Tsuneo Ishikawa
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288626
- eISBN:
- 9780191596469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828862X.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter begins by providing an overview of the basic arguments of the dual labour market approach and of previous attempts to construct a formal analytical framework, and, by drawing attention ...
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This chapter begins by providing an overview of the basic arguments of the dual labour market approach and of previous attempts to construct a formal analytical framework, and, by drawing attention to some important but neglected points, proposes a synthesis with which to understand the working of the labour market. Section 5.1 examines various empirical criticisms of the neoclassical theory, and discusses the need for a new analytical framework as well as the features that must be incorporated into such a framework; the section also serves as an introduction to the theoretical discussion that follows. Section 5.2 considers the determinants of the division of labour and of technology that are treated as exogenous in the neoclassical theory from a historical and political‐economy viewpoint, and also briefly surveys the historical process that gave rise to the internal labour markets of firms ( the key concept in this approach). Section 5.3 discusses the content of the dual labour market hypothesis, and Sect. 5.4 constructs a model of the economy with dual labour markets and analyses the determinants of earnings distribution in the long run, also examining points of controversy with the neoclassical approach. Section 5.5 presents an analytical framework embodying the theory of incentive‐dependent exchange, derives implications on the allocation of employment opportunities and the distribution of earnings, and discusses in what respects this theory competes with the neoclassical theory.Less
This chapter begins by providing an overview of the basic arguments of the dual labour market approach and of previous attempts to construct a formal analytical framework, and, by drawing attention to some important but neglected points, proposes a synthesis with which to understand the working of the labour market. Section 5.1 examines various empirical criticisms of the neoclassical theory, and discusses the need for a new analytical framework as well as the features that must be incorporated into such a framework; the section also serves as an introduction to the theoretical discussion that follows. Section 5.2 considers the determinants of the division of labour and of technology that are treated as exogenous in the neoclassical theory from a historical and political‐economy viewpoint, and also briefly surveys the historical process that gave rise to the internal labour markets of firms ( the key concept in this approach). Section 5.3 discusses the content of the dual labour market hypothesis, and Sect. 5.4 constructs a model of the economy with dual labour markets and analyses the determinants of earnings distribution in the long run, also examining points of controversy with the neoclassical approach. Section 5.5 presents an analytical framework embodying the theory of incentive‐dependent exchange, derives implications on the allocation of employment opportunities and the distribution of earnings, and discusses in what respects this theory competes with the neoclassical theory.
Tsuneo Ishikawa
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288626
- eISBN:
- 9780191596469
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828862X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Income and wealth have long formed an important focus for economic research, with economists keen to answer the following kinds of questions: why do we pay people who work equally hard different ...
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Income and wealth have long formed an important focus for economic research, with economists keen to answer the following kinds of questions: why do we pay people who work equally hard different levels of income; why are some workers more motivated than others; how does the market economy provide jobs that meet the expectations of experienced workers; what is the relationship between economic growth and income distribution; why do people save; and are there any market forces which restrain the tendency towards accumulation of wealth by individuals and enhancement of inequality over generations? This book systematically examines and evaluates the economic arguments arising from these questions with the overall aim of explaining how income and wealth are produced and distributed. Using empirical data from the USA, the UK, and Japan, Ishikawa examines both the neoclassical and dual labour market approaches to income and wealth distribution, assesses the circumstances in which each is most appropriate, and examines to what extent they can be integrated. Unusually, he not only analyses income distribution as the consequence of economic activities but also focuses on the process of obtaining income––especially on how the content of different jobs can influence employment and income distribution. In the real market economy, the tax system, social welfare, and the provision of public goods all contribute to income redistribution. Ishikawa acknowledges this, but argues that a correct understanding of how the labour market produces differences in income and wealth is vital for informed study of the issue of income redistribution. He suggests, furthermore, that a full understanding of income and wealth in developed market economies may be beneficial in dealing with problems of income distribution in developing economies, while drawing attention to the need for an international redistribution of income and wealth.Less
Income and wealth have long formed an important focus for economic research, with economists keen to answer the following kinds of questions: why do we pay people who work equally hard different levels of income; why are some workers more motivated than others; how does the market economy provide jobs that meet the expectations of experienced workers; what is the relationship between economic growth and income distribution; why do people save; and are there any market forces which restrain the tendency towards accumulation of wealth by individuals and enhancement of inequality over generations? This book systematically examines and evaluates the economic arguments arising from these questions with the overall aim of explaining how income and wealth are produced and distributed. Using empirical data from the USA, the UK, and Japan, Ishikawa examines both the neoclassical and dual labour market approaches to income and wealth distribution, assesses the circumstances in which each is most appropriate, and examines to what extent they can be integrated. Unusually, he not only analyses income distribution as the consequence of economic activities but also focuses on the process of obtaining income––especially on how the content of different jobs can influence employment and income distribution. In the real market economy, the tax system, social welfare, and the provision of public goods all contribute to income redistribution. Ishikawa acknowledges this, but argues that a correct understanding of how the labour market produces differences in income and wealth is vital for informed study of the issue of income redistribution. He suggests, furthermore, that a full understanding of income and wealth in developed market economies may be beneficial in dealing with problems of income distribution in developing economies, while drawing attention to the need for an international redistribution of income and wealth.
Tsuneo Ishikawa
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288626
- eISBN:
- 9780191596469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828862X.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
What kind of contribution will the theories developed so far make to an understanding of the working of the labour market? From among the various important topics concerning the Japanese labour ...
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What kind of contribution will the theories developed so far make to an understanding of the working of the labour market? From among the various important topics concerning the Japanese labour market, this chapter focuses on its dualistic structure, which has for years caught the attention of many researchers. The chapter consists of two sections. Section 6.1 reviews the meaning of the dualistic wage structure in Japan, and discusses the theoretical rationale for its emergence. Section 6.2 is devoted to an empirical test of whether the entry fee/bond mechanism believed to have the role of removing the entry barrier to the internal labour market actually operated in Japan, by examining the cohort wage profiles of male new school graduates and their movement over time––the supposition being that, if such a mechanism were ever to operate, it would do so by way of generating a seniority wage element that would necessarily be anti‐cyclical in nature. The focus is placed on the new school graduates market because it is the principal port of entry into the internal labour market in Japan, and has previously been regarded as a very competitive one.Less
What kind of contribution will the theories developed so far make to an understanding of the working of the labour market? From among the various important topics concerning the Japanese labour market, this chapter focuses on its dualistic structure, which has for years caught the attention of many researchers. The chapter consists of two sections. Section 6.1 reviews the meaning of the dualistic wage structure in Japan, and discusses the theoretical rationale for its emergence. Section 6.2 is devoted to an empirical test of whether the entry fee/bond mechanism believed to have the role of removing the entry barrier to the internal labour market actually operated in Japan, by examining the cohort wage profiles of male new school graduates and their movement over time––the supposition being that, if such a mechanism were ever to operate, it would do so by way of generating a seniority wage element that would necessarily be anti‐cyclical in nature. The focus is placed on the new school graduates market because it is the principal port of entry into the internal labour market in Japan, and has previously been regarded as a very competitive one.
Cristina Iannelli and Asunción Bonmatí
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199252473
- eISBN:
- 9780191601958
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199252475.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Investigates differences and similarities in the school-to-work transition patterns in Italy and Spain and the institutional factors (education, labour market, and family) from which they originate. ...
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Investigates differences and similarities in the school-to-work transition patterns in Italy and Spain and the institutional factors (education, labour market, and family) from which they originate. The study highlights that the main differences in young people’s transitions between the two countries are accounted for by the extraordinary expansion of tertiary education and the massive use of temporary contracts in Spain. These two factors contribute to explaining country differences in the relationship between young people’s educational attainment and initial labour market outcomes. Despite these differences two important similarities between Italy and Spain emerge from the analyses: the vulnerability of young people’s position in their early occupational career and their strong dependence on the family of origin.Less
Investigates differences and similarities in the school-to-work transition patterns in Italy and Spain and the institutional factors (education, labour market, and family) from which they originate. The study highlights that the main differences in young people’s transitions between the two countries are accounted for by the extraordinary expansion of tertiary education and the massive use of temporary contracts in Spain. These two factors contribute to explaining country differences in the relationship between young people’s educational attainment and initial labour market outcomes. Despite these differences two important similarities between Italy and Spain emerge from the analyses: the vulnerability of young people’s position in their early occupational career and their strong dependence on the family of origin.
Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250936
- eISBN:
- 9780191594847
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250936.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
During the nineteenth century, the proportion of UK migrants heading to empire destinations, especially to Canada, Australia and New Zealand, increased substantially and remained high. They included ...
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During the nineteenth century, the proportion of UK migrants heading to empire destinations, especially to Canada, Australia and New Zealand, increased substantially and remained high. They included so‐called ‘surplus women’ and ‘children in care’, shipped overseas to ease perceived social problems at home. However, empire migrants also included entrepreneurs and indentured labourers from south Asia, Africa and the Pacific (plus others from the Far East, outside the empire), who relocated in huge numbers with equally transformative effects in, for example, central and southern Africa, the Caribbean, Ceylon, Mauritius and Fiji. The UK at the core of empire was also the recipient of empire migrants, especially from the ‘New Commonwealth’ after 1945. Analysis of these several flows shows that migrants— whatever their origins— similarly responded to pressures at home, perceived opportunities overseas, and, in many cases, the recruiting efforts of governments and entrepreneurs; and they all eventually benefited from improved forms of transportation. All shared similar challenges in transferring and adapting their cultural identities, and the rewards of migration likewise varied among them, as an analysis of return migration reveals. But differences are also evident, since many non‐white migrants were recruited into the lower level of a dual labour market headed by a white elite, and immigration controls limited non‐white entry even of British subjects into the ‘white’ dominions, and later into the UK. Legacies remain, but political change and shifts in the global labour market had eroded by the 1970s the once intimate relationship between migration and empire.Less
During the nineteenth century, the proportion of UK migrants heading to empire destinations, especially to Canada, Australia and New Zealand, increased substantially and remained high. They included so‐called ‘surplus women’ and ‘children in care’, shipped overseas to ease perceived social problems at home. However, empire migrants also included entrepreneurs and indentured labourers from south Asia, Africa and the Pacific (plus others from the Far East, outside the empire), who relocated in huge numbers with equally transformative effects in, for example, central and southern Africa, the Caribbean, Ceylon, Mauritius and Fiji. The UK at the core of empire was also the recipient of empire migrants, especially from the ‘New Commonwealth’ after 1945. Analysis of these several flows shows that migrants— whatever their origins— similarly responded to pressures at home, perceived opportunities overseas, and, in many cases, the recruiting efforts of governments and entrepreneurs; and they all eventually benefited from improved forms of transportation. All shared similar challenges in transferring and adapting their cultural identities, and the rewards of migration likewise varied among them, as an analysis of return migration reveals. But differences are also evident, since many non‐white migrants were recruited into the lower level of a dual labour market headed by a white elite, and immigration controls limited non‐white entry even of British subjects into the ‘white’ dominions, and later into the UK. Legacies remain, but political change and shifts in the global labour market had eroded by the 1970s the once intimate relationship between migration and empire.
Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250936
- eISBN:
- 9780191594847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250936.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
Much of the functioning of the imperial economy depended on the movement of ‘non‐white’ migrants, especially indentured labourers. Some were recruited in the Pacific islands for work in Queensland, ...
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Much of the functioning of the imperial economy depended on the movement of ‘non‐white’ migrants, especially indentured labourers. Some were recruited in the Pacific islands for work in Queensland, until Australian legislation obliged almost all to leave. Most were from India, and worked especially on plantations in the Caribbean, Fiji, Natal, Malaya, Mauritius, and Ceylon. Many others, also especially from India, were free migrants, responding to domestic pressures and taking up perceived labour and entrepreneurial opportunities as in East and southern Africa. Similarly motivated were Chinese immigrants. Most such people fitted into the dual labour market model, working under white supervision, often temporarily overseas. Large numbers, often maintaining their cultural identities, also settled abroad, though entry and settlement were made difficult until recently by immigration controls erected around white settler societies.Less
Much of the functioning of the imperial economy depended on the movement of ‘non‐white’ migrants, especially indentured labourers. Some were recruited in the Pacific islands for work in Queensland, until Australian legislation obliged almost all to leave. Most were from India, and worked especially on plantations in the Caribbean, Fiji, Natal, Malaya, Mauritius, and Ceylon. Many others, also especially from India, were free migrants, responding to domestic pressures and taking up perceived labour and entrepreneurial opportunities as in East and southern Africa. Similarly motivated were Chinese immigrants. Most such people fitted into the dual labour market model, working under white supervision, often temporarily overseas. Large numbers, often maintaining their cultural identities, also settled abroad, though entry and settlement were made difficult until recently by immigration controls erected around white settler societies.
A. B. Atkinson
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292166
- eISBN:
- 9780191595875
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292163.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The theoretical models used, explicitly or implicitly, in policy analysis tend to ignore much relevant real‐world complexities. This chapter considers the incidence of tax reform in a model that ...
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The theoretical models used, explicitly or implicitly, in policy analysis tend to ignore much relevant real‐world complexities. This chapter considers the incidence of tax reform in a model that allows for labour market segmentation.Less
The theoretical models used, explicitly or implicitly, in policy analysis tend to ignore much relevant real‐world complexities. This chapter considers the incidence of tax reform in a model that allows for labour market segmentation.
Patrick Emmenegger, Silja Häusermann, Bruno Palier, and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199797899
- eISBN:
- 9780199933488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199797899.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter introduces the concept of dualization. Poverty, inequality, and social exclusion are back on the political agenda in many rich democracies of Western Europe and North America, not only ...
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This chapter introduces the concept of dualization. Poverty, inequality, and social exclusion are back on the political agenda in many rich democracies of Western Europe and North America, not only as a consequence of the Great Recession that hit the global economy in 2008. It argues that the translation of structural pressures into policies and outcomes has to be understood as a political process. Dualization is a political process that is characterized by the differential treatment of insiders and outsiders and that can take the form of newly created institutional dualisms or the deepening of existing institutional dualisms (policy output). Thereby, changes in the labor market are translated into the social policy realm, where new distinctions arise or old institutional distinctions are re-activated. Feedback effects and vicious circles are likely to strengthen this effect because weak labor attachment and social exclusion are associated with weaker political representation.Less
This chapter introduces the concept of dualization. Poverty, inequality, and social exclusion are back on the political agenda in many rich democracies of Western Europe and North America, not only as a consequence of the Great Recession that hit the global economy in 2008. It argues that the translation of structural pressures into policies and outcomes has to be understood as a political process. Dualization is a political process that is characterized by the differential treatment of insiders and outsiders and that can take the form of newly created institutional dualisms or the deepening of existing institutional dualisms (policy output). Thereby, changes in the labor market are translated into the social policy realm, where new distinctions arise or old institutional distinctions are re-activated. Feedback effects and vicious circles are likely to strengthen this effect because weak labor attachment and social exclusion are associated with weaker political representation.
Tsuneo Ishikawa
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288626
- eISBN:
- 9780191596469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828862X.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This final chapter summarizes the arguments made in previous chapters, presents conclusions, and also lists topics for future research on income and wealth. It points out that the new contribution of ...
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This final chapter summarizes the arguments made in previous chapters, presents conclusions, and also lists topics for future research on income and wealth. It points out that the new contribution of this book is that it systematically reviews the two contrasting views of the labour market––the neoclassical competitive labour market and the dual labour market, and unifies them theoretically as the theory of employment and income determination.Less
This final chapter summarizes the arguments made in previous chapters, presents conclusions, and also lists topics for future research on income and wealth. It points out that the new contribution of this book is that it systematically reviews the two contrasting views of the labour market––the neoclassical competitive labour market and the dual labour market, and unifies them theoretically as the theory of employment and income determination.
Kenneth Hudson and Arne L. Kalleberg
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447348603
- eISBN:
- 9781447348658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447348603.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
In January 2018, about 17 percent of the workforce in the United States had a part-time job. Part-time employment increased between 1955 and the 1980s as large numbers of women entered the ...
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In January 2018, about 17 percent of the workforce in the United States had a part-time job. Part-time employment increased between 1955 and the 1980s as large numbers of women entered the workforce. Since then it has fluctuated in response to rising and falling unemployment. The majority of part-time workers are between 24 and 60 and about two-thirds are women, who often divide their time between work and family. Like other forms of nonstandard work, part-time workers are more likely to have bad jobs, and they are more apt to live in families that are poor, even when controlling for a multitude of labor related variables. Although some part-time jobs offer health and retirement benefits and wages above the poverty threshold, most do not. Only a small share of part-time jobs-between 16 and 17 percent-are located in the primary labor market. When compared to whites, we find that blacks, Hispanic non-citizens, and persons of mixed-race descent are more likely to work part-time. Part-time workers in these groups are also more likely to have jobs in the secondary labor market. Finally, we find that as percentage of part-time workers in occupations increases, the negative effect on job quality associated with the percentage of women in an occupation is greatly reduced or disappearLess
In January 2018, about 17 percent of the workforce in the United States had a part-time job. Part-time employment increased between 1955 and the 1980s as large numbers of women entered the workforce. Since then it has fluctuated in response to rising and falling unemployment. The majority of part-time workers are between 24 and 60 and about two-thirds are women, who often divide their time between work and family. Like other forms of nonstandard work, part-time workers are more likely to have bad jobs, and they are more apt to live in families that are poor, even when controlling for a multitude of labor related variables. Although some part-time jobs offer health and retirement benefits and wages above the poverty threshold, most do not. Only a small share of part-time jobs-between 16 and 17 percent-are located in the primary labor market. When compared to whites, we find that blacks, Hispanic non-citizens, and persons of mixed-race descent are more likely to work part-time. Part-time workers in these groups are also more likely to have jobs in the secondary labor market. Finally, we find that as percentage of part-time workers in occupations increases, the negative effect on job quality associated with the percentage of women in an occupation is greatly reduced or disappear
Marjory Harper and Stephen Constantine
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199250936
- eISBN:
- 9780191594847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250936.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter opens by describing the changing volume of UK emigration, particularly though not only to empire destinations (and not only to the colonies of ‘white settlement’), as well as the ...
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This chapter opens by describing the changing volume of UK emigration, particularly though not only to empire destinations (and not only to the colonies of ‘white settlement’), as well as the movement of non‐white migrants around the empire and of others entering from outside. It then sets the agenda for the rest of the book. The relationship between migrant flows, using a dual labour market model, and immigration into the UK (from empire periphery to empire core) are to be addressed. Migrant experiences will be compared, and the roles of colonial and imperial governments and other agencies in affecting migrant flows explored. Chapters consider some of the economic, social, environmental, political and demographic consequences of empire migration (including the impact on indigenous peoples) and also the volume, causes and consequences of return migration.Less
This chapter opens by describing the changing volume of UK emigration, particularly though not only to empire destinations (and not only to the colonies of ‘white settlement’), as well as the movement of non‐white migrants around the empire and of others entering from outside. It then sets the agenda for the rest of the book. The relationship between migrant flows, using a dual labour market model, and immigration into the UK (from empire periphery to empire core) are to be addressed. Migrant experiences will be compared, and the roles of colonial and imperial governments and other agencies in affecting migrant flows explored. Chapters consider some of the economic, social, environmental, political and demographic consequences of empire migration (including the impact on indigenous peoples) and also the volume, causes and consequences of return migration.
Virginia Doellgast, Nathan Lillie, and Valeria Pulignano
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198791843
- eISBN:
- 9780191834110
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198791843.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This introductory chapter develops an original framework to explain why unions are more or less successful in containing the spread of precarious work. It argues that employment precarity is both an ...
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This introductory chapter develops an original framework to explain why unions are more or less successful in containing the spread of precarious work. It argues that employment precarity is both an outcome of and a central contributing factor to a mutually reinforcing feedback relationship between labour market, welfare state, and collective bargaining institutions; worker identity and identification; and employer and union strategies. This framework builds on academic discussions of institutional change, dualism, and precarious work from three broad research traditions: comparative political economy, critical sociology, and comparative employment relations. The chapter reviews this literature, outlines the framework, and discusses the chapter findings in the book with reference to the framework.Less
This introductory chapter develops an original framework to explain why unions are more or less successful in containing the spread of precarious work. It argues that employment precarity is both an outcome of and a central contributing factor to a mutually reinforcing feedback relationship between labour market, welfare state, and collective bargaining institutions; worker identity and identification; and employer and union strategies. This framework builds on academic discussions of institutional change, dualism, and precarious work from three broad research traditions: comparative political economy, critical sociology, and comparative employment relations. The chapter reviews this literature, outlines the framework, and discusses the chapter findings in the book with reference to the framework.
Georg Menz
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198714101
- eISBN:
- 9780191782657
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198714101.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Employment Law
This chapter examines the political economy of employers’ advocacy of their ‘need’ for migrant workers, focusing on posted workers and temporary labour migration to the UK and Germany. Posted workers ...
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This chapter examines the political economy of employers’ advocacy of their ‘need’ for migrant workers, focusing on posted workers and temporary labour migration to the UK and Germany. Posted workers are those moving as adjuncts to employers’ transnational service provision under EU law, as exemplified in the Viking Line and Laval cases. It argues that employers proactively use and abuse these forms of migration as a tool to achieve more pronounced disparities in wages and working conditions, that is, to bifurcate labour markets. Drawing on scholarship on dual labour markets, the chapter identifies how migration exacerbates this phenomenon in both the traditionally strongly regulated German labour market, and the more deregulated UK.Less
This chapter examines the political economy of employers’ advocacy of their ‘need’ for migrant workers, focusing on posted workers and temporary labour migration to the UK and Germany. Posted workers are those moving as adjuncts to employers’ transnational service provision under EU law, as exemplified in the Viking Line and Laval cases. It argues that employers proactively use and abuse these forms of migration as a tool to achieve more pronounced disparities in wages and working conditions, that is, to bifurcate labour markets. Drawing on scholarship on dual labour markets, the chapter identifies how migration exacerbates this phenomenon in both the traditionally strongly regulated German labour market, and the more deregulated UK.
Mari Miura
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451058
- eISBN:
- 9780801465925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451058.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
This book explores the characteristics of the Japanese social protection system, its historical development, and the political mechanisms that produced it. It argues that the Japanese social ...
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This book explores the characteristics of the Japanese social protection system, its historical development, and the political mechanisms that produced it. It argues that the Japanese social protection system should be understood as a system of “welfare through work,” in which employment protection has functionally substituted income maintenance. The book also examines how Japan's highly gendered dual labor market, through its flexibility, was able to support the coexistence of strong employment protection and high employment rates. It shows that labor market reforms since the 1990s altered the connection between work and welfare and made the welfare through work system dysfunctional and unsustainable. The Japanese government, it contends, has failed to update and modernize the system to cope with new social risks.Less
This book explores the characteristics of the Japanese social protection system, its historical development, and the political mechanisms that produced it. It argues that the Japanese social protection system should be understood as a system of “welfare through work,” in which employment protection has functionally substituted income maintenance. The book also examines how Japan's highly gendered dual labor market, through its flexibility, was able to support the coexistence of strong employment protection and high employment rates. It shows that labor market reforms since the 1990s altered the connection between work and welfare and made the welfare through work system dysfunctional and unsustainable. The Japanese government, it contends, has failed to update and modernize the system to cope with new social risks.
Guy Davidov
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198825272
- eISBN:
- 9780191863998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198825272.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
Redistribution is considered one of the main goals of labour law. When we refer to redistribution as a goal, we usually do so, implicitly, as shorthand for distributive justice. The goal of this ...
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Redistribution is considered one of the main goals of labour law. When we refer to redistribution as a goal, we usually do so, implicitly, as shorthand for distributive justice. The goal of this chapter is to explore theories of distributive justice, and ask to what extent current labour laws are in line with those ideas, and what else can (or should) labour law do to advance this goal. Several theories are examined: that distributive justice should be based on ‘desert’; theories of distributional equality—notably, luck egalitarianism—which demand redistribution in order to achieve equality in distribution; and theories of redistribution as instrumental to the advancement of equality. At the end of each section, the possible implications for labour law are briefly considered, both in terms of employer–employee relations and in terms of intra-worker distribution. The question will be: what kinds of labour market regulations (if at all) can be supported by each distributive justice theory? Specifically, to what extent do these theories justify existing labour laws? Then in the concluding section some remarks are offered on one area that requires new labour law regulations to address distributive justice concerns: in the light of the previous sections, several steps are suggested that should be taken to address divisions in two-tier and dual labour markets.Less
Redistribution is considered one of the main goals of labour law. When we refer to redistribution as a goal, we usually do so, implicitly, as shorthand for distributive justice. The goal of this chapter is to explore theories of distributive justice, and ask to what extent current labour laws are in line with those ideas, and what else can (or should) labour law do to advance this goal. Several theories are examined: that distributive justice should be based on ‘desert’; theories of distributional equality—notably, luck egalitarianism—which demand redistribution in order to achieve equality in distribution; and theories of redistribution as instrumental to the advancement of equality. At the end of each section, the possible implications for labour law are briefly considered, both in terms of employer–employee relations and in terms of intra-worker distribution. The question will be: what kinds of labour market regulations (if at all) can be supported by each distributive justice theory? Specifically, to what extent do these theories justify existing labour laws? Then in the concluding section some remarks are offered on one area that requires new labour law regulations to address distributive justice concerns: in the light of the previous sections, several steps are suggested that should be taken to address divisions in two-tier and dual labour markets.
Ada Ferrer-i-Carbonell, Xavier Ramos, and Mónica Oviedo
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199687428
- eISBN:
- 9780191767142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199687428.003.0026
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
In contrast with many other European and OECD countries, income inequality has, with the exception of two recession episodes, decreased over the last 30 years. Nevertheless, Spain still remains one ...
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In contrast with many other European and OECD countries, income inequality has, with the exception of two recession episodes, decreased over the last 30 years. Nevertheless, Spain still remains one of the most unequal countries in EU15. The most important determinants of this inequality reduction have been earnings compression, changes in the tax system, and the large increase in redistributive social expenditures. The current deep economic recession may change the picture for the coming years, as inequality is already starting to increase. In addition, socio-economic features may jeopardize the future well-being of Spaniards, and increase income and social inequalities. These features can be summarized as: the current polarization of education outcomes, the existing duality in the labour market, the traditionally high unemployment rates, the relatively high share of low-skilled workers in low productivity industries, and the large household private debt that makes many households very vulnerable.Less
In contrast with many other European and OECD countries, income inequality has, with the exception of two recession episodes, decreased over the last 30 years. Nevertheless, Spain still remains one of the most unequal countries in EU15. The most important determinants of this inequality reduction have been earnings compression, changes in the tax system, and the large increase in redistributive social expenditures. The current deep economic recession may change the picture for the coming years, as inequality is already starting to increase. In addition, socio-economic features may jeopardize the future well-being of Spaniards, and increase income and social inequalities. These features can be summarized as: the current polarization of education outcomes, the existing duality in the labour market, the traditionally high unemployment rates, the relatively high share of low-skilled workers in low productivity industries, and the large household private debt that makes many households very vulnerable.
Jaejoon Woo
- Published in print:
- 2022
- Published Online:
- June 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780198864424
- eISBN:
- 9780191896576
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198864424.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
Importantly, standard aggregate measures of inequality mask much more pronounced changes in wage dispersion in many different dimensions, such as firm size, industry (manufacturing versus service, or ...
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Importantly, standard aggregate measures of inequality mask much more pronounced changes in wage dispersion in many different dimensions, such as firm size, industry (manufacturing versus service, or high- versus low-technology industry), types of occupation, employment status, educational level, gender, and age. Wage inequality reflects individual differences in talent and motivation, but there are also significant socioeconomic, structural, and cultural causes. Chapter 6 explores the underlying drivers of wage inequalities in multiple areas, presenting a new analysis. The common forces such as new technology, automation, globalization, sectoral shifts, and changing skill requirements of the workforce are important drivers. But wage disparities also reflect long-standing structural problems, including gaping disparities between productive and unproductive sectors, labor market rigidities and duality, and outdated business regulations. Our analysis shows that the structural problems amplify wage differentials, while causing misallocations of labor and hence lower productivity. Therefore, addressing productivity disparities could help boost economic growth and at the same time reduce wage disparities in some important ways.Less
Importantly, standard aggregate measures of inequality mask much more pronounced changes in wage dispersion in many different dimensions, such as firm size, industry (manufacturing versus service, or high- versus low-technology industry), types of occupation, employment status, educational level, gender, and age. Wage inequality reflects individual differences in talent and motivation, but there are also significant socioeconomic, structural, and cultural causes. Chapter 6 explores the underlying drivers of wage inequalities in multiple areas, presenting a new analysis. The common forces such as new technology, automation, globalization, sectoral shifts, and changing skill requirements of the workforce are important drivers. But wage disparities also reflect long-standing structural problems, including gaping disparities between productive and unproductive sectors, labor market rigidities and duality, and outdated business regulations. Our analysis shows that the structural problems amplify wage differentials, while causing misallocations of labor and hence lower productivity. Therefore, addressing productivity disparities could help boost economic growth and at the same time reduce wage disparities in some important ways.
Virginia Doellgast, Nathan Lillie, and Valeria Pulignano (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- February 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198791843
- eISBN:
- 9780191834110
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198791843.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Reconstructing Solidarity is a book about unions’ struggles against the expansion of precarious work in Europe, and the implications of these struggles for worker solidarity and institutional change. ...
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Reconstructing Solidarity is a book about unions’ struggles against the expansion of precarious work in Europe, and the implications of these struggles for worker solidarity and institutional change. The authors argue against the ‘dualization’ thesis that unions act primarily to protect labour market insiders at the expense of outsiders, finding instead that most unions attempt to organize and represent precarious workers. They explain differences in union success in terms of how they build, or fail to build, inclusive worker solidarity, in countries or industries with more or less inclusive institutions. Where unions can limit employers’ ability to ‘exit’ from labour market institutions and collective agreements and build solidarity across different groups of workers, this results in a virtuous circle, establishing union control over the labour market. Where they fail to do so, it sets in motion a vicious circle of expanding precarity based on institutional evasion by employers. The book builds its argument on comparative case studies from Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Contributors describe the struggles of workers and unions in diverse industries such as local government, music, metalworking, chemicals, meatpacking, and logistics.Less
Reconstructing Solidarity is a book about unions’ struggles against the expansion of precarious work in Europe, and the implications of these struggles for worker solidarity and institutional change. The authors argue against the ‘dualization’ thesis that unions act primarily to protect labour market insiders at the expense of outsiders, finding instead that most unions attempt to organize and represent precarious workers. They explain differences in union success in terms of how they build, or fail to build, inclusive worker solidarity, in countries or industries with more or less inclusive institutions. Where unions can limit employers’ ability to ‘exit’ from labour market institutions and collective agreements and build solidarity across different groups of workers, this results in a virtuous circle, establishing union control over the labour market. Where they fail to do so, it sets in motion a vicious circle of expanding precarity based on institutional evasion by employers. The book builds its argument on comparative case studies from Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Contributors describe the struggles of workers and unions in diverse industries such as local government, music, metalworking, chemicals, meatpacking, and logistics.
Bill Emmott
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198865551
- eISBN:
- 9780191897931
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198865551.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
During the three decades that have passed since Japan’s huge financial crash in 1990, the country has been politically stable and its geopolitical circumstances have barely changed. But it has seen ...
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During the three decades that have passed since Japan’s huge financial crash in 1990, the country has been politically stable and its geopolitical circumstances have barely changed. But it has seen fundamental economic and social changes which have left it vulnerable: the move from a relatively young population to be the world’s oldest society, with total population shrinking every year since 2010; the move from being an economic growth champion to a relative laggard, with slow annual productivity growth; the transformation of the Bank of Japan from being an economic disciplinarian to being the enabler of a huge public debt and financing public spending by printing money; the emergence of a deeply divided, dual labour market in which two-fifths of the workforce are in lowly paid, precarious jobs with little skill development; a decline in the rate of marriage and of fertility; and yet simultaneously a dramatic narrowing of the gender gap in tertiary education as female entry into four-year university courses grew remarkably during the 1990s and 2000s. This leaves Japan with eroding male human capital, increased insecurity, and under-employed female human capital.Less
During the three decades that have passed since Japan’s huge financial crash in 1990, the country has been politically stable and its geopolitical circumstances have barely changed. But it has seen fundamental economic and social changes which have left it vulnerable: the move from a relatively young population to be the world’s oldest society, with total population shrinking every year since 2010; the move from being an economic growth champion to a relative laggard, with slow annual productivity growth; the transformation of the Bank of Japan from being an economic disciplinarian to being the enabler of a huge public debt and financing public spending by printing money; the emergence of a deeply divided, dual labour market in which two-fifths of the workforce are in lowly paid, precarious jobs with little skill development; a decline in the rate of marriage and of fertility; and yet simultaneously a dramatic narrowing of the gender gap in tertiary education as female entry into four-year university courses grew remarkably during the 1990s and 2000s. This leaves Japan with eroding male human capital, increased insecurity, and under-employed female human capital.
Bill Emmott
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198865551
- eISBN:
- 9780191897931
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198865551.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
The Japan that the world admired during the 2019 Rugby World Cup is a model of social stability, resilience, and efficiency. But it carries important vulnerabilities, rooted in its ageing demography ...
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The Japan that the world admired during the 2019 Rugby World Cup is a model of social stability, resilience, and efficiency. But it carries important vulnerabilities, rooted in its ageing demography and a population shrinking by 500,000 a year, made much worse by a declining marriage rate and low fertility, both of which have their source in a combination of growing financial insecurity, severe gender inequality, and poor use of human capital. Over the three decades since its 1990 financial crisis it has seen a deep divide emerge in labour markets both for men and for women between the 60 per cent of ‘regular’ workers who benefit from training and security, and the 40 per cent of ‘non-regular’ workers who have a precarious, untrained, lowly paid existence. To overcome its vulnerabilities will require reforms to improve the use of the country’s superbly educated human capital, by reducing insecurity for both men and women, and by greatly narrowing the gender gap. An opportunity is presenting itself thanks to a big rise in female entry to university education during the 1990s and 2000s and to the emergence of a wide range of role models able to give inspiration and confidence to the next generation. Japan is already becoming a place with more female leaders in politics and even business, but that rise is from a very low base. If that process can be accelerated by both public policy and private action, Japan could achieve much greater social justice and sustainable prosperity in the decades to come.Less
The Japan that the world admired during the 2019 Rugby World Cup is a model of social stability, resilience, and efficiency. But it carries important vulnerabilities, rooted in its ageing demography and a population shrinking by 500,000 a year, made much worse by a declining marriage rate and low fertility, both of which have their source in a combination of growing financial insecurity, severe gender inequality, and poor use of human capital. Over the three decades since its 1990 financial crisis it has seen a deep divide emerge in labour markets both for men and for women between the 60 per cent of ‘regular’ workers who benefit from training and security, and the 40 per cent of ‘non-regular’ workers who have a precarious, untrained, lowly paid existence. To overcome its vulnerabilities will require reforms to improve the use of the country’s superbly educated human capital, by reducing insecurity for both men and women, and by greatly narrowing the gender gap. An opportunity is presenting itself thanks to a big rise in female entry to university education during the 1990s and 2000s and to the emergence of a wide range of role models able to give inspiration and confidence to the next generation. Japan is already becoming a place with more female leaders in politics and even business, but that rise is from a very low base. If that process can be accelerated by both public policy and private action, Japan could achieve much greater social justice and sustainable prosperity in the decades to come.