Ted Gest
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195103434
- eISBN:
- 9780199833887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195103432.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The federal government asserted a role in fighting narcotics abuse since the early 20th century, but it was not until the Richard Nixon administration starting in 1969 that a federal “war on drugs” ...
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The federal government asserted a role in fighting narcotics abuse since the early 20th century, but it was not until the Richard Nixon administration starting in 1969 that a federal “war on drugs” became high profile. Nixon stressed drives against smuggling heroin from counties like Turkey and Mexico. His administration's efforts were marred by raids on erroneous locations by a new federal Office of Drug Law Enforcement. A successor agency called the ‘Drug Enforcement Administration’ jockeyed with the FBI for supremacy in the drug enforcement field. Drug treatment generally had lower priority when it came to funding. A scourge of “crack” cocaine spread in the mid‐1980s, causing Congress to increase penalties for drug abuse in such a way that black people who primarily used crack were punished much more severely than whites who tended to use cocaine's powder form. An effort to coordinate federal antidrug resources better resulted in the establishment of a White House director of drug control policy (“drug czar”) in 1989; the first to hold the position was former education secretary William Bennett. Drug abuse declined in the 1990s, but there was disagreement over the primary cause. Advocates credited a combination of more‐intense law enforcement, better treatment, and establishment of more than 500 “drug courts” that could ride herd on offenders. The numbers of drug abusers were creeping back up by 1999.Less
The federal government asserted a role in fighting narcotics abuse since the early 20th century, but it was not until the Richard Nixon administration starting in 1969 that a federal “war on drugs” became high profile. Nixon stressed drives against smuggling heroin from counties like Turkey and Mexico. His administration's efforts were marred by raids on erroneous locations by a new federal Office of Drug Law Enforcement. A successor agency called the ‘Drug Enforcement Administration’ jockeyed with the FBI for supremacy in the drug enforcement field. Drug treatment generally had lower priority when it came to funding. A scourge of “crack” cocaine spread in the mid‐1980s, causing Congress to increase penalties for drug abuse in such a way that black people who primarily used crack were punished much more severely than whites who tended to use cocaine's powder form. An effort to coordinate federal antidrug resources better resulted in the establishment of a White House director of drug control policy (“drug czar”) in 1989; the first to hold the position was former education secretary William Bennett. Drug abuse declined in the 1990s, but there was disagreement over the primary cause. Advocates credited a combination of more‐intense law enforcement, better treatment, and establishment of more than 500 “drug courts” that could ride herd on offenders. The numbers of drug abusers were creeping back up by 1999.
Ted Gest
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195103434
- eISBN:
- 9780199833887
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195103432.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
By 2001, the federal government was spending more than $5.3 billion each year to help states and cities combat crime, on top of the many billions allocated locally. In many instances, the money was ...
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By 2001, the federal government was spending more than $5.3 billion each year to help states and cities combat crime, on top of the many billions allocated locally. In many instances, the money was going to programs that had not been shown to have much effect on crime. Many ideas have been proved worthwhile, however, and deserve more support. They include cohesive community anticrime campaigns, targeted drug treatment, prevention aimed at young people who show crime tendencies, plugging leaks in the criminal justice system, better news media reporting of crime issues, wiser use of the private sector, and dampening the political rhetoric on crime. As crime has become such a political football, relatively little attention has been paid to serious research on the issue compared with the amount devoted to medicine, for example. The danger in the early 21st century was that as crime rates went down, government would downgrade even further its efforts to determine what worked and did not work in the past four decades. That could be a big mistake if crime rates started again to increase, a distinct possibility in view of downturns in the economy and more young people in the population.Less
By 2001, the federal government was spending more than $5.3 billion each year to help states and cities combat crime, on top of the many billions allocated locally. In many instances, the money was going to programs that had not been shown to have much effect on crime. Many ideas have been proved worthwhile, however, and deserve more support. They include cohesive community anticrime campaigns, targeted drug treatment, prevention aimed at young people who show crime tendencies, plugging leaks in the criminal justice system, better news media reporting of crime issues, wiser use of the private sector, and dampening the political rhetoric on crime. As crime has become such a political football, relatively little attention has been paid to serious research on the issue compared with the amount devoted to medicine, for example. The danger in the early 21st century was that as crime rates went down, government would downgrade even further its efforts to determine what worked and did not work in the past four decades. That could be a big mistake if crime rates started again to increase, a distinct possibility in view of downturns in the economy and more young people in the population.
Christopher Dye
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154626
- eISBN:
- 9781400866571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154626.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter considers a variety of tuberculosis control measures that can change the rates of transition between states of health. Without a better understanding of who is most at risk of infection ...
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This chapter considers a variety of tuberculosis control measures that can change the rates of transition between states of health. Without a better understanding of who is most at risk of infection and disease, the opportunities for targeted prevention and treatment are limited. This is why dominant TB control efforts today do not focus on hotspots but rather confront the disease in whole populations. The principal approach to TB control, drug treatment of active disease, has saved millions of lives but has been much less effective in stopping TB transmission. The chapter examines the effects of different approaches to TB control, current and future technologies, and the outcomes for infection, disease, and mortality. It shows that while the mitigation of risk factors such as diabetes, undernutrition, or tobacco smoking is helpful as an accessory to TB control, the greater opportunity for immediate impact lies with the early diagnosis and curative treatment of TB disease.Less
This chapter considers a variety of tuberculosis control measures that can change the rates of transition between states of health. Without a better understanding of who is most at risk of infection and disease, the opportunities for targeted prevention and treatment are limited. This is why dominant TB control efforts today do not focus on hotspots but rather confront the disease in whole populations. The principal approach to TB control, drug treatment of active disease, has saved millions of lives but has been much less effective in stopping TB transmission. The chapter examines the effects of different approaches to TB control, current and future technologies, and the outcomes for infection, disease, and mortality. It shows that while the mitigation of risk factors such as diabetes, undernutrition, or tobacco smoking is helpful as an accessory to TB control, the greater opportunity for immediate impact lies with the early diagnosis and curative treatment of TB disease.
Amir Arsalan Afkhami
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195378481
- eISBN:
- 9780199852345
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378481.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter analyzes the issue of addiction. It argues that after the Revolution the treatment of substance abuse began to be seen by the government outside the previously held medical paradigm. In ...
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This chapter analyzes the issue of addiction. It argues that after the Revolution the treatment of substance abuse began to be seen by the government outside the previously held medical paradigm. In accordance with the government's new standards of morality, which were drawn along the Islamic religious precepts, and in accordance with new ideological rhetoric, stringent antidrug campaigns were launched; elements of these campaigns included the fining of addicts, imprisonment, physical punishment, and even the death penalty for serious offenses. Substance-abuse specialists from the medical community—no longer benefiting from government support—were marginalized and treatment centers were closed. Despite these measures (and in tandem with the Iran–Iraq War, political repression, and a deteriorating economy), the drug problem continued to grow, with the number of addicts increasing rapidly. In the early 1990s, as the more pragmatic Rafsanjani came to power, the government began to take a less doctrinaire approach to substance abuse. The chapter explores the history of this shift in policy, beginning with the early days of treatment policy in the Qajar and Pahlavi periods through the early postrevolutionary governments in Iran, and finally to the current crystallization of the harm-reduction treatment model exemplified by community-sponsored methadone and bupenorphine-addition drug-treatment programs.Less
This chapter analyzes the issue of addiction. It argues that after the Revolution the treatment of substance abuse began to be seen by the government outside the previously held medical paradigm. In accordance with the government's new standards of morality, which were drawn along the Islamic religious precepts, and in accordance with new ideological rhetoric, stringent antidrug campaigns were launched; elements of these campaigns included the fining of addicts, imprisonment, physical punishment, and even the death penalty for serious offenses. Substance-abuse specialists from the medical community—no longer benefiting from government support—were marginalized and treatment centers were closed. Despite these measures (and in tandem with the Iran–Iraq War, political repression, and a deteriorating economy), the drug problem continued to grow, with the number of addicts increasing rapidly. In the early 1990s, as the more pragmatic Rafsanjani came to power, the government began to take a less doctrinaire approach to substance abuse. The chapter explores the history of this shift in policy, beginning with the early days of treatment policy in the Qajar and Pahlavi periods through the early postrevolutionary governments in Iran, and finally to the current crystallization of the harm-reduction treatment model exemplified by community-sponsored methadone and bupenorphine-addition drug-treatment programs.
Christopher Dye
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691154626
- eISBN:
- 9781400866571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691154626.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter draws together the epidemiological insights that come from population biology and considers the context in which tuberculosis remains a “social disease” in the early twenty-first ...
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This chapter draws together the epidemiological insights that come from population biology and considers the context in which tuberculosis remains a “social disease” in the early twenty-first century. The distinctive contribution of population biology is to range quantitatively across demography, ecology, epidemiology, environmental science, and evolution. Widening the horizon will bring into view a greater range of options for tackling TB in the post-2015 era of health and sustainable development. The chapter argues that the striking gap between the actual and potential impact of drug treatment underscores the need to find ways to boost the demand for—and supply of—health services. Much emphasis has been placed on developing new technology for TB control; too little attention has been paid to the design of health and social systems that can make best use of technology.Less
This chapter draws together the epidemiological insights that come from population biology and considers the context in which tuberculosis remains a “social disease” in the early twenty-first century. The distinctive contribution of population biology is to range quantitatively across demography, ecology, epidemiology, environmental science, and evolution. Widening the horizon will bring into view a greater range of options for tackling TB in the post-2015 era of health and sustainable development. The chapter argues that the striking gap between the actual and potential impact of drug treatment underscores the need to find ways to boost the demand for—and supply of—health services. Much emphasis has been placed on developing new technology for TB control; too little attention has been paid to the design of health and social systems that can make best use of technology.
Rebecca Tiger
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814784068
- eISBN:
- 9780814759417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814784068.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter traces the history of drug courts and discusses the sociology of knowledge literature. Drug courts, created partly in response to the overcrowding of jails and prisons resulting from ...
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This chapter traces the history of drug courts and discusses the sociology of knowledge literature. Drug courts, created partly in response to the overcrowding of jails and prisons resulting from punitive drug policies, are intended to address drug addiction that is believed to be the impetus for crime while retaining the coercion traditionally associated with the criminal justice system. Drug courts come in two main models: pre-plea and post-plea. In pre-plea drug courts, also called “deferred prosecution,” the defendant enters mandated drug treatment before pleading guilty to a charge. In the post-plea model, the defendant pleads guilty to the offense before accessing drug treatment. This chapter considers the National Association of Drug Court Professionals' campaign called All Rise to advocate for increased funding for drug courts. It also cites evidence that challenges drug courts' claims as an alternative to incarceration and goes on to chronicle the emergence of coerced treatment with the threat of incarceration as an approach to drug use.Less
This chapter traces the history of drug courts and discusses the sociology of knowledge literature. Drug courts, created partly in response to the overcrowding of jails and prisons resulting from punitive drug policies, are intended to address drug addiction that is believed to be the impetus for crime while retaining the coercion traditionally associated with the criminal justice system. Drug courts come in two main models: pre-plea and post-plea. In pre-plea drug courts, also called “deferred prosecution,” the defendant enters mandated drug treatment before pleading guilty to a charge. In the post-plea model, the defendant pleads guilty to the offense before accessing drug treatment. This chapter considers the National Association of Drug Court Professionals' campaign called All Rise to advocate for increased funding for drug courts. It also cites evidence that challenges drug courts' claims as an alternative to incarceration and goes on to chronicle the emergence of coerced treatment with the threat of incarceration as an approach to drug use.
N El-Bassel, P. L Marotta, L Gilbert, E Wu, S Springer, D Goddard-Eckrich, and T Hunt
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- December 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190675486
- eISBN:
- 9780190675509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190675486.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology
The public health crisis of opiate use disorder (OUD) and HIV infection in the United States demands solutions incorporating structural-level factors to accessing and engaging in drug abuse treatment ...
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The public health crisis of opiate use disorder (OUD) and HIV infection in the United States demands solutions incorporating structural-level factors to accessing and engaging in drug abuse treatment and HIV care. After providing a review of evidence-based programs that have been used in integrated approaches to treating opioid addiction for persons living with HIV, the chapter provides models of integrating treatments for OUD with services for the prevention and management of HIV infection in primary care. The chapter concludes by reviewing multiple structural barriers to integration of substance use treatment into primary care and offering structural strategies to overcoming and implementing integrated OUD-HIV services in primary care settings.Less
The public health crisis of opiate use disorder (OUD) and HIV infection in the United States demands solutions incorporating structural-level factors to accessing and engaging in drug abuse treatment and HIV care. After providing a review of evidence-based programs that have been used in integrated approaches to treating opioid addiction for persons living with HIV, the chapter provides models of integrating treatments for OUD with services for the prevention and management of HIV infection in primary care. The chapter concludes by reviewing multiple structural barriers to integration of substance use treatment into primary care and offering structural strategies to overcoming and implementing integrated OUD-HIV services in primary care settings.
Justin Amery and Sat Jassal
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199567966
- eISBN:
- 9780191730566
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567966.003.0020
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Paediatric Palliative Medicine, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter provides a formulary for children's palliative care (CPC) in Africa. It discusses notes on drug treatment in children; principles of effective morphine prescribing; equivalent dose of ...
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This chapter provides a formulary for children's palliative care (CPC) in Africa. It discusses notes on drug treatment in children; principles of effective morphine prescribing; equivalent dose of opioids; children's palliative care (CPC) formulary; and formula for making oral morphine from powder.Less
This chapter provides a formulary for children's palliative care (CPC) in Africa. It discusses notes on drug treatment in children; principles of effective morphine prescribing; equivalent dose of opioids; children's palliative care (CPC) formulary; and formula for making oral morphine from powder.
Rebecca Tiger
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814784068
- eISBN:
- 9780814759417
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814784068.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
The number of people incarcerated in the United States now exceeds 2.3 million, due in part to the increasing criminalization of drug use: over 25 percent of people incarcerated in jails and prisons ...
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The number of people incarcerated in the United States now exceeds 2.3 million, due in part to the increasing criminalization of drug use: over 25 percent of people incarcerated in jails and prisons are there for drug offenses. This book examines this increased criminalization of drugs and the medicalization of addiction in the United States by focusing on drug courts, where defendants are sent to drug treatment instead of prison. It explores how advocates of these courts make their case for what they call “enlightened coercion,” detailing how they use medical theories of drug addiction to justify increased criminal justice oversight of defendants who, through this process, are defined as both “sick” and “bad.” The book shows how these courts fuse punitive and therapeutic approaches to drug use in the name of a “progressive” and “enlightened” approach to addiction. It argues that the medicalization of addiction has done little to stem the punishment of drug users because of a key conceptual overlap in the medical and punitive approaches—that habitual drug use is a problem that needs to be fixed through sobriety. The book presses policymakers to implement humane responses to persistent substance use that remove its control entirely from the criminal justice system and ultimately explores the nature of crime and punishment in the United States today.Less
The number of people incarcerated in the United States now exceeds 2.3 million, due in part to the increasing criminalization of drug use: over 25 percent of people incarcerated in jails and prisons are there for drug offenses. This book examines this increased criminalization of drugs and the medicalization of addiction in the United States by focusing on drug courts, where defendants are sent to drug treatment instead of prison. It explores how advocates of these courts make their case for what they call “enlightened coercion,” detailing how they use medical theories of drug addiction to justify increased criminal justice oversight of defendants who, through this process, are defined as both “sick” and “bad.” The book shows how these courts fuse punitive and therapeutic approaches to drug use in the name of a “progressive” and “enlightened” approach to addiction. It argues that the medicalization of addiction has done little to stem the punishment of drug users because of a key conceptual overlap in the medical and punitive approaches—that habitual drug use is a problem that needs to be fixed through sobriety. The book presses policymakers to implement humane responses to persistent substance use that remove its control entirely from the criminal justice system and ultimately explores the nature of crime and punishment in the United States today.
Karen H. Simpson and Dudley J. Bush
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198510000
- eISBN:
- 9780191730184
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198510000.003.0009
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter discusses anaesthesia, which is a highly invasive medical intervention, and perioperative pain management. The first half of the chapter is dedicated to a thorough discussion on ...
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This chapter discusses anaesthesia, which is a highly invasive medical intervention, and perioperative pain management. The first half of the chapter is dedicated to a thorough discussion on anaesthesia, beginning with the many risks associated with anaesthesia and surgery. It then looks at pre-anaesthetic assessment and the proper management of co-existing medical disease that may affect anaesthesia, including cardiovascular disease and renal disease. Certain anaesthesia techniques and do not resuscitate (DNR) orders are then discussed. Pain management comprises the last half of the chapter, covering topics such as the causes and incidence of pain in cancer and some issues in cancer pain management. Assessing pain, pre-emptive analgesia, drug treatments, neurosurgery, and acupuncture are some of the other topics that are discussed.Less
This chapter discusses anaesthesia, which is a highly invasive medical intervention, and perioperative pain management. The first half of the chapter is dedicated to a thorough discussion on anaesthesia, beginning with the many risks associated with anaesthesia and surgery. It then looks at pre-anaesthetic assessment and the proper management of co-existing medical disease that may affect anaesthesia, including cardiovascular disease and renal disease. Certain anaesthesia techniques and do not resuscitate (DNR) orders are then discussed. Pain management comprises the last half of the chapter, covering topics such as the causes and incidence of pain in cancer and some issues in cancer pain management. Assessing pain, pre-emptive analgesia, drug treatments, neurosurgery, and acupuncture are some of the other topics that are discussed.
Alexandra Bell and Leche
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252493
- eISBN:
- 9780520944565
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252493.003.0084
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
In this chapter, the author narrates her encounter with a former prisoner named Leche, who at the time of writing is enrolled in an Alternative to Incarceration program. On her last bid in prison, ...
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In this chapter, the author narrates her encounter with a former prisoner named Leche, who at the time of writing is enrolled in an Alternative to Incarceration program. On her last bid in prison, the conclusion of which would have marked seven years served, she was accepted into an ATI program at the Women's Prison Association (WPA). Before the ATI, she had gone straight back to selling drugs after her release from prison. In her depiction, prison had offered little change from the social ills that women encountered on the outside. Leche had entered prison a hustler and continued to hustle on the outside, returning to prison four more times. Like Leche, more than 70 percent of New York's women prisoners are of Latina or African descent, and more than 80 percent of women who are incarcerated for drug offenses are women of color. Despite studies showing that drug treatment and ATI programs are healthier and more cost-effective alternatives to imprisonment, women continue to be imprisoned at staggering rates.Less
In this chapter, the author narrates her encounter with a former prisoner named Leche, who at the time of writing is enrolled in an Alternative to Incarceration program. On her last bid in prison, the conclusion of which would have marked seven years served, she was accepted into an ATI program at the Women's Prison Association (WPA). Before the ATI, she had gone straight back to selling drugs after her release from prison. In her depiction, prison had offered little change from the social ills that women encountered on the outside. Leche had entered prison a hustler and continued to hustle on the outside, returning to prison four more times. Like Leche, more than 70 percent of New York's women prisoners are of Latina or African descent, and more than 80 percent of women who are incarcerated for drug offenses are women of color. Despite studies showing that drug treatment and ATI programs are healthier and more cost-effective alternatives to imprisonment, women continue to be imprisoned at staggering rates.
David Ellis
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199546657
- eISBN:
- 9780191701443
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546657.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter explores alternative medicine treatment. When there is no effective and simple drug treatment for a disease, assuming drug treatment can ever be simple, and when the surgical options are ...
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This chapter explores alternative medicine treatment. When there is no effective and simple drug treatment for a disease, assuming drug treatment can ever be simple, and when the surgical options are dangerous or uncertain in outcome, the field is more than usually open for alternative medicine. It is any healing that does not fall within the realm of conventional medicine, or that which has not been shown consistently to be effective. Lawrence tried to practice the alternative treatment for his tuberculosis and maintain his respect for it.Less
This chapter explores alternative medicine treatment. When there is no effective and simple drug treatment for a disease, assuming drug treatment can ever be simple, and when the surgical options are dangerous or uncertain in outcome, the field is more than usually open for alternative medicine. It is any healing that does not fall within the realm of conventional medicine, or that which has not been shown consistently to be effective. Lawrence tried to practice the alternative treatment for his tuberculosis and maintain his respect for it.
Peter J. Diggle and Amanda G. Chetwynd
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199543182
- eISBN:
- 9780191774867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543182.003.0006
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics, Biostatistics
This chapter describes a clinical trial to be used to compare two anti-congestant drugs, Formoterol and Salbutamol. It considers the ways in which the trial might have been designed (parallel group ...
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This chapter describes a clinical trial to be used to compare two anti-congestant drugs, Formoterol and Salbutamol. It considers the ways in which the trial might have been designed (parallel group design and paired design), and in each case how the data would have been analysed.Less
This chapter describes a clinical trial to be used to compare two anti-congestant drugs, Formoterol and Salbutamol. It considers the ways in which the trial might have been designed (parallel group design and paired design), and in each case how the data would have been analysed.
Sanford F. Schram
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190253011
- eISBN:
- 9780190253042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190253011.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics, Political Economy
This chapter highlights the reach of neoliberalism in remaking the welfare state. Welfare-to-work and drug treatment programs are contrasted to highlight how profoundly different forms of social ...
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This chapter highlights the reach of neoliberalism in remaking the welfare state. Welfare-to-work and drug treatment programs are contrasted to highlight how profoundly different forms of social welfare policy as enacted in different states have undergone parallel neoliberalizing changes. The chapter looks at the implications for the welfare state overall as it moves toward a more disciplinary approach to incentivize both its providers and their clients to become more reliant on the market for solving their problems. The chapter discusses the implications of these changes for the helping professions, social work in particular.Less
This chapter highlights the reach of neoliberalism in remaking the welfare state. Welfare-to-work and drug treatment programs are contrasted to highlight how profoundly different forms of social welfare policy as enacted in different states have undergone parallel neoliberalizing changes. The chapter looks at the implications for the welfare state overall as it moves toward a more disciplinary approach to incentivize both its providers and their clients to become more reliant on the market for solving their problems. The chapter discusses the implications of these changes for the helping professions, social work in particular.
Thomas Babor, Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, María Elena Medina-Mora, Isidore Obot, Jürgen Rehm, Peter Reuter, Robin Room, Ingeborg Rossow, and John Strang
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- August 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198818014
- eISBN:
- 9780191859410
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198818014.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Drug Policy and the Public Good presents the accumulated scientific knowledge of direct relevance to the development of drug policy on local, national, and international levels. The book explores ...
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Drug Policy and the Public Good presents the accumulated scientific knowledge of direct relevance to the development of drug policy on local, national, and international levels. The book explores both illicit drug use and non-medical use of prescription medications within a public health perspective. A conceptual basis for a rational drug policy is presented, along with new epidemiological data on the global dimensions of drug misuse, significant trends in drug epidemics, and the global burden of disease attributable to drug misuse. The markets for both illicit and legally prescribed psychoactive substances are described, showing that these two sources of drug supply are becoming increasingly connected in many countries. The core of the book is a critical review of the cumulative scientific evidence in five general areas of drug policy: primary prevention programmes in schools and other settings; treatment interventions and harm reduction approaches; attempts to control the supply of illicit drugs, including drug interdiction and law enforcement; decriminalization and penal approaches; and control of the legal market through prescription drug regimes. The final chapters discuss the trend toward legalization of some psychoactive substances in different parts of the world and describe the need for a new approach to drug policy that is evidence-based, realistic, and coordinated. The evidence reviewed in this book suggests that an integrated and balanced approach to evidence-informed drug policy is more likely to benefit the public good than are uncoordinated efforts to reduce drug supply and demand.Less
Drug Policy and the Public Good presents the accumulated scientific knowledge of direct relevance to the development of drug policy on local, national, and international levels. The book explores both illicit drug use and non-medical use of prescription medications within a public health perspective. A conceptual basis for a rational drug policy is presented, along with new epidemiological data on the global dimensions of drug misuse, significant trends in drug epidemics, and the global burden of disease attributable to drug misuse. The markets for both illicit and legally prescribed psychoactive substances are described, showing that these two sources of drug supply are becoming increasingly connected in many countries. The core of the book is a critical review of the cumulative scientific evidence in five general areas of drug policy: primary prevention programmes in schools and other settings; treatment interventions and harm reduction approaches; attempts to control the supply of illicit drugs, including drug interdiction and law enforcement; decriminalization and penal approaches; and control of the legal market through prescription drug regimes. The final chapters discuss the trend toward legalization of some psychoactive substances in different parts of the world and describe the need for a new approach to drug policy that is evidence-based, realistic, and coordinated. The evidence reviewed in this book suggests that an integrated and balanced approach to evidence-informed drug policy is more likely to benefit the public good than are uncoordinated efforts to reduce drug supply and demand.
Charles Shee
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192629609
- eISBN:
- 9780191730054
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192629609.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter is concerned predominantly with the respiratory and non-respiratory complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It reviews the effectiveness of interventions such as ...
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This chapter is concerned predominantly with the respiratory and non-respiratory complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It reviews the effectiveness of interventions such as oxygen therapy, drug treatment of breathlessness, and ‘pulmonary rehabilitation’. It suggests that the un-met needs of people with COPD are becoming more apparent and that emphasis needs to shift from management of acute exacerbations towards a more palliative approach to care, focusing on the health and social care interface.Less
This chapter is concerned predominantly with the respiratory and non-respiratory complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It reviews the effectiveness of interventions such as oxygen therapy, drug treatment of breathlessness, and ‘pulmonary rehabilitation’. It suggests that the un-met needs of people with COPD are becoming more apparent and that emphasis needs to shift from management of acute exacerbations towards a more palliative approach to care, focusing on the health and social care interface.
Jos J. Eggermont
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199605606
- eISBN:
- 9780191741555
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199605606.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Development
Tinnitus research is making tremendous progress in both the understanding of mechanisms and in developing tinnitus management. Yet, we still do not know why only 2/3rd of people with hearing loss ...
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Tinnitus research is making tremendous progress in both the understanding of mechanisms and in developing tinnitus management. Yet, we still do not know why only 2/3rd of people with hearing loss develop tinnitus, or why tinnitus occurs in people without hearing loss. We also do not know the reason why both loudness and annoyance of tinnitus are enhanced by stress, whereas the two are typically only weakly correlated. Most importantly we do not know how findings in animal models and those in humans can be integrated. An attractive common ground could be to study cortical neural networks in animals as well as humans using either drug treatment, or local electrical or magnetic stimulation. The ultimate cure for tinnitus might be to restore the hearing loss by regeneration of cochlear hair cells, but this is still far away and even if successful may create its own problems.Less
Tinnitus research is making tremendous progress in both the understanding of mechanisms and in developing tinnitus management. Yet, we still do not know why only 2/3rd of people with hearing loss develop tinnitus, or why tinnitus occurs in people without hearing loss. We also do not know the reason why both loudness and annoyance of tinnitus are enhanced by stress, whereas the two are typically only weakly correlated. Most importantly we do not know how findings in animal models and those in humans can be integrated. An attractive common ground could be to study cortical neural networks in animals as well as humans using either drug treatment, or local electrical or magnetic stimulation. The ultimate cure for tinnitus might be to restore the hearing loss by regeneration of cochlear hair cells, but this is still far away and even if successful may create its own problems.
Sam H. Ahmedzai and Martin F. Muers
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780192631411
- eISBN:
- 9780191730160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192631411.003.0020
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter examines the pathology and management of hyperventilation and disproportionate breathlessness. It explains that these conditions are complex states and that patients with these ...
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This chapter examines the pathology and management of hyperventilation and disproportionate breathlessness. It explains that these conditions are complex states and that patients with these complaints are frequently misdiagnosed. The chapter suggests that physiological confirmation should include measurement of carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) and that the management of hyperventilation should include explanation and reassurance; a consideration of rebreathing, breathing, and retraining; and in some cases drug treatment.Less
This chapter examines the pathology and management of hyperventilation and disproportionate breathlessness. It explains that these conditions are complex states and that patients with these complaints are frequently misdiagnosed. The chapter suggests that physiological confirmation should include measurement of carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2) and that the management of hyperventilation should include explanation and reassurance; a consideration of rebreathing, breathing, and retraining; and in some cases drug treatment.
Richard C. Peatfield
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192618108
- eISBN:
- 9780191724305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192618108.003.0021
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
While structural causes of head, face, and dental pain must always be considered, the vast majority of patients seeking medical advice with such pains (and, indeed, with back pain too) have no ...
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While structural causes of head, face, and dental pain must always be considered, the vast majority of patients seeking medical advice with such pains (and, indeed, with back pain too) have no demonstrable physical cause, if not for pain at all, then for the pain of the severity expressed in the consultation. Many of these are depressed, though responsiveness of this depression to drug treatment does not correlate consistently with depression rating-scale scores. In the study by Garvey et al. of 116 depressed out-patients, twenty-six complained of headaches before becoming depressed, and an additional thirty-seven developed headaches only when they became depressed. Other generalized somatic symptoms were commoner among this latter group than among those who experienced headache before their depression.Less
While structural causes of head, face, and dental pain must always be considered, the vast majority of patients seeking medical advice with such pains (and, indeed, with back pain too) have no demonstrable physical cause, if not for pain at all, then for the pain of the severity expressed in the consultation. Many of these are depressed, though responsiveness of this depression to drug treatment does not correlate consistently with depression rating-scale scores. In the study by Garvey et al. of 116 depressed out-patients, twenty-six complained of headaches before becoming depressed, and an additional thirty-seven developed headaches only when they became depressed. Other generalized somatic symptoms were commoner among this latter group than among those who experienced headache before their depression.
J. de Belleroche
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192618108
- eISBN:
- 9780191724305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192618108.003.0023
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Over the past few years a biochemical approach has been used to study the pathogenesis of migraine by looking at transduction mechanisms which would be common to many agents that are putative trigger ...
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Over the past few years a biochemical approach has been used to study the pathogenesis of migraine by looking at transduction mechanisms which would be common to many agents that are putative trigger factors in migraine and would also be common targets for a wide range of drug treatments. Hormones, dietary factors, neurogenic agents such as neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other neuromodulators and vasoactive agents are all implicated, most of which would mediate their actions through receptors in the cell membrane. Receptor activation is associated with the generation of second messengers — cyclic AMP (cAMP) from adenylate cyclase, and inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol from the polyphosphoinositide system. The second messengers in turn produce their effects by activation of protein kinases or by mobilization of calcium. A number of prophylactic treatments would affect these pathways.Less
Over the past few years a biochemical approach has been used to study the pathogenesis of migraine by looking at transduction mechanisms which would be common to many agents that are putative trigger factors in migraine and would also be common targets for a wide range of drug treatments. Hormones, dietary factors, neurogenic agents such as neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other neuromodulators and vasoactive agents are all implicated, most of which would mediate their actions through receptors in the cell membrane. Receptor activation is associated with the generation of second messengers — cyclic AMP (cAMP) from adenylate cyclase, and inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol from the polyphosphoinositide system. The second messengers in turn produce their effects by activation of protein kinases or by mobilization of calcium. A number of prophylactic treatments would affect these pathways.
