Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305760
- eISBN:
- 9780199784912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305760.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Over the second half of the 16th century, Basel gradually developed ecclesiastical institutions and traditions for the appointment and supervision of its clergy. Pastors of the third and fourth ...
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Over the second half of the 16th century, Basel gradually developed ecclesiastical institutions and traditions for the appointment and supervision of its clergy. Pastors of the third and fourth generations were more homogeneous than previous generations, which made the task of oversight easier. A clearly identifiable career path developed for both rural and urban clergy. An ecclesiastical hierarchy of sorts developed, subordinating the rural to the urban church, and the city’s senior pastors, working with representatives of the Senate, assumed de facto responsibility for the running of the church.Less
Over the second half of the 16th century, Basel gradually developed ecclesiastical institutions and traditions for the appointment and supervision of its clergy. Pastors of the third and fourth generations were more homogeneous than previous generations, which made the task of oversight easier. A clearly identifiable career path developed for both rural and urban clergy. An ecclesiastical hierarchy of sorts developed, subordinating the rural to the urban church, and the city’s senior pastors, working with representatives of the Senate, assumed de facto responsibility for the running of the church.
Robert Mighall
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199262182
- eISBN:
- 9780191698835
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262182.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This book is a full-length study of Victorian Gothic fiction. Combining original readings of familiar texts with historical sources, this book is a historicist survey of 19th-century Gothic ...
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This book is a full-length study of Victorian Gothic fiction. Combining original readings of familiar texts with historical sources, this book is a historicist survey of 19th-century Gothic writing—from Dickens to Stoker, Wilkie Collins to Conan Doyle, through European travelogues, sexological textbooks, ecclesiastic histories and pamphlets on the perils of self-abuse. Critics have thus far tended to concentrate on specific angles of Gothic writing (gender or race), or the belief that the Gothic ‘returned’ at the so-called fin de siècle. By contrast, this book demonstrates how the Gothic mode was active throughout the Victorian period, and provides historical explanations for its development from the late 18th century, through the ‘Urban Gothic’ fictions of the mid-Victorian period, the ‘Suburban Gothic’ of the Sensation vogue, through to the somatic horrors of Stevenson, Machen, Stoker, and Doyle at the century' close. The book challenges the psychological approach to Gothic fiction that currently prevails, demonstrating the importance of geographical, historical, and discursive factors that have been largely neglected by critics, and employing a variety of original sources to demonstrate the contexts of Gothic fiction and explain its development in the Victorian period.Less
This book is a full-length study of Victorian Gothic fiction. Combining original readings of familiar texts with historical sources, this book is a historicist survey of 19th-century Gothic writing—from Dickens to Stoker, Wilkie Collins to Conan Doyle, through European travelogues, sexological textbooks, ecclesiastic histories and pamphlets on the perils of self-abuse. Critics have thus far tended to concentrate on specific angles of Gothic writing (gender or race), or the belief that the Gothic ‘returned’ at the so-called fin de siècle. By contrast, this book demonstrates how the Gothic mode was active throughout the Victorian period, and provides historical explanations for its development from the late 18th century, through the ‘Urban Gothic’ fictions of the mid-Victorian period, the ‘Suburban Gothic’ of the Sensation vogue, through to the somatic horrors of Stevenson, Machen, Stoker, and Doyle at the century' close. The book challenges the psychological approach to Gothic fiction that currently prevails, demonstrating the importance of geographical, historical, and discursive factors that have been largely neglected by critics, and employing a variety of original sources to demonstrate the contexts of Gothic fiction and explain its development in the Victorian period.
Huw Pryce
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203629
- eISBN:
- 9780191675904
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203629.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, History of Religion
The relationship of Welsh law to the Catholic Church was characterized by co-operation rather than conflict. In terms of both textual production and legal practice, cyfraith Hywel relied — albeit to ...
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The relationship of Welsh law to the Catholic Church was characterized by co-operation rather than conflict. In terms of both textual production and legal practice, cyfraith Hywel relied — albeit to a greater degree in southern Wales than in Gwynedd — on ecclesiastical participation, which implies that at least some Welsh clergy held it to be a generally acceptable body of customary law. But this criticism seems not to have radically undermined the confidence of Welsh clerics in the law, for the compilations they copied and helped to compose implicitly reject any charges of immorality in their prologues, while giving at best limited and piecemeal recognition to the critics' standpoint regarding matters which excited controversy such as marriage and inheritance. There can be no doubt, then, that the clergy played a role in the production of lawbooks and in legal administration. The following chapters examine three topics that are dealt with in relatively full detail in the law-texts: offences by, and injuries to, clerics; ecclesiastical sanctuary; and the seignorial rights of churches.Less
The relationship of Welsh law to the Catholic Church was characterized by co-operation rather than conflict. In terms of both textual production and legal practice, cyfraith Hywel relied — albeit to a greater degree in southern Wales than in Gwynedd — on ecclesiastical participation, which implies that at least some Welsh clergy held it to be a generally acceptable body of customary law. But this criticism seems not to have radically undermined the confidence of Welsh clerics in the law, for the compilations they copied and helped to compose implicitly reject any charges of immorality in their prologues, while giving at best limited and piecemeal recognition to the critics' standpoint regarding matters which excited controversy such as marriage and inheritance. There can be no doubt, then, that the clergy played a role in the production of lawbooks and in legal administration. The following chapters examine three topics that are dealt with in relatively full detail in the law-texts: offences by, and injuries to, clerics; ecclesiastical sanctuary; and the seignorial rights of churches.
Susan Karant-Nunn
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195399738
- eISBN:
- 9780199777198
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195399738.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Religion and Society
The Reformation of Feeling looks beyond and beneath the formal doctrinal and moral demands of the Reformation in Germany in order to examine the emotional tenor of the programs that the ...
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The Reformation of Feeling looks beyond and beneath the formal doctrinal and moral demands of the Reformation in Germany in order to examine the emotional tenor of the programs that the emerging creeds—revised Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism/Reformed theology—developed for their members. As revealed by the surviving sermons from this period, preaching clergy of each faith both explicitly and implicitly provided their listeners with distinct models of a mood to be cultivated. To encourage their parishioners to make an emotional investment in their faith, all three drew upon rhetorical elements that were already present in late medieval Catholicism and elevated them into confessional touchstones. Looking at archival materials containing direct references to feeling, this book focuses on treatments of death and sermons on the Passion. It amplifies these sources with considerations of the decorative, liturgical, musical, and disciplinary changes that ecclesiastical leaders introduced during the period from the late fifteenth to the end of the sventeenth century. Within individual sermons, it also examines topical elements—including Jews at the crucifixion, the Virgin Mary's voluminous weeping below the Cross, and struggles against competing denominations—which were intended to arouse particular kinds of sentiment. Finally, it discusses surviving testimony from the laity in order to assess at least some Christians' reception of these lessons on proper devotional feeling. This book presents a cultural rather than theological or behavioral study of the broader movement to remake Christianity. As it demonstrates, in the eyes of the Reformation's formative personalities, strict adherence to doctrine and upright demeanor did not constitute an adequate piety. The truly devout had to engage their hearts in their faith.Less
The Reformation of Feeling looks beyond and beneath the formal doctrinal and moral demands of the Reformation in Germany in order to examine the emotional tenor of the programs that the emerging creeds—revised Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism/Reformed theology—developed for their members. As revealed by the surviving sermons from this period, preaching clergy of each faith both explicitly and implicitly provided their listeners with distinct models of a mood to be cultivated. To encourage their parishioners to make an emotional investment in their faith, all three drew upon rhetorical elements that were already present in late medieval Catholicism and elevated them into confessional touchstones. Looking at archival materials containing direct references to feeling, this book focuses on treatments of death and sermons on the Passion. It amplifies these sources with considerations of the decorative, liturgical, musical, and disciplinary changes that ecclesiastical leaders introduced during the period from the late fifteenth to the end of the sventeenth century. Within individual sermons, it also examines topical elements—including Jews at the crucifixion, the Virgin Mary's voluminous weeping below the Cross, and struggles against competing denominations—which were intended to arouse particular kinds of sentiment. Finally, it discusses surviving testimony from the laity in order to assess at least some Christians' reception of these lessons on proper devotional feeling. This book presents a cultural rather than theological or behavioral study of the broader movement to remake Christianity. As it demonstrates, in the eyes of the Reformation's formative personalities, strict adherence to doctrine and upright demeanor did not constitute an adequate piety. The truly devout had to engage their hearts in their faith.
Gregory A. Beeley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195313970
- eISBN:
- 9780199871827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313970.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The introduction provides an orientation to Gregory's' life and works within his multiple contexts. It covers Gregory's family, childhood, education, training in biblical study and Greek ...
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The introduction provides an orientation to Gregory's' life and works within his multiple contexts. It covers Gregory's family, childhood, education, training in biblical study and Greek philosophical rhetoric; his pioneering, moderate form of monasticism as a “middle path” between solitude and public service; his strong influence by Origen and complicated relationship with Basil; his theological and ecclesiastical leadership as a priest and bishop; his central role in the consolidation of the Trinitarian faith and the pro‐Nicene movement in Constantinople; and his retirement, literary corpus, and the distinctive character of the Theological Orations. In addition, it offers a summary narrative of the mid‐fourth‐century theological controversies, in which Gregory played a key part—with attention to Marcellus of Ancyra, the Council of Nicaea 325, Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius, Basil of Ancyra, George of Laodicea, Melitius of Antioch, Damasus and the Western synods, Eunomius and the Heterousians, the Homoiousians, the Pneumatomachians, the homoian regimes of Constantius and Valens, the synod of Antioch in 372, the religious policy of Theodosius, and other church councils; an account of the negative effects of the Antiochene schism, and a reconstruction of the Council of Constantinople 381.Less
The introduction provides an orientation to Gregory's' life and works within his multiple contexts. It covers Gregory's family, childhood, education, training in biblical study and Greek philosophical rhetoric; his pioneering, moderate form of monasticism as a “middle path” between solitude and public service; his strong influence by Origen and complicated relationship with Basil; his theological and ecclesiastical leadership as a priest and bishop; his central role in the consolidation of the Trinitarian faith and the pro‐Nicene movement in Constantinople; and his retirement, literary corpus, and the distinctive character of the Theological Orations. In addition, it offers a summary narrative of the mid‐fourth‐century theological controversies, in which Gregory played a key part—with attention to Marcellus of Ancyra, the Council of Nicaea 325, Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius, Basil of Ancyra, George of Laodicea, Melitius of Antioch, Damasus and the Western synods, Eunomius and the Heterousians, the Homoiousians, the Pneumatomachians, the homoian regimes of Constantius and Valens, the synod of Antioch in 372, the religious policy of Theodosius, and other church councils; an account of the negative effects of the Antiochene schism, and a reconstruction of the Council of Constantinople 381.
J. M. Wallace‐Hadrill
- Published in print:
- 1983
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269069
- eISBN:
- 9780191600777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269064.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Starts by looking at the weakening of the Merovingian dynasty and the growing divisions between eastern and western Francia (Austrasia and Neustria) from the middle of the 7th century to the middle ...
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Starts by looking at the weakening of the Merovingian dynasty and the growing divisions between eastern and western Francia (Austrasia and Neustria) from the middle of the 7th century to the middle of the eighth — seen later as the gestation period for the warrior (though pious) Carolingians. Examines the rule of Pippin III, the first Carolingian king, who like his brother Carloman, had inherited his father Charles Martel's commitment to military expansion over the Rhine; Carloman initially ruled over Austrasia and Pippin over Neustria, but when Carloman retired to the abbey of Monte Cassino, Peppin took over the Frankish monarchy. Topics addressed include the councils run by the brothers when they were both ruling, the request by Pope Stephen II to Pippin for help in combating the threat from the Lombards and the subsequent closer relationship with Rome, Pippin's role in supervising the Church and holding councils after his succession, the establishment of confraternities of prayer, Chrodegang of Metz and his Rule for secular clergy and Roman liturgical provisions, and ecclesiastical architecture and art.Less
Starts by looking at the weakening of the Merovingian dynasty and the growing divisions between eastern and western Francia (Austrasia and Neustria) from the middle of the 7th century to the middle of the eighth — seen later as the gestation period for the warrior (though pious) Carolingians. Examines the rule of Pippin III, the first Carolingian king, who like his brother Carloman, had inherited his father Charles Martel's commitment to military expansion over the Rhine; Carloman initially ruled over Austrasia and Pippin over Neustria, but when Carloman retired to the abbey of Monte Cassino, Peppin took over the Frankish monarchy. Topics addressed include the councils run by the brothers when they were both ruling, the request by Pope Stephen II to Pippin for help in combating the threat from the Lombards and the subsequent closer relationship with Rome, Pippin's role in supervising the Church and holding councils after his succession, the establishment of confraternities of prayer, Chrodegang of Metz and his Rule for secular clergy and Roman liturgical provisions, and ecclesiastical architecture and art.
Michael Pasquier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372335
- eISBN:
- 9780199777273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372335.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter is an analysis of the reliance of French missionary priests on the Holy See for guidance in the resolution of ecclesiastical conflicts, the evangelization of Catholic and non-Catholic ...
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This chapter is an analysis of the reliance of French missionary priests on the Holy See for guidance in the resolution of ecclesiastical conflicts, the evangelization of Catholic and non-Catholic laities, and the institutional development of the Catholic Church in the United States. It is an explanation of why French missionary priests sometimes traded their Gallican predispositions toward episcopal autonomy and collegiality for ultramontane notions of ecclesiastical stability and papal primacy. It was in their practical experiences in the United States that French missionary priests demonstrated just how hard they tried to execute the directives of the Holy See, but also how they were willing to bend the rigors of ultramontane thinking to make sense of local circumstances in American missions.Less
This chapter is an analysis of the reliance of French missionary priests on the Holy See for guidance in the resolution of ecclesiastical conflicts, the evangelization of Catholic and non-Catholic laities, and the institutional development of the Catholic Church in the United States. It is an explanation of why French missionary priests sometimes traded their Gallican predispositions toward episcopal autonomy and collegiality for ultramontane notions of ecclesiastical stability and papal primacy. It was in their practical experiences in the United States that French missionary priests demonstrated just how hard they tried to execute the directives of the Holy See, but also how they were willing to bend the rigors of ultramontane thinking to make sense of local circumstances in American missions.
Norman Doe
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198262206
- eISBN:
- 9780191682315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262206.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This book is about the use of regulation in the Church of England. It studies ecclesiastical regulation on three levels: descriptive, evaluative, and comparative. On the descriptive level, the book ...
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This book is about the use of regulation in the Church of England. It studies ecclesiastical regulation on three levels: descriptive, evaluative, and comparative. On the descriptive level, the book examines the law created by state institutions on ecclesiastical matters and the law internally made by the church to regulate itself. As well as the church's formal law, the book attempts to describe ecclesiastical quasi-legislation, operative within the legal framework of the church (and frequently designed to fill gaps in it). On the evaluative level, the study questions critically central areas of church law and practice, particularly in terms of their purpose, clarity, and comprehensiveness. In this context it seeks to elucidate the degree to which areas of church life are regulated. On the comparative level, the book examines the relationship between the law of the Church of England and key elements of Roman Catholic canon law. It also discusses canonical jurisprudence, ecclesiastical government, ecclesiastical ministry, the law regulating the formation of doctrine, the ministrations of the church, and the regulation of church property and finance.Less
This book is about the use of regulation in the Church of England. It studies ecclesiastical regulation on three levels: descriptive, evaluative, and comparative. On the descriptive level, the book examines the law created by state institutions on ecclesiastical matters and the law internally made by the church to regulate itself. As well as the church's formal law, the book attempts to describe ecclesiastical quasi-legislation, operative within the legal framework of the church (and frequently designed to fill gaps in it). On the evaluative level, the study questions critically central areas of church law and practice, particularly in terms of their purpose, clarity, and comprehensiveness. In this context it seeks to elucidate the degree to which areas of church life are regulated. On the comparative level, the book examines the relationship between the law of the Church of England and key elements of Roman Catholic canon law. It also discusses canonical jurisprudence, ecclesiastical government, ecclesiastical ministry, the law regulating the formation of doctrine, the ministrations of the church, and the regulation of church property and finance.
David Luscombe
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263051
- eISBN:
- 9780191734090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263051.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
This chapter discusses the contributions that were made by former Fellows of the Academy to the study of the medieval church. It states that the history of the medieval church is inseparable from the ...
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This chapter discusses the contributions that were made by former Fellows of the Academy to the study of the medieval church. It states that the history of the medieval church is inseparable from the general history of the Middle Ages, since the church shaped society and society shaped the church. The chapter determines that no hard and fast distinction can always be made between the works by ecclesiastical historians during the twentieth century, and the contributions made to general history by other historians.Less
This chapter discusses the contributions that were made by former Fellows of the Academy to the study of the medieval church. It states that the history of the medieval church is inseparable from the general history of the Middle Ages, since the church shaped society and society shaped the church. The chapter determines that no hard and fast distinction can always be made between the works by ecclesiastical historians during the twentieth century, and the contributions made to general history by other historians.
Alan Cameron
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199747276
- eISBN:
- 9780199866212
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199747276.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Religions
Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History (402/3 CE) gives a vivid account of the confrontation between the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius and the Western usurper Eugenius. To many, the defeat of Eugenius ...
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Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History (402/3 CE) gives a vivid account of the confrontation between the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius and the Western usurper Eugenius. To many, the defeat of Eugenius and his pagan followers along the Frigidus River in 394 was the last gasp of a vigorous pagan revolt in the late 4th century, one spearheaded by the Roman aristocracy. This elaborate campaign to derail Christianity, as the story goes, consisted of identifiable pagan literary circles, pagan patronage of the classics, and pagan propaganda in art and literature. Recently, however, scholars have shown this picture to be wanting in accuracy and nuance. This book replaces this view with a detailed portrait of pagan society during the pivotal 4th and early 5th centuries. The subject of the book is the duration, nature, and consequences of the survival of the last pagans. It is widely believed that pagan aristocrats remained in the majority till at least the 380s, and continued to be a powerful force well into the 5th century. On this basis the main focus of much modern scholarship has been on their supposed stubborn resistance to Christianity. Rather surprisingly, these aristocrats have been transformed from the arrogant, philistine land-grabbers most of them were into fearless champions of senatorial privilege, literature lovers, and aficionados of classical (especially Greek) culture. The dismantling of this romantic myth is one of the main goals of this book. If a pagan aristocracy did not mount a defiant political and cultural rearguard action, what did they do? If elite culture at this time was not starkly divided between pagan and Christian, what did it look like? By sifting through the abundant textual evidence the book concludes that the many activities and artifacts previously identified as hallmarks of a pagan revival were in fact just as important to the life of cultivated Christians. Far from being a subversive pagan activity designed to rally pagans, the promotion of classical literature, learning, and art—and its acceptance by many elite Christians—may actually have helped the last reluctant pagans to finally abandon the old cults and adopt Christianity.Less
Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History (402/3 CE) gives a vivid account of the confrontation between the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius and the Western usurper Eugenius. To many, the defeat of Eugenius and his pagan followers along the Frigidus River in 394 was the last gasp of a vigorous pagan revolt in the late 4th century, one spearheaded by the Roman aristocracy. This elaborate campaign to derail Christianity, as the story goes, consisted of identifiable pagan literary circles, pagan patronage of the classics, and pagan propaganda in art and literature. Recently, however, scholars have shown this picture to be wanting in accuracy and nuance. This book replaces this view with a detailed portrait of pagan society during the pivotal 4th and early 5th centuries. The subject of the book is the duration, nature, and consequences of the survival of the last pagans. It is widely believed that pagan aristocrats remained in the majority till at least the 380s, and continued to be a powerful force well into the 5th century. On this basis the main focus of much modern scholarship has been on their supposed stubborn resistance to Christianity. Rather surprisingly, these aristocrats have been transformed from the arrogant, philistine land-grabbers most of them were into fearless champions of senatorial privilege, literature lovers, and aficionados of classical (especially Greek) culture. The dismantling of this romantic myth is one of the main goals of this book. If a pagan aristocracy did not mount a defiant political and cultural rearguard action, what did they do? If elite culture at this time was not starkly divided between pagan and Christian, what did it look like? By sifting through the abundant textual evidence the book concludes that the many activities and artifacts previously identified as hallmarks of a pagan revival were in fact just as important to the life of cultivated Christians. Far from being a subversive pagan activity designed to rally pagans, the promotion of classical literature, learning, and art—and its acceptance by many elite Christians—may actually have helped the last reluctant pagans to finally abandon the old cults and adopt Christianity.
Philip Wood
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199588497
- eISBN:
- 9780191595424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588497.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines fifth‐century ecclesiastical historians as evidence for the Christianisation of Roman politicatl ideas. These historians used heresiology as an extension of classical ...
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This chapter examines fifth‐century ecclesiastical historians as evidence for the Christianisation of Roman politicatl ideas. These historians used heresiology as an extension of classical ethnography. For them, heretics, like barbarians, were irrational and divided. These ideas changed the rules for inclusion and exclusion in the empire: now that being orthodox was equated to being Roman; ‘provincial peoples’ could claim civilised virtues, such as self‐control, that had formerly been the preserve ofan educated elite.Less
This chapter examines fifth‐century ecclesiastical historians as evidence for the Christianisation of Roman politicatl ideas. These historians used heresiology as an extension of classical ethnography. For them, heretics, like barbarians, were irrational and divided. These ideas changed the rules for inclusion and exclusion in the empire: now that being orthodox was equated to being Roman; ‘provincial peoples’ could claim civilised virtues, such as self‐control, that had formerly been the preserve ofan educated elite.
Caroline Humfress
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198208419
- eISBN:
- 9780191716966
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208419.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This book approaches the subject of late Roman law from the perspective of legal practice revealed in courtroom processes, as well as more ‘informal’ types of dispute settlement. From at least the ...
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This book approaches the subject of late Roman law from the perspective of legal practice revealed in courtroom processes, as well as more ‘informal’ types of dispute settlement. From at least the early 4th century, leading bishops, ecclesiastics, and Christian polemicists participated in a vibrant culture of forensic argument with far-reaching effects on theological debate, the development of ecclesiastical authority, and the elaboration of early ‘Canon law’. One of the most innovative aspects of late Roman law was the creation and application of new legal categories used in the prosecution of ‘heretics’. Leading Christian polemicists not only used techniques of argument learnt in the late Roman rhetorical schools to help position the Church within the structure of Empire, they also used those techniques in cases involving accusations against ‘heretics’ — thus defining and developing the concept of Christian orthodoxy itself.Less
This book approaches the subject of late Roman law from the perspective of legal practice revealed in courtroom processes, as well as more ‘informal’ types of dispute settlement. From at least the early 4th century, leading bishops, ecclesiastics, and Christian polemicists participated in a vibrant culture of forensic argument with far-reaching effects on theological debate, the development of ecclesiastical authority, and the elaboration of early ‘Canon law’. One of the most innovative aspects of late Roman law was the creation and application of new legal categories used in the prosecution of ‘heretics’. Leading Christian polemicists not only used techniques of argument learnt in the late Roman rhetorical schools to help position the Church within the structure of Empire, they also used those techniques in cases involving accusations against ‘heretics’ — thus defining and developing the concept of Christian orthodoxy itself.
Susan Oosthuizen
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780197266588
- eISBN:
- 9780191896040
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266588.003.0021
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The chapter focuses on ancient traditions of collective governance over agricultural resources in the context of the growth of early medieval lordship. It begins by drawing attention to the ...
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The chapter focuses on ancient traditions of collective governance over agricultural resources in the context of the growth of early medieval lordship. It begins by drawing attention to the incorporation in highly regular medieval open-field systems found across the English ‘Central Province’ of two contradictory forms of governance: the collective participation of all cultivators in their management and regulation, and highly directive managerialism on lordly demesnes. It investigates that contradiction by exploring the ancient origins of the collective governance of pasture and of irregularly organised open-field arable; and the more recent origins of highly regular open-field systems on middle Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical estates. The chapter concludes that the emergence of distinctive highly organised large-scale open-field systems in the Central Province may represent the deliberate integration in the interests of agricultural efficiency of long traditions of collective peasant governance with the growing directiveness of early medieval lordly power.Less
The chapter focuses on ancient traditions of collective governance over agricultural resources in the context of the growth of early medieval lordship. It begins by drawing attention to the incorporation in highly regular medieval open-field systems found across the English ‘Central Province’ of two contradictory forms of governance: the collective participation of all cultivators in their management and regulation, and highly directive managerialism on lordly demesnes. It investigates that contradiction by exploring the ancient origins of the collective governance of pasture and of irregularly organised open-field arable; and the more recent origins of highly regular open-field systems on middle Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical estates. The chapter concludes that the emergence of distinctive highly organised large-scale open-field systems in the Central Province may represent the deliberate integration in the interests of agricultural efficiency of long traditions of collective peasant governance with the growing directiveness of early medieval lordly power.
Patrick Polden
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199258819
- eISBN:
- 9780191718151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258819.003.0020
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter discusses the duties and procedures of various courts in the 19th century. These include ecclesiastical courts, the court of Admiralty, court of Probate, and Divorce court.
This chapter discusses the duties and procedures of various courts in the 19th century. These include ecclesiastical courts, the court of Admiralty, court of Probate, and Divorce court.
Allyson M. Poska
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199265312
- eISBN:
- 9780191708763
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265312.003.03
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter examines issues of female sexuality in Galician communities. Despite ecclesiastical prohibitions on non-marital sex, it is apparent that these women had considerable sexual freedom. They ...
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This chapter examines issues of female sexuality in Galician communities. Despite ecclesiastical prohibitions on non-marital sex, it is apparent that these women had considerable sexual freedom. They cohabited with male partners in temporary relationships and gave birth to large numbers of illegitimate children without any evidence of social stigma.Less
This chapter examines issues of female sexuality in Galician communities. Despite ecclesiastical prohibitions on non-marital sex, it is apparent that these women had considerable sexual freedom. They cohabited with male partners in temporary relationships and gave birth to large numbers of illegitimate children without any evidence of social stigma.
Patricia Londoño-Vega
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199249534
- eISBN:
- 9780191719318
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249534.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter describes the ecclesiastical structure, geography, and sociology of dioceses, churches, chapels, parishes, and clergy. It explains that ecclesiastical jurisdictions varied a great deal ...
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This chapter describes the ecclesiastical structure, geography, and sociology of dioceses, churches, chapels, parishes, and clergy. It explains that ecclesiastical jurisdictions varied a great deal in physical extent from one diocese to another. It mentions several male as well as female orders established in Antioquia. It discusses that the positive local attitude towards religion not only influenced a fertile milieu for religious vocation, but also encouraged the lay citizens and authorities to sponsor the activities of the religious communities. It explains that the work of friars and nuns in education, catechising, social assistance, and missions was an important factor in the expansion of the institutional presence of the Catholic Church in the region. It adds that these congregations provided social coherence and, by offering instruction to people from all ranks, opened channels of upward mobility within the society of Antioquia.Less
This chapter describes the ecclesiastical structure, geography, and sociology of dioceses, churches, chapels, parishes, and clergy. It explains that ecclesiastical jurisdictions varied a great deal in physical extent from one diocese to another. It mentions several male as well as female orders established in Antioquia. It discusses that the positive local attitude towards religion not only influenced a fertile milieu for religious vocation, but also encouraged the lay citizens and authorities to sponsor the activities of the religious communities. It explains that the work of friars and nuns in education, catechising, social assistance, and missions was an important factor in the expansion of the institutional presence of the Catholic Church in the region. It adds that these congregations provided social coherence and, by offering instruction to people from all ranks, opened channels of upward mobility within the society of Antioquia.
Christina Harrington
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208235
- eISBN:
- 9780191716683
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208235.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
If the living situations of religious women in early medieval Ireland were diverse, so too were the grades and varieties of their profession. There were two, possibly three, grades of female ...
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If the living situations of religious women in early medieval Ireland were diverse, so too were the grades and varieties of their profession. There were two, possibly three, grades of female monastic: the virgin, the widow/penitent, and the priest's ‘wife’, in addition to the peregrina or religious pilgrim. Some religious women acquired a special status in law, achieving a high degree of law-worthiness, and were deemed as equivalents to bishops and presbyters. Their high legal and ecclesiastical status is understandable in the context of the theological ideas which lay behind the idea of their offices. The virgin and penitent widow in particular carried a complex of symbolisms which, though grounded in the Western tradition, reflected a particularly Irish ‘take’ on them. This chapter discusses the ecclesiastical status of nuns as well as their status with respect to the law in Ireland during the 7th to 9th centuries.Less
If the living situations of religious women in early medieval Ireland were diverse, so too were the grades and varieties of their profession. There were two, possibly three, grades of female monastic: the virgin, the widow/penitent, and the priest's ‘wife’, in addition to the peregrina or religious pilgrim. Some religious women acquired a special status in law, achieving a high degree of law-worthiness, and were deemed as equivalents to bishops and presbyters. Their high legal and ecclesiastical status is understandable in the context of the theological ideas which lay behind the idea of their offices. The virgin and penitent widow in particular carried a complex of symbolisms which, though grounded in the Western tradition, reflected a particularly Irish ‘take’ on them. This chapter discusses the ecclesiastical status of nuns as well as their status with respect to the law in Ireland during the 7th to 9th centuries.
James D. Tracy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199209118
- eISBN:
- 9780191706134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199209118.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Holland's rebel towns could only be defended by garrisons of professional soldiers, paid on time. To this end the States of Holland appropriated the sole reliable revenue stream: the provincial taxes ...
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Holland's rebel towns could only be defended by garrisons of professional soldiers, paid on time. To this end the States of Holland appropriated the sole reliable revenue stream: the provincial taxes that had hitherto funded Holland's debt. The Lords States (as they styled themselves) induced creditors to accept unsecured notes (underline obligatiën), and town corporations got burghers to subscribe to war loans. To satisfy those impatient for repayment, magistrates (with approval from the states) used properties confiscated from the Catholic Church, or from loyalists who had chosen exile instead of joining in the rebellion. Just as the Habsburg government had depended on the provinces to manage its finances, the States of Holland now depended on the towns to manage provincial finances.Less
Holland's rebel towns could only be defended by garrisons of professional soldiers, paid on time. To this end the States of Holland appropriated the sole reliable revenue stream: the provincial taxes that had hitherto funded Holland's debt. The Lords States (as they styled themselves) induced creditors to accept unsecured notes (underline obligatiën), and town corporations got burghers to subscribe to war loans. To satisfy those impatient for repayment, magistrates (with approval from the states) used properties confiscated from the Catholic Church, or from loyalists who had chosen exile instead of joining in the rebellion. Just as the Habsburg government had depended on the provinces to manage its finances, the States of Holland now depended on the towns to manage provincial finances.
Serhii Plokhy
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199247394
- eISBN:
- 9780191714436
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247394.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
As Bohdan Khmelnytsky took it upon himself to establish the parameters of Orthodox-Uniate relations in negotiations with the Commonwealth, there was no avoiding a direct clash between the interests ...
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As Bohdan Khmelnytsky took it upon himself to establish the parameters of Orthodox-Uniate relations in negotiations with the Commonwealth, there was no avoiding a direct clash between the interests of hetmans and metropolitans. The encounter between the Cossacks and the Kyivan hierarchy during the years of Khmelnytsky's rule was also a meeting of two forces representing distinct cultural and political traditions. This chapter examines three facets of mid-17th-century relations between Cossackdom on the one hand and ecclesiastical authority and tradition on the other. The role of Metropolitan Petro Mohyla in transforming the metropolitanate into a center of spiritual authority independent of the Cossacks is discussed, along with the clash of interests between hetman and metropolitan in the Khmelnytsky era, from which the hetman emerged triumphant. This chapter also looks at the rivalry between the old princely and metropolitan capital of Kyiv and the new Cossack headquarters at Chyhyryn, which competed for primacy in Cossack Ukraine.Less
As Bohdan Khmelnytsky took it upon himself to establish the parameters of Orthodox-Uniate relations in negotiations with the Commonwealth, there was no avoiding a direct clash between the interests of hetmans and metropolitans. The encounter between the Cossacks and the Kyivan hierarchy during the years of Khmelnytsky's rule was also a meeting of two forces representing distinct cultural and political traditions. This chapter examines three facets of mid-17th-century relations between Cossackdom on the one hand and ecclesiastical authority and tradition on the other. The role of Metropolitan Petro Mohyla in transforming the metropolitanate into a center of spiritual authority independent of the Cossacks is discussed, along with the clash of interests between hetman and metropolitan in the Khmelnytsky era, from which the hetman emerged triumphant. This chapter also looks at the rivalry between the old princely and metropolitan capital of Kyiv and the new Cossack headquarters at Chyhyryn, which competed for primacy in Cossack Ukraine.
Lewis V. Baldwin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195380316
- eISBN:
- 9780199869299
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380316.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The ministry and mission of the Christian Church since the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., is examined in this chapter. Topics explored include the black church’s shift from protest to ...
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The ministry and mission of the Christian Church since the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., is examined in this chapter. Topics explored include the black church’s shift from protest to politics, the public resurgence and politicization of the white church, the rise of the megachurch phenomenon, and the retreat from King’s prophetic model of the church by major black and white church leaders. King’s prophetic model of the church is employed in a critique of the entrepreneurial Christianity and prosperity gospel of the megachurch phenomenon. The chapter emphatically concludes that King’s ecclesial model provides the best possibilities for the renewal and revitalization of the Christian church in the twenty-first century.Less
The ministry and mission of the Christian Church since the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., is examined in this chapter. Topics explored include the black church’s shift from protest to politics, the public resurgence and politicization of the white church, the rise of the megachurch phenomenon, and the retreat from King’s prophetic model of the church by major black and white church leaders. King’s prophetic model of the church is employed in a critique of the entrepreneurial Christianity and prosperity gospel of the megachurch phenomenon. The chapter emphatically concludes that King’s ecclesial model provides the best possibilities for the renewal and revitalization of the Christian church in the twenty-first century.
