationists. However, his work on the battlefield as a Confederate chaplain, his aid to the public in coping with death and destruction after the Civil War, and his service as pastor of an integrated church places him in the reconciliationist camp. Meanwhile, his work as a defender of the Lost Cause, which helped justify the racial violence perpetuated by Lost Cause adherents, places him within the emerging norms of a white supremacist vision. Ultimately, Girardeau's life and world presents a much more complex picture than his missionary activity, representative Calvinism, efforts toward ecclesiastical reform, or Lost Cause ideology reveal.Less

“Learning Is Part of Holiness”

John Howe

in Before the Gregorian Reform: The Latin Church at the Turn of the First Millennium

This chapter examines the role of learning in ecclesiastical reform. The new churches and monasteries required trained personnel, necessitating the revival of old schools and the establishment of new ... More

This chapter examines the role of learning in ecclesiastical reform. The new churches and monasteries required trained personnel, necessitating the revival of old schools and the establishment of new ones in order to produce the necessary religious professionals. This movement was inspired by Carolingian precedents but implemented on a considerably enlarged scale using increasingly refined pedagogy and curricula. Until recently, historians of education have not paid much attention to the actual formative practices of medieval Christian education. This chapter discusses the proliferation of new schools beyond Charlemagne's old borders and proceeds with an overview of preschool curricula and children's choirs. It also considers the teaching of Latinate culture to children as well as the seven liberal arts that formed the core curriculum of medieval schools. Finally, it describes education as a type of clerical reform.Less