Richard Stevenson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199539352
- eISBN:
- 9780191724008
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539352.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Flavour is arguably the most fascinating aspect of eating and drinking. It utilises a complex variety of senses and processes, that incredibly work together to generate a unified, and hopefully ...
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Flavour is arguably the most fascinating aspect of eating and drinking. It utilises a complex variety of senses and processes, that incredibly work together to generate a unified, and hopefully pleasurable, experience. The processes involved are not just those involved in tasting at the time of eating, but also memory and learning processes — we obviously shun those foods of which we have a negative memory, and favour those we enjoy. Our understanding of the science of flavour has improved in recent years, benefiting psychology, cuisine, food science, oenology, and dietetics. This book describes what is known about the psychology and biology of flavour. The book is divided into two parts. The first explores what we know about the flavour system; including the role of learning and memory in flavour perception and hedonics; the way in which all the senses that contribute to flavour interact, and our ability to perceive flavour as a whole and as a series of parts. The later chapters examine a range of theoretical issues concerning the flavour system. This includes a look at multisensory processing, and the way in which the mind and brain bind information from discrete sensory systems. It also examines the broader implications of studying flavour for societal problems such as obesity.Less
Flavour is arguably the most fascinating aspect of eating and drinking. It utilises a complex variety of senses and processes, that incredibly work together to generate a unified, and hopefully pleasurable, experience. The processes involved are not just those involved in tasting at the time of eating, but also memory and learning processes — we obviously shun those foods of which we have a negative memory, and favour those we enjoy. Our understanding of the science of flavour has improved in recent years, benefiting psychology, cuisine, food science, oenology, and dietetics. This book describes what is known about the psychology and biology of flavour. The book is divided into two parts. The first explores what we know about the flavour system; including the role of learning and memory in flavour perception and hedonics; the way in which all the senses that contribute to flavour interact, and our ability to perceive flavour as a whole and as a series of parts. The later chapters examine a range of theoretical issues concerning the flavour system. This includes a look at multisensory processing, and the way in which the mind and brain bind information from discrete sensory systems. It also examines the broader implications of studying flavour for societal problems such as obesity.
Mary Briody Mahowald
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195176179
- eISBN:
- 9780199786558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176170.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Cases illustrating variables relevant to decisions involving teenage pregnancy and motherhood, confidentiality, female genital surgery, and eating disorders are presented. For each topic, empirical ...
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Cases illustrating variables relevant to decisions involving teenage pregnancy and motherhood, confidentiality, female genital surgery, and eating disorders are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors relevant to the cases are discussed from an egalitarian perspective that addresses the nondominance of minors as well as their capacity for moral agency. A conception of parentalism as an antidote to paternalism and maternalism is proposed.Less
Cases illustrating variables relevant to decisions involving teenage pregnancy and motherhood, confidentiality, female genital surgery, and eating disorders are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors relevant to the cases are discussed from an egalitarian perspective that addresses the nondominance of minors as well as their capacity for moral agency. A conception of parentalism as an antidote to paternalism and maternalism is proposed.
Aviad Kleinberg
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231174701
- eISBN:
- 9780231540247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231174701.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Where God's invitation to eat his flesh raises unexpected problems. What do we do with spiders and mice and where in the digestive system does the Eucharist turn back into flour and wine before ...
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Where God's invitation to eat his flesh raises unexpected problems. What do we do with spiders and mice and where in the digestive system does the Eucharist turn back into flour and wine before things get really nasty.Less
Where God's invitation to eat his flesh raises unexpected problems. What do we do with spiders and mice and where in the digestive system does the Eucharist turn back into flour and wine before things get really nasty.
Nathan MacDonald
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546527
- eISBN:
- 9780191720215
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546527.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
In ancient Israel the production of food was a basic concern of almost every Israelite. Consequently, there are few pages in the Old Testament that do not mention food, and food provides some of the ...
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In ancient Israel the production of food was a basic concern of almost every Israelite. Consequently, there are few pages in the Old Testament that do not mention food, and food provides some of the most important social, political, and religious symbols in the Old Testament. This book studies food and its symbolism in the Old Testament and the world of ancient Israel. The book provides a collection of interrelated studies on food that examine some of the many symbolic roles of food. The studies are frequently stimulated by work on food in anthropology or other historical disciplines. The studies seek to be sensitive to the literary nature of the biblical text as well as the many historical-critical questions that arise when studying it. Topics examined include: the nature and healthiness of the ancient Israelite diet; the relationship between food and memory in Deuteronomy; the confusion of food, sex and warfare in Judges; the place of feasting in the Israelite monarchy; the literary motif of divine judgement at the table; the use of food in articulating Israelite identity in the post-exilic period. A concluding chapter shows how some of the Old Testament's concerns find resonance in the New Testament.Less
In ancient Israel the production of food was a basic concern of almost every Israelite. Consequently, there are few pages in the Old Testament that do not mention food, and food provides some of the most important social, political, and religious symbols in the Old Testament. This book studies food and its symbolism in the Old Testament and the world of ancient Israel. The book provides a collection of interrelated studies on food that examine some of the many symbolic roles of food. The studies are frequently stimulated by work on food in anthropology or other historical disciplines. The studies seek to be sensitive to the literary nature of the biblical text as well as the many historical-critical questions that arise when studying it. Topics examined include: the nature and healthiness of the ancient Israelite diet; the relationship between food and memory in Deuteronomy; the confusion of food, sex and warfare in Judges; the place of feasting in the Israelite monarchy; the literary motif of divine judgement at the table; the use of food in articulating Israelite identity in the post-exilic period. A concluding chapter shows how some of the Old Testament's concerns find resonance in the New Testament.
Gerard P. Smith (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195105155
- eISBN:
- 9780199848263
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195105155.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
What is it that stops the process of eating? This book succeeds in answering comprehensively this deceptively simple question, while incorporating the latest scientific research. Unless we stop ...
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What is it that stops the process of eating? This book succeeds in answering comprehensively this deceptively simple question, while incorporating the latest scientific research. Unless we stop eating by choice—for medical or social reasons—an unconscious physiological process is triggered through negative feedback from ingested food as it travels from the mouth through the stomach and on to the small intestine. This process is called satiation. Recent scientific evidence has revealed that food stimuli activate this process before the actual absorption of digested food, which significantly changes the traditional perspective that satiation, depends on the post-absorptive repletion of metabolic fuels. This book presents the first detailed account of the neurobiological mechanisms of satiation. The ten chapters of the book detail the neural, endocrine, and cellular underpinnings of the process. Chapters discuss different aspects of satiation and present a critical overview of recent advances and current problems in this field. The inclusion of a chapter on the satiation of alcohol is unique in a book on food intake, and shows the convergence of ideas on satiation in these two areas.Less
What is it that stops the process of eating? This book succeeds in answering comprehensively this deceptively simple question, while incorporating the latest scientific research. Unless we stop eating by choice—for medical or social reasons—an unconscious physiological process is triggered through negative feedback from ingested food as it travels from the mouth through the stomach and on to the small intestine. This process is called satiation. Recent scientific evidence has revealed that food stimuli activate this process before the actual absorption of digested food, which significantly changes the traditional perspective that satiation, depends on the post-absorptive repletion of metabolic fuels. This book presents the first detailed account of the neurobiological mechanisms of satiation. The ten chapters of the book detail the neural, endocrine, and cellular underpinnings of the process. Chapters discuss different aspects of satiation and present a critical overview of recent advances and current problems in this field. The inclusion of a chapter on the satiation of alcohol is unique in a book on food intake, and shows the convergence of ideas on satiation in these two areas.
David Brown
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231829
- eISBN:
- 9780191716218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231829.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter examines food and drink in all its variety, in particular the impact they had historically on people's perceptions. The discussion exposes the degree to which modern attitudes to food ...
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This chapter examines food and drink in all its variety, in particular the impact they had historically on people's perceptions. The discussion exposes the degree to which modern attitudes to food and drink necessarily — or only accidentally — preclude mediation of the divine through our experience of the various ways in which our bodies are sustained. The first part of the chapter is devoted to food. The second part examines the symbolism of water and wine first before turning to more general questions about drink and the various other ways in which it is given symbolic significance. In the case of water and wine, attention is drawn to how closer examination of the multivalent character of their symbolism has the potential to enrich current understandings of the two major Christian sacraments. The final section considers the various ways in which both alcoholic and non-alcoholic stimulants (tea and coffee in particular) have, in appropriate contexts, also been seen as opening the human mind to wider perceptions of reality.Less
This chapter examines food and drink in all its variety, in particular the impact they had historically on people's perceptions. The discussion exposes the degree to which modern attitudes to food and drink necessarily — or only accidentally — preclude mediation of the divine through our experience of the various ways in which our bodies are sustained. The first part of the chapter is devoted to food. The second part examines the symbolism of water and wine first before turning to more general questions about drink and the various other ways in which it is given symbolic significance. In the case of water and wine, attention is drawn to how closer examination of the multivalent character of their symbolism has the potential to enrich current understandings of the two major Christian sacraments. The final section considers the various ways in which both alcoholic and non-alcoholic stimulants (tea and coffee in particular) have, in appropriate contexts, also been seen as opening the human mind to wider perceptions of reality.
Parvis Ghassem-Fachandi
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151762
- eISBN:
- 9781400842599
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151762.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines how despite the historical influences of vegetarian Vaishnava traditions, Jainism, the salience of Mahatma Gandhi in Gujarat, and its current index of the abject, meat eating is ...
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This chapter examines how despite the historical influences of vegetarian Vaishnava traditions, Jainism, the salience of Mahatma Gandhi in Gujarat, and its current index of the abject, meat eating is not simply associated with disgust. It also carries great potency, and can signify power. If meat eating was on the one hand identified with vice and with groups considered backward, it could alternatively also be associated with erotic attraction and an alluring potency, modern decadence, and cosmopolitan freedom—an association gaining ground especially among the young. The dual valence of meat is acutely present in how members of lower-caste groups explain, legitimize, and rationalize their own practices of meat consumption or abstention.Less
This chapter examines how despite the historical influences of vegetarian Vaishnava traditions, Jainism, the salience of Mahatma Gandhi in Gujarat, and its current index of the abject, meat eating is not simply associated with disgust. It also carries great potency, and can signify power. If meat eating was on the one hand identified with vice and with groups considered backward, it could alternatively also be associated with erotic attraction and an alluring potency, modern decadence, and cosmopolitan freedom—an association gaining ground especially among the young. The dual valence of meat is acutely present in how members of lower-caste groups explain, legitimize, and rationalize their own practices of meat consumption or abstention.
Carol Bonomo Jennngs and Christine Palamidessi Moore
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823231751
- eISBN:
- 9780823241286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823231751.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature
The linkages among food, culture, and identity have long occupied small numbers of folklorists and anthropologists. Among Italian Americans, food and cooking are powerful expressions of their ties to ...
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The linkages among food, culture, and identity have long occupied small numbers of folklorists and anthropologists. Among Italian Americans, food and cooking are powerful expressions of their ties to the past and their current identities. Many seem to believe that they are much, much more than what they eat, and that too many negative stereotypes link Italians and food. Cookbooks remain some of the most fascinating and ubiquitous texts that describe their eating habits. Italian Americans invite cooks, collectors, and scholars among Italian Americana readers to take cooking and eating seriously.Less
The linkages among food, culture, and identity have long occupied small numbers of folklorists and anthropologists. Among Italian Americans, food and cooking are powerful expressions of their ties to the past and their current identities. Many seem to believe that they are much, much more than what they eat, and that too many negative stereotypes link Italians and food. Cookbooks remain some of the most fascinating and ubiquitous texts that describe their eating habits. Italian Americans invite cooks, collectors, and scholars among Italian Americana readers to take cooking and eating seriously.
Gary L. Francione
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305104
- eISBN:
- 9780199850556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305104.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter argues that the human attitude towards animals can best be described as moral schizophrenia. It explains that this moral schizophrenia is related to the status of animals as property, ...
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This chapter argues that the human attitude towards animals can best be described as moral schizophrenia. It explains that this moral schizophrenia is related to the status of animals as property, which means that animals are nothing more than things despite the many laws that supposedly protect them. The chapter contends that our current practices are entirely inconsistent because most human beings believe, in fact, that animals should not be made to suffer. It evaluates current practices in connection with meat eating, science, and entertainment, and suggests that our own moral judgements call for radical change.Less
This chapter argues that the human attitude towards animals can best be described as moral schizophrenia. It explains that this moral schizophrenia is related to the status of animals as property, which means that animals are nothing more than things despite the many laws that supposedly protect them. The chapter contends that our current practices are entirely inconsistent because most human beings believe, in fact, that animals should not be made to suffer. It evaluates current practices in connection with meat eating, science, and entertainment, and suggests that our own moral judgements call for radical change.
Vernon Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515463
- eISBN:
- 9780191705656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515463.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Studies of intestinal parasites show that the Budongo chimpanzees live with numerous gut nematodes which they tolerate well. Self-medication is achieved by swallowing the leaves of Aneilema ...
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Studies of intestinal parasites show that the Budongo chimpanzees live with numerous gut nematodes which they tolerate well. Self-medication is achieved by swallowing the leaves of Aneilema aequinoctiale, which are encountered along trails in the forest. These leaves have hooked trichomes, which physically remove worms from the gut wall. In addition, chimpanzees eat termite soil for medicinal purposes. Deaths are described together with a necropsy report (in Appendix D). The danger of transmission of human diseases to chimpanzees is constant.Less
Studies of intestinal parasites show that the Budongo chimpanzees live with numerous gut nematodes which they tolerate well. Self-medication is achieved by swallowing the leaves of Aneilema aequinoctiale, which are encountered along trails in the forest. These leaves have hooked trichomes, which physically remove worms from the gut wall. In addition, chimpanzees eat termite soil for medicinal purposes. Deaths are described together with a necropsy report (in Appendix D). The danger of transmission of human diseases to chimpanzees is constant.
Sarah Moss
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719076510
- eISBN:
- 9781781702710
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719076510.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
The study of food in literature complicates established critical positions. Both a libidinal pleasure and the ultimate commodity, food in fiction can represent sex as well as money, and brings the ...
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The study of food in literature complicates established critical positions. Both a libidinal pleasure and the ultimate commodity, food in fiction can represent sex as well as money, and brings the body and the marketplace together in ways that are sometimes obvious and sometimes unsettling. This book explores these relations in the context of late eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century women's fiction, where concerns about bodily, economic and intellectual productivity and consumption power decades of novels, conduct books and popular medicine. The introduction suggests ways in which attention to food in these texts might complicate recent developments in literary theory and criticism, while the body of the book is devoted to close readings of novels and children's stories by Frances Burney, Mary Wollstonecraft, Maria Edgeworth and Susan Ferrier. Burney and Wollstonecraft explore the ways in which eating and not eating (mis)represent women's sexuality, and consider how women's intellectual and economic productivity might disrupt easy equations between appetites at the table and in bed. Edgeworth and Ferrier, Anglo-Irish and Scottish writers respectively, are more interested in cooking and eating as ways of enacting and manipulating national identity and class.Less
The study of food in literature complicates established critical positions. Both a libidinal pleasure and the ultimate commodity, food in fiction can represent sex as well as money, and brings the body and the marketplace together in ways that are sometimes obvious and sometimes unsettling. This book explores these relations in the context of late eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century women's fiction, where concerns about bodily, economic and intellectual productivity and consumption power decades of novels, conduct books and popular medicine. The introduction suggests ways in which attention to food in these texts might complicate recent developments in literary theory and criticism, while the body of the book is devoted to close readings of novels and children's stories by Frances Burney, Mary Wollstonecraft, Maria Edgeworth and Susan Ferrier. Burney and Wollstonecraft explore the ways in which eating and not eating (mis)represent women's sexuality, and consider how women's intellectual and economic productivity might disrupt easy equations between appetites at the table and in bed. Edgeworth and Ferrier, Anglo-Irish and Scottish writers respectively, are more interested in cooking and eating as ways of enacting and manipulating national identity and class.
Frank Graziano
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195136401
- eISBN:
- 9780199835164
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195136403.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
An in-depth study of St. Rose of Lima (1586–1617), canonized in 1671 as the first saint of the New World, serves to explore the meanings of female mysticism and the ways in which saints are products ...
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An in-depth study of St. Rose of Lima (1586–1617), canonized in 1671 as the first saint of the New World, serves to explore the meanings of female mysticism and the ways in which saints are products of their cultures. The opening chapter analyzes trends in scholarship on mysticism and the interrelations of sanctity and insanity. Rose and flower poetics are then pursued into the odor of sanctity, “deflowering,” edenic imagery, and the miracle by which Rose of Lima received her name. Two historical chapters analyze the politics of Rose of Lima’s canonization, exploring how mystical union bypasses sacramental and sacerdotal channels, poses an implicit threat to the bureaucratized church, and may be co-opted to integrate a competing claim into the Catholic canon. Virginity, austerity, mortification, eucharistic devotion, visions, expression of love through suffering, ecstasy, and mystical marriage are then studied both in themselves and in their relations to eroticism and to modern psychological disorders.Less
An in-depth study of St. Rose of Lima (1586–1617), canonized in 1671 as the first saint of the New World, serves to explore the meanings of female mysticism and the ways in which saints are products of their cultures. The opening chapter analyzes trends in scholarship on mysticism and the interrelations of sanctity and insanity. Rose and flower poetics are then pursued into the odor of sanctity, “deflowering,” edenic imagery, and the miracle by which Rose of Lima received her name. Two historical chapters analyze the politics of Rose of Lima’s canonization, exploring how mystical union bypasses sacramental and sacerdotal channels, poses an implicit threat to the bureaucratized church, and may be co-opted to integrate a competing claim into the Catholic canon. Virginity, austerity, mortification, eucharistic devotion, visions, expression of love through suffering, ecstasy, and mystical marriage are then studied both in themselves and in their relations to eroticism and to modern psychological disorders.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0026
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter examines brood site mutualisms, where the pollinators are florivores. In brood site mutualisms, the pollinators are sometimes referred to as nursery pollinators. Here pollination success ...
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This chapter examines brood site mutualisms, where the pollinators are florivores. In brood site mutualisms, the pollinators are sometimes referred to as nursery pollinators. Here pollination success affects not only plant fitness but also pollinator fitness, and the balance between costs and benefits may be highly variable from place to place and across seasons. There are at least thirteen known nursery pollination systems, and this phenomenon can be divided into three categories. Two of these are relatively unspecialized, where beetle or lepidopteran larvae develop in decomposing flower heads, or where thrips feed in flowers as pollen parasites. The third category is termed “active pollination,” also known as “seed-eating pollination syndrome.” The chapter first considers nursery pollination and thrips as pollen parasites before discussing active pollination, where active pollen transfer occurs and a clear mutualism results.Less
This chapter examines brood site mutualisms, where the pollinators are florivores. In brood site mutualisms, the pollinators are sometimes referred to as nursery pollinators. Here pollination success affects not only plant fitness but also pollinator fitness, and the balance between costs and benefits may be highly variable from place to place and across seasons. There are at least thirteen known nursery pollination systems, and this phenomenon can be divided into three categories. Two of these are relatively unspecialized, where beetle or lepidopteran larvae develop in decomposing flower heads, or where thrips feed in flowers as pollen parasites. The third category is termed “active pollination,” also known as “seed-eating pollination syndrome.” The chapter first considers nursery pollination and thrips as pollen parasites before discussing active pollination, where active pollen transfer occurs and a clear mutualism results.
Pat Willmer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128610
- eISBN:
- 9781400838943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128610.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter examines the biology of pollen, the primary reward for flowers in an evolutionary sense and probably the resource for which animals first went to flowers. The inherent characteristics of ...
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This chapter examines the biology of pollen, the primary reward for flowers in an evolutionary sense and probably the resource for which animals first went to flowers. The inherent characteristics of pollen make it a useful resource to exploit as food, potentially collectable by almost any animal. It remains a crucial reward for pollen-eating and pollen-gathering visitors, such as some flies, some beetles, and virtually all bees. Pollen’s function as a reward of visitors is mutually incompatible with its function in reproduction. The chapter first describes the characteristics of pollen grains before discussing the storage and delivery of pollen in the plant. It then considers pollen packaging, pollen gathering by animals, pollen as food, and pollen preferences. It also explores the longevity and viability of pollen, pollen-only flowers, and pollen competition. Finally, it reflects on the question of how much pollen a plant “should” produce.Less
This chapter examines the biology of pollen, the primary reward for flowers in an evolutionary sense and probably the resource for which animals first went to flowers. The inherent characteristics of pollen make it a useful resource to exploit as food, potentially collectable by almost any animal. It remains a crucial reward for pollen-eating and pollen-gathering visitors, such as some flies, some beetles, and virtually all bees. Pollen’s function as a reward of visitors is mutually incompatible with its function in reproduction. The chapter first describes the characteristics of pollen grains before discussing the storage and delivery of pollen in the plant. It then considers pollen packaging, pollen gathering by animals, pollen as food, and pollen preferences. It also explores the longevity and viability of pollen, pollen-only flowers, and pollen competition. Finally, it reflects on the question of how much pollen a plant “should” produce.
Carel P. van Schaik, Maria A. van Noordwijk, and Erin R Vogel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199213276
- eISBN:
- 9780191707568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213276.003.0018
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Sex differences in diet, ranging, and activity budgets (‘ecology’) can have two plausible, non-exclusive causes: differential needs due to reproduction in females and differences in body size, as ...
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Sex differences in diet, ranging, and activity budgets (‘ecology’) can have two plausible, non-exclusive causes: differential needs due to reproduction in females and differences in body size, as well as sex differences in sociosexual strategies, usually because males are forced to travel more widely or minimize feeding time relative to females. The authors of this chapter evaluated these two hypotheses by examining sex differences in the ecology of orangutans inhabiting a Sumatran swamp forest, using two different methods. The greater reproductive burden on females is reflected in their spending more time per day feeding overall, more time foraging on insects, and less time resting, but females did not engage more in tool-assisted foraging or less in acquiring vertebrate meat. Despite the large range of body sizes, the influence of body size on time budgets, diet and the toughness and elasticity of food items was minor. However, larger males spent more time feeding on fruit than smaller ones. The other differences between unflanged males and flanged males were more compatible with different sociosexual strategies: unflanged males moved more and travelled faster than flanged males, and had shorter feeding bouts. Thus, the overall pattern of differences largely reflects sex differences in requirements due to reproduction and male sociosexual strategies. The effects of body size on diet may be so small because tooth morphology rather than body strength determine food choice.Less
Sex differences in diet, ranging, and activity budgets (‘ecology’) can have two plausible, non-exclusive causes: differential needs due to reproduction in females and differences in body size, as well as sex differences in sociosexual strategies, usually because males are forced to travel more widely or minimize feeding time relative to females. The authors of this chapter evaluated these two hypotheses by examining sex differences in the ecology of orangutans inhabiting a Sumatran swamp forest, using two different methods. The greater reproductive burden on females is reflected in their spending more time per day feeding overall, more time foraging on insects, and less time resting, but females did not engage more in tool-assisted foraging or less in acquiring vertebrate meat. Despite the large range of body sizes, the influence of body size on time budgets, diet and the toughness and elasticity of food items was minor. However, larger males spent more time feeding on fruit than smaller ones. The other differences between unflanged males and flanged males were more compatible with different sociosexual strategies: unflanged males moved more and travelled faster than flanged males, and had shorter feeding bouts. Thus, the overall pattern of differences largely reflects sex differences in requirements due to reproduction and male sociosexual strategies. The effects of body size on diet may be so small because tooth morphology rather than body strength determine food choice.
Ellen F. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195383355
- eISBN:
- 9780199870561
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383355.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies, History of Christianity
Contrary to the popular view, the first chapters of Genesis do not attempt to instruct us about the process by which the species came into being ("the origin of species"), but rather about the ...
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Contrary to the popular view, the first chapters of Genesis do not attempt to instruct us about the process by which the species came into being ("the origin of species"), but rather about the relations that obtain, or should obtain, among them. In the context of reading Genesis after Darwin, it is noteworthy that the theme of eating is central in Genesis 1 and 3, for an important part of Darwin's legacy is the understanding that food chains are the means whereby all creatures are bound together with one another and with the earth itself. Further, we learn from Darwin that, for each species, survival is a matter of propriety. That is, it depends upon behavior that observes the limits of a particular place within the larger web of life. This chapter focuses on what the opening chapters of the Bible suggest about the divine provision of food for all creatures, the intended role of humans, and the tendency of the human species to violate the limits. Contributions to the exegetical conversation come from contemporary agrarian writers (e.g., Wendell Berry, Wes Jackson, Norman Wirzba), who argue compellingly that industrial agriculture represents an unsustainable disruption of the food chains that sustain humans and numberless other creatures.Less
Contrary to the popular view, the first chapters of Genesis do not attempt to instruct us about the process by which the species came into being ("the origin of species"), but rather about the relations that obtain, or should obtain, among them. In the context of reading Genesis after Darwin, it is noteworthy that the theme of eating is central in Genesis 1 and 3, for an important part of Darwin's legacy is the understanding that food chains are the means whereby all creatures are bound together with one another and with the earth itself. Further, we learn from Darwin that, for each species, survival is a matter of propriety. That is, it depends upon behavior that observes the limits of a particular place within the larger web of life. This chapter focuses on what the opening chapters of the Bible suggest about the divine provision of food for all creatures, the intended role of humans, and the tendency of the human species to violate the limits. Contributions to the exegetical conversation come from contemporary agrarian writers (e.g., Wendell Berry, Wes Jackson, Norman Wirzba), who argue compellingly that industrial agriculture represents an unsustainable disruption of the food chains that sustain humans and numberless other creatures.
Josie Geller, Suja Srikameswaran, and Stephanie Cassin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398090
- eISBN:
- 9780199776900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398090.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
This chapter examines self-silencing and loss of voice in women's experiences of eating disorders. The authors put forward a model that links etiological perspectives, self-silencing, and eating ...
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This chapter examines self-silencing and loss of voice in women's experiences of eating disorders. The authors put forward a model that links etiological perspectives, self-silencing, and eating disorder behaviors, arguing that a critical function of eating disorder behaviors is communication and management of emotions and that these behaviors reinforce and perpetuate the self-silencing schema through a negative feedback loop. The model is based on a series of studies in Canada with clinical samples of adolescents and adult women with anorexia and/or bulimia compared with various types of control groups.[Q2] The authors suggest that women who feel unable to express an authentic self through words may use their bodies as a means of communicating emotional distress. The authors describe treatment strategies and suggest that the most effective interventions engage women in collaborative nonhierarchical relationships that focus on readiness for change and that address the functions of the eating disorder.Less
This chapter examines self-silencing and loss of voice in women's experiences of eating disorders. The authors put forward a model that links etiological perspectives, self-silencing, and eating disorder behaviors, arguing that a critical function of eating disorder behaviors is communication and management of emotions and that these behaviors reinforce and perpetuate the self-silencing schema through a negative feedback loop. The model is based on a series of studies in Canada with clinical samples of adolescents and adult women with anorexia and/or bulimia compared with various types of control groups.[Q2] The authors suggest that women who feel unable to express an authentic self through words may use their bodies as a means of communicating emotional distress. The authors describe treatment strategies and suggest that the most effective interventions engage women in collaborative nonhierarchical relationships that focus on readiness for change and that address the functions of the eating disorder.
Derek Colquhoun and Jo Pike
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199572915
- eISBN:
- 9780191595110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572915.003.0033
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
It is a truism to suggest that obesity has emerged as one of the most significant issues for public health policy in the last 10 years. Globally, an estimated 1.2 billion people are classified as ...
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It is a truism to suggest that obesity has emerged as one of the most significant issues for public health policy in the last 10 years. Globally, an estimated 1.2 billion people are classified as overweight, of whom 300 million are categorized as obese. In 2004 when Eat Well Do Well was developed and introduced in the UK, around 10% of children aged 6–10 years were classified as obese. In addition, according to the Department of Health (2006) 36.6% of children in Hull were estimated to be living in poverty compared to the national average of 21.3%. This chapter presents a description and evaluation of the lessons learned from the Eat Well Do Well program, which was delivered between 2004 and 2007 by the Kingston-Upon-Hull City Council in England. This was an ambitious, innovative and exciting programme which provided all children (approximately 25,000 school children) in seventy-four primary and special schools access to free school meals which may have included healthy breakfasts, hot lunches/dinners, fruit up to Key Stage 2 (ages 11/12), and after school snack. The evaluation of Eat Well Do Well considered ‘what worked’ from the perspectives of the major stakeholders: the children, parents, caterers and schools. The chapter discusses several characteristic features of the program such as addressing health inequalities, complexity and whole of system change, and developing a spatial imagination. It presents some of the difficulties encountered including the problems associated with school meals as a political project, school meals as a service intervention, and how to relate Eat Well Do Well to other projects in schools.Less
It is a truism to suggest that obesity has emerged as one of the most significant issues for public health policy in the last 10 years. Globally, an estimated 1.2 billion people are classified as overweight, of whom 300 million are categorized as obese. In 2004 when Eat Well Do Well was developed and introduced in the UK, around 10% of children aged 6–10 years were classified as obese. In addition, according to the Department of Health (2006) 36.6% of children in Hull were estimated to be living in poverty compared to the national average of 21.3%. This chapter presents a description and evaluation of the lessons learned from the Eat Well Do Well program, which was delivered between 2004 and 2007 by the Kingston-Upon-Hull City Council in England. This was an ambitious, innovative and exciting programme which provided all children (approximately 25,000 school children) in seventy-four primary and special schools access to free school meals which may have included healthy breakfasts, hot lunches/dinners, fruit up to Key Stage 2 (ages 11/12), and after school snack. The evaluation of Eat Well Do Well considered ‘what worked’ from the perspectives of the major stakeholders: the children, parents, caterers and schools. The chapter discusses several characteristic features of the program such as addressing health inequalities, complexity and whole of system change, and developing a spatial imagination. It presents some of the difficulties encountered including the problems associated with school meals as a political project, school meals as a service intervention, and how to relate Eat Well Do Well to other projects in schools.
Kent Puckett
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195332759
- eISBN:
- 9780199868131
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332759.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter begins with a reading of the famous description of Charles Bovary’s cap in the early pages of Madame Bovary. Although the moment has been rightly understood as embarrassing for Bovary, ...
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This chapter begins with a reading of the famous description of Charles Bovary’s cap in the early pages of Madame Bovary. Although the moment has been rightly understood as embarrassing for Bovary, this chapter asks if it should be read also as differently embarrassing for the voice that describes it. So great a performance might be taken as an awkward instance of overdoing it. In other words, unpacking the moment of the mistake helps us to see ways in which embarrassment tends to spread not only from character to character but also across formal boundaries (between character and narrator, reader and novel) that we tend to think of as secure. The chapter then moves on to account for a logic of incorporation that helps to demonstrate ways in which the novel not only generates embarrassment, but also needs it at several levels if it is to make the sense that it does.Less
This chapter begins with a reading of the famous description of Charles Bovary’s cap in the early pages of Madame Bovary. Although the moment has been rightly understood as embarrassing for Bovary, this chapter asks if it should be read also as differently embarrassing for the voice that describes it. So great a performance might be taken as an awkward instance of overdoing it. In other words, unpacking the moment of the mistake helps us to see ways in which embarrassment tends to spread not only from character to character but also across formal boundaries (between character and narrator, reader and novel) that we tend to think of as secure. The chapter then moves on to account for a logic of incorporation that helps to demonstrate ways in which the novel not only generates embarrassment, but also needs it at several levels if it is to make the sense that it does.
Theodore Zeldin
- Published in print:
- 1977
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198221258
- eISBN:
- 9780191678424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221258.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter begins with a discussion of why happiness has held such an ambiguous place in French life. In the eighteenth century, the French were as keen on happiness as the Americans. On the ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of why happiness has held such an ambiguous place in French life. In the eighteenth century, the French were as keen on happiness as the Americans. On the theoretical and literary levels, indeed, they could probably claim to have been the world's experts on it, for they then, suddenly, published about two hundred treatises on the subject. In the process, however, they discovered, or rediscovered, many of the complications that happiness involves; and their longing for it was therefore balanced by vigorous arguments about its nature and much uncertainty about how it could be achieved. The chapter considers the history of friendship to provide an idea of the way changing social conditions bore upon the problem of being happy, for the ordinary man. It looks at the manifestations of happiness, particularly dancing, and works from them to the social relationships with which they were linked. The discussion then turns to the different kinds of humour seen in the history of laughing, of eating, and of drinking.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of why happiness has held such an ambiguous place in French life. In the eighteenth century, the French were as keen on happiness as the Americans. On the theoretical and literary levels, indeed, they could probably claim to have been the world's experts on it, for they then, suddenly, published about two hundred treatises on the subject. In the process, however, they discovered, or rediscovered, many of the complications that happiness involves; and their longing for it was therefore balanced by vigorous arguments about its nature and much uncertainty about how it could be achieved. The chapter considers the history of friendship to provide an idea of the way changing social conditions bore upon the problem of being happy, for the ordinary man. It looks at the manifestations of happiness, particularly dancing, and works from them to the social relationships with which they were linked. The discussion then turns to the different kinds of humour seen in the history of laughing, of eating, and of drinking.
