GUIDO BELTRAMINI
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197265055
- eISBN:
- 9780191754166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265055.003.0012
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter is dedicated to a particular culture relating to the way one might ideally lead one's life in line with ancient practices and views. The trend in question, which developed in Padua in ...
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This chapter is dedicated to a particular culture relating to the way one might ideally lead one's life in line with ancient practices and views. The trend in question, which developed in Padua in the first half of the Cinquecento, was promoted by such humanists as Pietro Bembo, Alvise Cornaro and Marco Mantova Benavides. Exceptional connoisseurs of the mores and values of antiquity, these intellectuals personally supervised and directed the building of their homes. Following the model of Hadrian's villa at Tivoli, the complexes of these Paduan residences comprised dwelling areas, pavilions, large gardens and the installation of fountains, statues and rare plants. Inspired by literary sources, the ideal of recreating the ‘ancient’ way of life, in which music played a crucial role, was revived.Less
This chapter is dedicated to a particular culture relating to the way one might ideally lead one's life in line with ancient practices and views. The trend in question, which developed in Padua in the first half of the Cinquecento, was promoted by such humanists as Pietro Bembo, Alvise Cornaro and Marco Mantova Benavides. Exceptional connoisseurs of the mores and values of antiquity, these intellectuals personally supervised and directed the building of their homes. Following the model of Hadrian's villa at Tivoli, the complexes of these Paduan residences comprised dwelling areas, pavilions, large gardens and the installation of fountains, statues and rare plants. Inspired by literary sources, the ideal of recreating the ‘ancient’ way of life, in which music played a crucial role, was revived.
Richard Bradley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264140
- eISBN:
- 9780191734489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264140.003.0018
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
The house is among the features that are supposed to characterize early farming. Its presence implies sedentism, while its absence suggests a mobile pattern of settlement. That idea raises many ...
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The house is among the features that are supposed to characterize early farming. Its presence implies sedentism, while its absence suggests a mobile pattern of settlement. That idea raises many problems. What applies to individual houses also applies to settlements. British archaeologists have been frustrated by their inability to locate what they had expected to find. If people were growing crops and raising livestock, then surely they must have occupied more substantial shelters than mobile hunter-gatherers, and their living sites ought to be easier to identify. That has been difficult to demonstrate, with the result that at different times a wide variety of earthwork enclosures have been claimed as permanent settlements; ditches and pits have been recruited as subterranean dwellings; and even mortuary monuments have been assigned to the living rather than the dead. This chapter argues that the survival of houses has been given an importance that it cannot support. It suggests that the reason why the field evidence poses so many problems is because the histories of the buildings in which people had lived were reflected by the ways in which their bodies were treated when they died.Less
The house is among the features that are supposed to characterize early farming. Its presence implies sedentism, while its absence suggests a mobile pattern of settlement. That idea raises many problems. What applies to individual houses also applies to settlements. British archaeologists have been frustrated by their inability to locate what they had expected to find. If people were growing crops and raising livestock, then surely they must have occupied more substantial shelters than mobile hunter-gatherers, and their living sites ought to be easier to identify. That has been difficult to demonstrate, with the result that at different times a wide variety of earthwork enclosures have been claimed as permanent settlements; ditches and pits have been recruited as subterranean dwellings; and even mortuary monuments have been assigned to the living rather than the dead. This chapter argues that the survival of houses has been given an importance that it cannot support. It suggests that the reason why the field evidence poses so many problems is because the histories of the buildings in which people had lived were reflected by the ways in which their bodies were treated when they died.
R. C. O. Matthews, C. H. Feinstein, and J. C. Odling‐Smee
- Published in print:
- 1982
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284536
- eISBN:
- 9780191596629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284535.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
The general tendency was for capital accumulation in a sector to be high when its rate of growth of output was high, whether because of rapid TFP growth or rapid growth in demand, in line with the ...
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The general tendency was for capital accumulation in a sector to be high when its rate of growth of output was high, whether because of rapid TFP growth or rapid growth in demand, in line with the acceleration principle. Capital accumulation thereby acted as a reinforcer of growth arising from other sources. A case in point was the generally rapid rate of capital accumulation in the post‐war period compared with earlier. However, there were many other factors that contributed to the considerable differences in the paths over time of capital accumulation in the principal sectors (manufacturing, commerce, utilities and other infrastructure, dwellings). Among these were each sector's normal degree of capital intensity and the extent of capital‐saving technical progress, the availability of labour, the pressure of foreign competition, wartime arrears, overshooting, the government's role, and the timing of changes in the supply price of finance between sectors. Differences between peacetime periods in the rate of aggregate capital accumulation were generally much smaller than differences in sectoral rates of capital accumulation. This may imply some crowding‐out or crowding‐in though it is doubtful whether investment in manufacturing would have been much higher if investment in dwellings or infrastructure had been lower, since there were usually contrary reasons on the marginal efficiency of investment side. But in periods when industrial investment was low, the cost of finance was eased for investment in dwellings and infrastructure.Less
The general tendency was for capital accumulation in a sector to be high when its rate of growth of output was high, whether because of rapid TFP growth or rapid growth in demand, in line with the acceleration principle. Capital accumulation thereby acted as a reinforcer of growth arising from other sources. A case in point was the generally rapid rate of capital accumulation in the post‐war period compared with earlier. However, there were many other factors that contributed to the considerable differences in the paths over time of capital accumulation in the principal sectors (manufacturing, commerce, utilities and other infrastructure, dwellings). Among these were each sector's normal degree of capital intensity and the extent of capital‐saving technical progress, the availability of labour, the pressure of foreign competition, wartime arrears, overshooting, the government's role, and the timing of changes in the supply price of finance between sectors. Differences between peacetime periods in the rate of aggregate capital accumulation were generally much smaller than differences in sectoral rates of capital accumulation. This may imply some crowding‐out or crowding‐in though it is doubtful whether investment in manufacturing would have been much higher if investment in dwellings or infrastructure had been lower, since there were usually contrary reasons on the marginal efficiency of investment side. But in periods when industrial investment was low, the cost of finance was eased for investment in dwellings and infrastructure.
Rupert Stasch
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520256859
- eISBN:
- 9780520943322
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520256859.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This study upsets the popular assumption that human relations in small-scale societies are based on shared experience. In a theoretically innovative account of the lives of the Korowai of West Papua, ...
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This study upsets the popular assumption that human relations in small-scale societies are based on shared experience. In a theoretically innovative account of the lives of the Korowai of West Papua, Indonesia, this book shows that in this society, people organize their connections to each other around otherness. Analyzing the Korowai people's famous “tree house” dwellings, their patterns of living far apart, and their practices of kinship, marriage, and childbearing and rearing, the book argues that the Korowai actively make relations not out of what they have in common, but out of what divides them. The book offers a picture of Korowai lives sharply at odds with stereotypes of “tribal” societies.Less
This study upsets the popular assumption that human relations in small-scale societies are based on shared experience. In a theoretically innovative account of the lives of the Korowai of West Papua, Indonesia, this book shows that in this society, people organize their connections to each other around otherness. Analyzing the Korowai people's famous “tree house” dwellings, their patterns of living far apart, and their practices of kinship, marriage, and childbearing and rearing, the book argues that the Korowai actively make relations not out of what they have in common, but out of what divides them. The book offers a picture of Korowai lives sharply at odds with stereotypes of “tribal” societies.
Robert Wuthnow
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520213968
- eISBN:
- 9780520924444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520213968.003.0002
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Religion
This chapter studies the role places of worship play in American spirituality. It considers the extent to which U.S. culture associates spirituality with the idea of inhabiting a space that has been ...
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This chapter studies the role places of worship play in American spirituality. It considers the extent to which U.S. culture associates spirituality with the idea of inhabiting a space that has been sacralized. It then studies the Americans' attachment to sacred places and describes spiritual dwellings during the 1950s. It notes the way religious leaders made spirituality virtually equivalent to participating in the local congregation. This chapter also discusses the influence of social conditions on the Americans' desire to dwell with God, the limitations of spiritual homes, and the search for a sacred place.Less
This chapter studies the role places of worship play in American spirituality. It considers the extent to which U.S. culture associates spirituality with the idea of inhabiting a space that has been sacralized. It then studies the Americans' attachment to sacred places and describes spiritual dwellings during the 1950s. It notes the way religious leaders made spirituality virtually equivalent to participating in the local congregation. This chapter also discusses the influence of social conditions on the Americans' desire to dwell with God, the limitations of spiritual homes, and the search for a sacred place.
Karien Dekker and Ronald van Kempen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861347756
- eISBN:
- 9781447303237
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861347756.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter examines the present situation of large housing estates in Europe based on data obtained from detailed studies of estates in the RESTATE project. The findings reveal that the physical ...
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This chapter examines the present situation of large housing estates in Europe based on data obtained from detailed studies of estates in the RESTATE project. The findings reveal that the physical layout of houses is mostly the same: low- or high-rise multi-family dwellings with large green public spaces seem to predominate. The chapter suggests that although there are broad similarities between estates in European cities, they are most definitely not all the same and their diversity is crucial when implementing housing policies.Less
This chapter examines the present situation of large housing estates in Europe based on data obtained from detailed studies of estates in the RESTATE project. The findings reveal that the physical layout of houses is mostly the same: low- or high-rise multi-family dwellings with large green public spaces seem to predominate. The chapter suggests that although there are broad similarities between estates in European cities, they are most definitely not all the same and their diversity is crucial when implementing housing policies.
Nicholas Cahill
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300084955
- eISBN:
- 9780300133004
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300084955.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter examines thirteen of the better-preserved dwellings, including houses of regular and irregular plans, houses that seem to be primarily domestic in nature, and houses in which other ...
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This chapter examines thirteen of the better-preserved dwellings, including houses of regular and irregular plans, houses that seem to be primarily domestic in nature, and houses in which other activities—trade, small-scale industry, and the like—took place. The selection of houses was chosen to include examples of both regular and irregularly planned houses, houses with different sorts of artifact assemblages and facilities, houses where different sorts of activities and patterns of organization are represented. Although the House of Many Colors is architecturally unusual, with sophisticated features such as the light well and the exedra south of the court, it still serves as a good introduction to the organization of space in Olynthian houses. In many respects the Villa of the Bronzes is similar in plan and use of space to the House of Many Colors. In the House of the Tiled Prothyron there is a relative scarcity of specialized domestic spaces.Less
This chapter examines thirteen of the better-preserved dwellings, including houses of regular and irregular plans, houses that seem to be primarily domestic in nature, and houses in which other activities—trade, small-scale industry, and the like—took place. The selection of houses was chosen to include examples of both regular and irregularly planned houses, houses with different sorts of artifact assemblages and facilities, houses where different sorts of activities and patterns of organization are represented. Although the House of Many Colors is architecturally unusual, with sophisticated features such as the light well and the exedra south of the court, it still serves as a good introduction to the organization of space in Olynthian houses. In many respects the Villa of the Bronzes is similar in plan and use of space to the House of Many Colors. In the House of the Tiled Prothyron there is a relative scarcity of specialized domestic spaces.
James J. Nolan, Jeri Kirby, and Ronald Althouse
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231151689
- eISBN:
- 9780231525282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231151689.003.0011
- Subject:
- Social Work, Communities and Organizations
This chapter reports on a study of neighborhoods in Manchester and Fineview to discuss the problems associated with rising crime and deteriorating police-community relations. Both neighborhoods were ...
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This chapter reports on a study of neighborhoods in Manchester and Fineview to discuss the problems associated with rising crime and deteriorating police-community relations. Both neighborhoods were qualitatively different in terms of the types of conflicts present within the neighborhoods and between the residents and the police. In Manchester, the residents were very cohesive and worked together to solve neighborhood problems such as open-air drug dealing and youth gangs. Although the residents were cohesive in some regards, Manchester was in a state of conflict with the police over contested terrain. On the other hand, the residents of Fineview were divided in two communities. The first group was represented as the Fineview Community Group (FCG), while the second was represented as the Dwellings. In the FCG, the police lacked the enthusiasm for the services outside police work that the members required of them. In contrast, police patrol acted like warriors in the high-crime area of the Dwellings.Less
This chapter reports on a study of neighborhoods in Manchester and Fineview to discuss the problems associated with rising crime and deteriorating police-community relations. Both neighborhoods were qualitatively different in terms of the types of conflicts present within the neighborhoods and between the residents and the police. In Manchester, the residents were very cohesive and worked together to solve neighborhood problems such as open-air drug dealing and youth gangs. Although the residents were cohesive in some regards, Manchester was in a state of conflict with the police over contested terrain. On the other hand, the residents of Fineview were divided in two communities. The first group was represented as the Fineview Community Group (FCG), while the second was represented as the Dwellings. In the FCG, the police lacked the enthusiasm for the services outside police work that the members required of them. In contrast, police patrol acted like warriors in the high-crime area of the Dwellings.
Graham Tipple
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853235040
- eISBN:
- 9781846313097
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846313097
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
Many countries have large stocks of government-built housing which, for various reasons, are in poor physical conditions and/or do not conform to the expectations of occupants, who frequently make ...
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Many countries have large stocks of government-built housing which, for various reasons, are in poor physical conditions and/or do not conform to the expectations of occupants, who frequently make unauthorised but quite considerable changes and extensions (transformations) to their dwellings. This book examines user-initiated transformations to government-built housing in Bangladesh, Egypt, Ghana, and Zimbabwe, surveyed in a research programme sponsored by the UK Department for International Development. The 1600 dwellings surveyed show how relatively low-income households are capable of supplying new rooms and services both to improve their own housing conditions and to supply rental rooms or accommodation for family members living rent-free. The new construction is often of at least as good quality as the original structures and sometime envelopes the original in a new skin. It is clear that transformation adds accommodation and services to existing housing, upgrades the housing stock, and creates variety out of uniformity. The study leads to policy suggestions to encourage transformations for the renewal of government housing. These include the provision of loan finance; the encouragement of co-operation between neighbours, especially in multi-storey housing; and the planned colonisation of open space next to the dwellings where plots are not provided. For new housing, it is clear that designs for new areas are only the beginning of an on-going development process rather than a blueprint for once-for-all development.Less
Many countries have large stocks of government-built housing which, for various reasons, are in poor physical conditions and/or do not conform to the expectations of occupants, who frequently make unauthorised but quite considerable changes and extensions (transformations) to their dwellings. This book examines user-initiated transformations to government-built housing in Bangladesh, Egypt, Ghana, and Zimbabwe, surveyed in a research programme sponsored by the UK Department for International Development. The 1600 dwellings surveyed show how relatively low-income households are capable of supplying new rooms and services both to improve their own housing conditions and to supply rental rooms or accommodation for family members living rent-free. The new construction is often of at least as good quality as the original structures and sometime envelopes the original in a new skin. It is clear that transformation adds accommodation and services to existing housing, upgrades the housing stock, and creates variety out of uniformity. The study leads to policy suggestions to encourage transformations for the renewal of government housing. These include the provision of loan finance; the encouragement of co-operation between neighbours, especially in multi-storey housing; and the planned colonisation of open space next to the dwellings where plots are not provided. For new housing, it is clear that designs for new areas are only the beginning of an on-going development process rather than a blueprint for once-for-all development.
Matthew P. Purtill
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813060408
- eISBN:
- 9780813050645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813060408.003.0002
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
Traditionally, evidence for domestic dwellings dating to the Late Archaic Period, here defined as between 6000 and 2650 B.P., has been rare and ephemeral. With the advent of CRM archaeology, however, ...
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Traditionally, evidence for domestic dwellings dating to the Late Archaic Period, here defined as between 6000 and 2650 B.P., has been rare and ephemeral. With the advent of CRM archaeology, however, the inventory of known structures in Ohio and surrounding regions has expanded considerably over the last 30 years. To date, several forms have been documented including circular, oval, C-shaped, and rectangular patterns. At certain sites, evidence points to use of only one form; whereas at other sites simultaneous use of more than one structural type is indicated. Although our knowledge of this early architecture has grown, no attempts have been made to synthesize available data in Ohio or along segments of the Ohio River (e.g., northern Kentucky, northwestern West Virginia). This chapter provides a complete inventory of all Late Archaic structures in the region and highlights possible chronological and regional trends in form, construction methods, and size.Less
Traditionally, evidence for domestic dwellings dating to the Late Archaic Period, here defined as between 6000 and 2650 B.P., has been rare and ephemeral. With the advent of CRM archaeology, however, the inventory of known structures in Ohio and surrounding regions has expanded considerably over the last 30 years. To date, several forms have been documented including circular, oval, C-shaped, and rectangular patterns. At certain sites, evidence points to use of only one form; whereas at other sites simultaneous use of more than one structural type is indicated. Although our knowledge of this early architecture has grown, no attempts have been made to synthesize available data in Ohio or along segments of the Ohio River (e.g., northern Kentucky, northwestern West Virginia). This chapter provides a complete inventory of all Late Archaic structures in the region and highlights possible chronological and regional trends in form, construction methods, and size.
W. E. B. DU BOIS
Nahum Dimitri Chandler (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823254545
- eISBN:
- 9780823260843
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823254545.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, American Philosophy
This chapter presents an essay by W. E. B. Du Bois on how the black race in the South meets and mingles with the whites, in matters of everyday life. It identifies the main lines of action and ...
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This chapter presents an essay by W. E. B. Du Bois on how the black race in the South meets and mingles with the whites, in matters of everyday life. It identifies the main lines of action and communication that the contact of men and their relations to each other fall into. First, there is the physical proximity of homes and dwelling places, the way in which neighborhoods group themselves, and the contiguity of neighborhoods. Second, there are the economic relations—the methods by which individuals cooperate for earning a living, for the mutual satisfaction of wants, for the production of wealth. Third are the political relations, the cooperation in social control in group government, in laying and paying the burden of taxation. In the fourth place there are the less tangible but highly important forms of intellectual contact and commerce, the interchange of ideas through conversation and conference, periodicals and libraries, and the gradual formation for each community of that curious tertium quid called public opinion. Finally, there are the varying forms of religious enterprise, of moral teaching and benevolent endeavor.Less
This chapter presents an essay by W. E. B. Du Bois on how the black race in the South meets and mingles with the whites, in matters of everyday life. It identifies the main lines of action and communication that the contact of men and their relations to each other fall into. First, there is the physical proximity of homes and dwelling places, the way in which neighborhoods group themselves, and the contiguity of neighborhoods. Second, there are the economic relations—the methods by which individuals cooperate for earning a living, for the mutual satisfaction of wants, for the production of wealth. Third are the political relations, the cooperation in social control in group government, in laying and paying the burden of taxation. In the fourth place there are the less tangible but highly important forms of intellectual contact and commerce, the interchange of ideas through conversation and conference, periodicals and libraries, and the gradual formation for each community of that curious tertium quid called public opinion. Finally, there are the varying forms of religious enterprise, of moral teaching and benevolent endeavor.
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853235040
- eISBN:
- 9781846313097
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780853235040.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter discusses the transformation of government-built housing. It covers the construction process; regulation by planning authorities; phases of transformation; scale; timing; cost; finance; ...
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This chapter discusses the transformation of government-built housing. It covers the construction process; regulation by planning authorities; phases of transformation; scale; timing; cost; finance; the housing adjustment process through transformation; why occupiers extend; and problems encountered.Less
This chapter discusses the transformation of government-built housing. It covers the construction process; regulation by planning authorities; phases of transformation; scale; timing; cost; finance; the housing adjustment process through transformation; why occupiers extend; and problems encountered.
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239031
- eISBN:
- 9781846313905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846313905.008
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter discusses the reconstruction of houses in Mostar. It covers light damage housing repair; medium and heavy damage housing repair programme; apartment block repair programme; and projects ...
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This chapter discusses the reconstruction of houses in Mostar. It covers light damage housing repair; medium and heavy damage housing repair programme; apartment block repair programme; and projects to repair component systems in dwellings which were not otherwise badly damaged. All these projects were directed by a housing committee. Just before Christmas 1996 they held the last meeting and a small reception afterwards to thank the numerous co-workers. The committee had met one hundred twenty times, executed forty-four contracts, and repaired six thousand five hundred houses with thirty-five thousand beneficiaries, expending a total of DM40 million.Less
This chapter discusses the reconstruction of houses in Mostar. It covers light damage housing repair; medium and heavy damage housing repair programme; apartment block repair programme; and projects to repair component systems in dwellings which were not otherwise badly damaged. All these projects were directed by a housing committee. Just before Christmas 1996 they held the last meeting and a small reception afterwards to thank the numerous co-workers. The committee had met one hundred twenty times, executed forty-four contracts, and repaired six thousand five hundred houses with thirty-five thousand beneficiaries, expending a total of DM40 million.
Andreas Seebacher
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239031
- eISBN:
- 9781846313905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846313905.009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter discusses the work of the German federal emergency organisation Technisches Hilfswerk (THW) in Mostar. It focuses on the repair of buildings and flats covered by two different ...
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This chapter discusses the work of the German federal emergency organisation Technisches Hilfswerk (THW) in Mostar. It focuses on the repair of buildings and flats covered by two different programmes. One programme, subdivided into several phases, dealt with the distribution of building materials to families, to allow the repair of their dwellings. Approximately 3700 families were helped between August 1994 and August 1996. The other one, the so-called ‘ad hoc measure programme’, tackled various interventions and covered approximately 2800 cases.Less
This chapter discusses the work of the German federal emergency organisation Technisches Hilfswerk (THW) in Mostar. It focuses on the repair of buildings and flats covered by two different programmes. One programme, subdivided into several phases, dealt with the distribution of building materials to families, to allow the repair of their dwellings. Approximately 3700 families were helped between August 1994 and August 1996. The other one, the so-called ‘ad hoc measure programme’, tackled various interventions and covered approximately 2800 cases.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781846316999
- eISBN:
- 9781846317064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317064.009
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines the conditions of the poor Irish migrants in Liverpool during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It explains that the Irish poor often sought warmth and comfort in ...
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This chapter examines the conditions of the poor Irish migrants in Liverpool during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It explains that the Irish poor often sought warmth and comfort in brightly lit public houses and some of them also lived in subterranean dwellings. There were around 39,000 people crammed into 7,800 cellars during the 1860s. This chapter also describes the living conditions of working–class Irish migrants who lived in confined spaces, either domestically or out on the bustling streets.Less
This chapter examines the conditions of the poor Irish migrants in Liverpool during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It explains that the Irish poor often sought warmth and comfort in brightly lit public houses and some of them also lived in subterranean dwellings. There were around 39,000 people crammed into 7,800 cellars during the 1860s. This chapter also describes the living conditions of working–class Irish migrants who lived in confined spaces, either domestically or out on the bustling streets.
Kathleen James-Chakraborty
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816673964
- eISBN:
- 9781452946047
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816673964.003.0019
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural History
This chapter discusses the transformation of domestic architecture in the nineteenth century. From the nineteenth century and up to the present, the English-speaking world developed a preference for ...
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This chapter discusses the transformation of domestic architecture in the nineteenth century. From the nineteenth century and up to the present, the English-speaking world developed a preference for detached or semidetached housing on the fringes of cities, thus separating dwelling from working, shopping, and governing. This separation occurred when the Industrial Revolution began moving more and more income-producing jobs away from the home to the factory or the office and also, through the railroad and the steamship, provided new ways of traveling between the two. The result was the suburb, as well as new ways of thinking about the importance of how buildings are made, organized, decorated, and inhabited. Nuclear family households were also seen by men and women as essential to upholding the moral values that were being eroded by industrialization. Many women championed this ideal, which they used to extend the accepted arena and authority of middle-class women as housewives and reformers. This sentimental view of the middle-class home, as well as early alternatives to it, in turn inspired reforms in decorative arts, domestic architecture, landscape architecture, and suburban planning.Less
This chapter discusses the transformation of domestic architecture in the nineteenth century. From the nineteenth century and up to the present, the English-speaking world developed a preference for detached or semidetached housing on the fringes of cities, thus separating dwelling from working, shopping, and governing. This separation occurred when the Industrial Revolution began moving more and more income-producing jobs away from the home to the factory or the office and also, through the railroad and the steamship, provided new ways of traveling between the two. The result was the suburb, as well as new ways of thinking about the importance of how buildings are made, organized, decorated, and inhabited. Nuclear family households were also seen by men and women as essential to upholding the moral values that were being eroded by industrialization. Many women championed this ideal, which they used to extend the accepted arena and authority of middle-class women as housewives and reformers. This sentimental view of the middle-class home, as well as early alternatives to it, in turn inspired reforms in decorative arts, domestic architecture, landscape architecture, and suburban planning.
Gideon Avni
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199684335
- eISBN:
- 9780191765001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199684335.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter details the settlement processes and ethno-religious variability in four cities: Caesarea Maritima, the capital of Palestina Prima in the Byzantine period and a major commercial centre, ...
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This chapter details the settlement processes and ethno-religious variability in four cities: Caesarea Maritima, the capital of Palestina Prima in the Byzantine period and a major commercial centre, which was transferred into a medium-sized town; Beth Shean, the capital of Palestina Secunda, which went through a similar process of abatement, evolving into a local hub; Tiberias, a medium-sized Byzantine town that became the capital of Jund al-Urdunn in Early Islamic times and expanded dramatically in area and population; and Gerasa/Jarash, a thriving Byzantine city which continued to flourish in the Early Islamic period. The discussion concentrates on urban layout and zoning, the ethno-religious affiliation of these cities’ populations, and the agricultural hinterlands. An alternative approach is presented for the mechanism of urban change, suggesting a complicated process of gradual changes and a slow and delayed response to the political events of the seventh century.Less
This chapter details the settlement processes and ethno-religious variability in four cities: Caesarea Maritima, the capital of Palestina Prima in the Byzantine period and a major commercial centre, which was transferred into a medium-sized town; Beth Shean, the capital of Palestina Secunda, which went through a similar process of abatement, evolving into a local hub; Tiberias, a medium-sized Byzantine town that became the capital of Jund al-Urdunn in Early Islamic times and expanded dramatically in area and population; and Gerasa/Jarash, a thriving Byzantine city which continued to flourish in the Early Islamic period. The discussion concentrates on urban layout and zoning, the ethno-religious affiliation of these cities’ populations, and the agricultural hinterlands. An alternative approach is presented for the mechanism of urban change, suggesting a complicated process of gradual changes and a slow and delayed response to the political events of the seventh century.
David George Surdam
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190211561
- eISBN:
- 9780190211608
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190211561.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Improved infrastructure affected Americans’ leisure choices during the twentieth century. Automobiles and improved roads, suburbanization, and electricity contributed to the rising standard of ...
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Improved infrastructure affected Americans’ leisure choices during the twentieth century. Automobiles and improved roads, suburbanization, and electricity contributed to the rising standard of living. Automobiles and the burgeoning freeway system made travel for leisure easier and safer and changed leisure patterns. Americans demonstrated their preference for single-family dwellings in their exodus from city tenements to suburban sprawl. Electricity made Americans more productive at work and at home, as electrical appliances reduced the physical drudgery, if not the actual hours, of housekeeping. Air conditioning depended upon widespread electrical service. Suburban, air-conditioned homes created new patterns of leisure, including drive-in movies, backyard barbeques, and home do-it-yourself projects. The diffusion of televisions and the postwar suburbanization pointed toward an emphasis on domestic togetherness.Less
Improved infrastructure affected Americans’ leisure choices during the twentieth century. Automobiles and improved roads, suburbanization, and electricity contributed to the rising standard of living. Automobiles and the burgeoning freeway system made travel for leisure easier and safer and changed leisure patterns. Americans demonstrated their preference for single-family dwellings in their exodus from city tenements to suburban sprawl. Electricity made Americans more productive at work and at home, as electrical appliances reduced the physical drudgery, if not the actual hours, of housekeeping. Air conditioning depended upon widespread electrical service. Suburban, air-conditioned homes created new patterns of leisure, including drive-in movies, backyard barbeques, and home do-it-yourself projects. The diffusion of televisions and the postwar suburbanization pointed toward an emphasis on domestic togetherness.
Julian Thomas
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199681969
- eISBN:
- 9780191804793
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199681969.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter considers the significance of timber halls and houses in the Early Neolithic. It argues that hall-building marked the process by which communities ‘became Neolithic’, for it brought ...
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This chapter considers the significance of timber halls and houses in the Early Neolithic. It argues that hall-building marked the process by which communities ‘became Neolithic’, for it brought about a transformation of social relationships. The foundation of house societies created bounded groups, attached to a body of wealth and a physical structure. Hall-building introduced discontinuity into both space and society. The hall itself was often literally a store of collective wealth, in the form of grain, hazelnuts, and other foodstuffs. This wealth provided one of the means by which the community enhanced its solidarity and engaged in competition, through conspicuous consumption. Another lay in the expenditure of effort on the hall buildings, which became progressively more monumental and elaborate.Less
This chapter considers the significance of timber halls and houses in the Early Neolithic. It argues that hall-building marked the process by which communities ‘became Neolithic’, for it brought about a transformation of social relationships. The foundation of house societies created bounded groups, attached to a body of wealth and a physical structure. Hall-building introduced discontinuity into both space and society. The hall itself was often literally a store of collective wealth, in the form of grain, hazelnuts, and other foodstuffs. This wealth provided one of the means by which the community enhanced its solidarity and engaged in competition, through conspicuous consumption. Another lay in the expenditure of effort on the hall buildings, which became progressively more monumental and elaborate.
