Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter reviews the historical development of the world opiate market, including the international policy regime that surrounds it. It explores the period of growth of the opiate market in the ...
More
This chapter reviews the historical development of the world opiate market, including the international policy regime that surrounds it. It explores the period of growth of the opiate market in the nineteenth century, the decline that occurred during the first half of the twentieth century and the re-emergence and transformation that occurred during the latter part of the twentieth century. Historical evidence suggests that changes in policies especially the first and second International Opium Conventions of 1912 and 1925, played a part in the major reductions in opium consumption that occurred during the first half of twentieth century. The analysis of international and domestic drug control efforts indicate that increasing control and prohibition of opiates reflected cultural biases of western societies and governments.Less
This chapter reviews the historical development of the world opiate market, including the international policy regime that surrounds it. It explores the period of growth of the opiate market in the nineteenth century, the decline that occurred during the first half of the twentieth century and the re-emergence and transformation that occurred during the latter part of the twentieth century. Historical evidence suggests that changes in policies especially the first and second International Opium Conventions of 1912 and 1925, played a part in the major reductions in opium consumption that occurred during the first half of twentieth century. The analysis of international and domestic drug control efforts indicate that increasing control and prohibition of opiates reflected cultural biases of western societies and governments.
Thomas Babor, Jonathan Caulkins, Griffith Edwards, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, Isidore Obot, Jürgen Rehm, Peter Reuter, Robin Room, Ingeborg Rossow, and John Strang
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557127
- eISBN:
- 9780191721373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter begins with a discussion of the global expansion of psychoactive substance use. It then discusses current international drug control treaties, the implementation of the treaties, the ...
More
This chapter begins with a discussion of the global expansion of psychoactive substance use. It then discusses current international drug control treaties, the implementation of the treaties, the dominant role of the USA, and the effects of the international drug control system.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the global expansion of psychoactive substance use. It then discusses current international drug control treaties, the implementation of the treaties, the dominant role of the USA, and the effects of the international drug control system.
Thomas Babor, Jonathan Caulkins, Griffith Edwards, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, Isidore Obot, Jürgen Rehm, Peter Reuter, Robin Room, Ingeborg Rossow, and John Strang
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557127
- eISBN:
- 9780191721373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter is about supply control approaches to drug problems, a set of interventions targeting the production, distribution, and sale of illicit psychoactive substances. It begins by explaining ...
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This chapter is about supply control approaches to drug problems, a set of interventions targeting the production, distribution, and sale of illicit psychoactive substances. It begins by explaining the distinctions between law enforcement and supply control. Because supply control traditionally focuses on enforcement against producers and dealers, an analytical framework is presented that links different kinds of enforcement to different layers in the drug distribution chain described in Chapter 5. The remainder of the chapter is organized by the supply level that is targeted by an intervention: production/refining, international trafficking, high-level domestic enforcement, and retail enforcement. The final section presents an assessment of what is currently understood about the effectiveness of the different programmes.Less
This chapter is about supply control approaches to drug problems, a set of interventions targeting the production, distribution, and sale of illicit psychoactive substances. It begins by explaining the distinctions between law enforcement and supply control. Because supply control traditionally focuses on enforcement against producers and dealers, an analytical framework is presented that links different kinds of enforcement to different layers in the drug distribution chain described in Chapter 5. The remainder of the chapter is organized by the supply level that is targeted by an intervention: production/refining, international trafficking, high-level domestic enforcement, and retail enforcement. The final section presents an assessment of what is currently understood about the effectiveness of the different programmes.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the possibility of reducing opiate and heroin production. The result reveals that drug control policy, especially governments' enforcement of ...
More
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the possibility of reducing opiate and heroin production. The result reveals that drug control policy, especially governments' enforcement of prohibitions on production and trade, and properties of addiction can help explain important differences in the reduction of opiate and heroin production, largely through their divergent effects on production, trafficking, and consumption. This chapter identifies the determinants of opiate and heroin production, trafficking, and consumption. It contends that the main rationale for long-term policy should be to minimize the adverse consequences associated with opiate production, trafficking, and consumption in terms of human health, welfare, violence, corruption, and conflict.Less
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the possibility of reducing opiate and heroin production. The result reveals that drug control policy, especially governments' enforcement of prohibitions on production and trade, and properties of addiction can help explain important differences in the reduction of opiate and heroin production, largely through their divergent effects on production, trafficking, and consumption. This chapter identifies the determinants of opiate and heroin production, trafficking, and consumption. It contends that the main rationale for long-term policy should be to minimize the adverse consequences associated with opiate production, trafficking, and consumption in terms of human health, welfare, violence, corruption, and conflict.
Thomas Babor, Jonathan Caulkins, Griffith Edwards, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, Isidore Obot, Jürgen Rehm, Peter Reuter, Robin Room, Ingeborg Rossow, and John Strang
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557127
- eISBN:
- 9780191721373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter examines how well prescription regimes perform their role of allowing psychoactive substances to be consumed for approved, i.e., medical, purposes, while preventing their use for ...
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This chapter examines how well prescription regimes perform their role of allowing psychoactive substances to be consumed for approved, i.e., medical, purposes, while preventing their use for non-approved purposes. It begins with a description of the prescription system that now operates in developed nations, and then lays out the regulatory tools which can influence prescription practices. It focuses on a relatively new set of studies that evaluate these interventions in terms of how they affect drug consumption and patient health. The final parts of the chapter consider the control of psychopharmaceuticals by mechanisms outside of the prescription regimes, such as efforts to control deceptive marketing and to reduce diversion through law enforcement.Less
This chapter examines how well prescription regimes perform their role of allowing psychoactive substances to be consumed for approved, i.e., medical, purposes, while preventing their use for non-approved purposes. It begins with a description of the prescription system that now operates in developed nations, and then lays out the regulatory tools which can influence prescription practices. It focuses on a relatively new set of studies that evaluate these interventions in terms of how they affect drug consumption and patient health. The final parts of the chapter consider the control of psychopharmaceuticals by mechanisms outside of the prescription regimes, such as efforts to control deceptive marketing and to reduce diversion through law enforcement.
Thomas Babor, Jonathan Caulkins, Griffith Edwards, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, Isidore Obot, Jürgen Rehm, Peter Reuter, Robin Room, Ingeborg Rossow, and John Strang
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557127
- eISBN:
- 9780191721373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter reviews policies designed to deter drug use, through criminal sanctions on the possession and use of psychoactive substances. It shows that enforcement can reduce demand via deterrence, ...
More
This chapter reviews policies designed to deter drug use, through criminal sanctions on the possession and use of psychoactive substances. It shows that enforcement can reduce demand via deterrence, incapacitation, and/or rehabilitation.Less
This chapter reviews policies designed to deter drug use, through criminal sanctions on the possession and use of psychoactive substances. It shows that enforcement can reduce demand via deterrence, incapacitation, and/or rehabilitation.
Thomas Babor, Jonathan Caulkins, Griffith Edwards, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, Isidore Obot, Jürgen Rehm, Peter Reuter, Robin Room, Ingeborg Rossow, and John Strang
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557127
- eISBN:
- 9780191721373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557127.003.014
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter describes some of the observed policy variation and its sources, so that readers can better understand their own country's choices and how they are framed. It begins by describing the ...
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This chapter describes some of the observed policy variation and its sources, so that readers can better understand their own country's choices and how they are framed. It begins by describing the range of drug problems and policies in two very different countries, Mexico and Sweden. These illustrate the interconnections among problems, context, and policies. This is followed by a more parsimonious characterization of the variation in the problems and policies of seven nations: China, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Sweden, the UK, and the USA. All seven have serious drug problems that differ in nature, to which they also have responded in diverse ways. The remainder of the chapter elaborates the nature and consequences of the differences. The principal focus here is on policy variation across countries, but there is also important variation within a country. Laws are unlikely to differ much across states or municipalities, but they may be implemented in very different ways.Less
This chapter describes some of the observed policy variation and its sources, so that readers can better understand their own country's choices and how they are framed. It begins by describing the range of drug problems and policies in two very different countries, Mexico and Sweden. These illustrate the interconnections among problems, context, and policies. This is followed by a more parsimonious characterization of the variation in the problems and policies of seven nations: China, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Sweden, the UK, and the USA. All seven have serious drug problems that differ in nature, to which they also have responded in diverse ways. The remainder of the chapter elaborates the nature and consequences of the differences. The principal focus here is on policy variation across countries, but there is also important variation within a country. Laws are unlikely to differ much across states or municipalities, but they may be implemented in very different ways.
David F. Musto and Pamela Korsmeyer
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300090369
- eISBN:
- 9780300137842
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300090369.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Between 1960 and 1980 various administrations attempted to deal with a rising tide of illicit drug use that was unprecedented in U.S. history. This book provides a close look at the politics and ...
More
Between 1960 and 1980 various administrations attempted to deal with a rising tide of illicit drug use that was unprecedented in U.S. history. This book provides a close look at the politics and bureaucracy of drug control policy during those years, showing how they changed during the presidencies of Johnson, Nixon, Ford, and Carter and how much current federal drug-control policies owe to those earlier efforts. The book bases its analysis on a unique collection of 5,000 pages of White House documents from the period. These documents reveal the intense debates that took place over drug policy. They show, for example, that staffers and cabinet officers who were charged with narcotics policy were often influenced by the cultural currents of their times, and when the public reacted in an extreme fashion to rising drug use, officials were disinclined to adopt modified policies that might have been more realistic. This investigation into the decision-making processes that shaped past drug control efforts in the United States provides essential background as creative approaches to the drug problem are sought for the future.Less
Between 1960 and 1980 various administrations attempted to deal with a rising tide of illicit drug use that was unprecedented in U.S. history. This book provides a close look at the politics and bureaucracy of drug control policy during those years, showing how they changed during the presidencies of Johnson, Nixon, Ford, and Carter and how much current federal drug-control policies owe to those earlier efforts. The book bases its analysis on a unique collection of 5,000 pages of White House documents from the period. These documents reveal the intense debates that took place over drug policy. They show, for example, that staffers and cabinet officers who were charged with narcotics policy were often influenced by the cultural currents of their times, and when the public reacted in an extreme fashion to rising drug use, officials were disinclined to adopt modified policies that might have been more realistic. This investigation into the decision-making processes that shaped past drug control efforts in the United States provides essential background as creative approaches to the drug problem are sought for the future.
Franklin E. Zimring
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199844425
- eISBN:
- 9780199943357
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199844425.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
The 40% drop in crime that occurred across the U.S. from 1991 to 2000 largely remains an unsolved mystery. Even more puzzling then is the crime rate drop in New York City, which lasted twice as long ...
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The 40% drop in crime that occurred across the U.S. from 1991 to 2000 largely remains an unsolved mystery. Even more puzzling then is the crime rate drop in New York City, which lasted twice as long and was twice as large. This 80% drop in crime over nineteen years represents the largest crime decline on record. This book sets off in search of the reason for the New York difference through a detailed and comprehensive statistical investigation into the city's falling crime rates and possible explanations. If you listen to City Hall, aggressive police created a zero tolerance law enforcement regime that drove crime rates down. Is this self-serving political sound bite true? Are the official statistics generated by the police accurate? The book shows the numbers are correct and argues that some combination of more cops, new tactics, and new management can take some credit for the decline, but zero tolerance policing and quality of life were never a consistent part of the NYPD's strategy. That the police can make a difference in preventing crime overturns decades of conventional wisdom for criminologists, but the book points out that the New York experience challenges the major assumptions dominating American crime and drug control policies that almost everyone else has missed. First, imprisonment in actually New York decreased significantly from 1990 to 2009 and was well below the national average, proving that it is possible to have substantially less crime without increases in incarceration. Second, the NYPD sharply reduced drug violence (over 90%) without any reduction in hard drug use. In other words, they won the war on drug violence without winning the war on drugs. Finally, the stability of New York's population, economy, education, demographics, or immigration patterns calls into question the long-accepted cultural and structural causes of violence in America's cities. That fact that high rates of crime are not hard wired into modern city life is welcome news for policy makers, criminal justice officials, and urban dwellers everywhere.Less
The 40% drop in crime that occurred across the U.S. from 1991 to 2000 largely remains an unsolved mystery. Even more puzzling then is the crime rate drop in New York City, which lasted twice as long and was twice as large. This 80% drop in crime over nineteen years represents the largest crime decline on record. This book sets off in search of the reason for the New York difference through a detailed and comprehensive statistical investigation into the city's falling crime rates and possible explanations. If you listen to City Hall, aggressive police created a zero tolerance law enforcement regime that drove crime rates down. Is this self-serving political sound bite true? Are the official statistics generated by the police accurate? The book shows the numbers are correct and argues that some combination of more cops, new tactics, and new management can take some credit for the decline, but zero tolerance policing and quality of life were never a consistent part of the NYPD's strategy. That the police can make a difference in preventing crime overturns decades of conventional wisdom for criminologists, but the book points out that the New York experience challenges the major assumptions dominating American crime and drug control policies that almost everyone else has missed. First, imprisonment in actually New York decreased significantly from 1990 to 2009 and was well below the national average, proving that it is possible to have substantially less crime without increases in incarceration. Second, the NYPD sharply reduced drug violence (over 90%) without any reduction in hard drug use. In other words, they won the war on drug violence without winning the war on drugs. Finally, the stability of New York's population, economy, education, demographics, or immigration patterns calls into question the long-accepted cultural and structural causes of violence in America's cities. That fact that high rates of crime are not hard wired into modern city life is welcome news for policy makers, criminal justice officials, and urban dwellers everywhere.
David F. Musto and Pamela Korsmeyer
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300090369
- eISBN:
- 9780300137842
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300090369.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter turns to American drug use during Richard M. Nixon's first years as President. It illustrates the increasing problem through statistics, identifies the five measures that Nixon promised ...
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This chapter turns to American drug use during Richard M. Nixon's first years as President. It illustrates the increasing problem through statistics, identifies the five measures that Nixon promised would help solve the situation, and explains how Nixon's administration planned to use foreign policy to fix a domestic issue. The next sections focus on the Turkish poppy ban (Turkey being one of the major suppliers for heroin in the United States), drug use among enlisted U.S. personnel, and the complicated nature of narcotics control policy. This chapter then turns to the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, which initially presented generally lower penalties with regards to marijuana, removed the death penalty, and classified basic possession offenses as misdemeanors. Other efforts to thwart drug use were the Controlled Dangerous Substances Act of 1969 and Operation Intercept.Less
This chapter turns to American drug use during Richard M. Nixon's first years as President. It illustrates the increasing problem through statistics, identifies the five measures that Nixon promised would help solve the situation, and explains how Nixon's administration planned to use foreign policy to fix a domestic issue. The next sections focus on the Turkish poppy ban (Turkey being one of the major suppliers for heroin in the United States), drug use among enlisted U.S. personnel, and the complicated nature of narcotics control policy. This chapter then turns to the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, which initially presented generally lower penalties with regards to marijuana, removed the death penalty, and classified basic possession offenses as misdemeanors. Other efforts to thwart drug use were the Controlled Dangerous Substances Act of 1969 and Operation Intercept.
David F. Musto and Pamela Korsmeyer
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300090369
- eISBN:
- 9780300137842
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300090369.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses drug use during President Lyndon Johnson's term. It notes that by the end of Johnson's presidency, several measures that would soon form a response to drug use were already in ...
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This chapter discusses drug use during President Lyndon Johnson's term. It notes that by the end of Johnson's presidency, several measures that would soon form a response to drug use were already in place. It looks at the confusion and concern of the public over the issue and examines the “marihuana consensus.” The chapter then takes a look at the three areas that Johnson's staffers focused on, namely the rationalization and reform of the entire body of current drug law, the creation of the Bureau of Drug Abuse Control and the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, and the improvement of access to treatment for noncriminal and criminal drug users alike. The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 and the Narcotics Addict Rehabilitation Act are also covered.Less
This chapter discusses drug use during President Lyndon Johnson's term. It notes that by the end of Johnson's presidency, several measures that would soon form a response to drug use were already in place. It looks at the confusion and concern of the public over the issue and examines the “marihuana consensus.” The chapter then takes a look at the three areas that Johnson's staffers focused on, namely the rationalization and reform of the entire body of current drug law, the creation of the Bureau of Drug Abuse Control and the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, and the improvement of access to treatment for noncriminal and criminal drug users alike. The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 and the Narcotics Addict Rehabilitation Act are also covered.
Asif Efrat
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199760305
- eISBN:
- 9780199950010
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199760305.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
From human trafficking to smuggling small arms to looting antiquities, illicit trade poses significant threats to international order. So why is it difficult to establish international cooperation ...
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From human trafficking to smuggling small arms to looting antiquities, illicit trade poses significant threats to international order. So why is it difficult to establish international cooperation against illicit trade? This book offers a novel, thought-provoking answer to this crucial question. Conventional wisdom holds that powerful criminal groups obstruct efforts to suppress illicit trade. In contrast, this book explains how legitimate actors, such as arms manufacturers or museums that acquire and display looted antiquities, often act to hinder policing efforts. However, such efforts to evade regulation often fuel intense political conflicts between governments that demand action against illicit trade and others that are reluctant to cooperate. The book offers a framework for understanding the domestic origins of this conflict—and how the distribution of power shapes the conflict's outcome. Through this framework, the book explains why the interests of governments vary across countries, trades, and time. In an empirical analysis, it solves a variety of puzzles: Why is the international regulation of small arms much weaker than international drug control? What led the United States and Britain to oppose the efforts against plunder of antiquities and why did they ultimately join these efforts? How did American pressure motivate Israel to tackle sex trafficking?Less
From human trafficking to smuggling small arms to looting antiquities, illicit trade poses significant threats to international order. So why is it difficult to establish international cooperation against illicit trade? This book offers a novel, thought-provoking answer to this crucial question. Conventional wisdom holds that powerful criminal groups obstruct efforts to suppress illicit trade. In contrast, this book explains how legitimate actors, such as arms manufacturers or museums that acquire and display looted antiquities, often act to hinder policing efforts. However, such efforts to evade regulation often fuel intense political conflicts between governments that demand action against illicit trade and others that are reluctant to cooperate. The book offers a framework for understanding the domestic origins of this conflict—and how the distribution of power shapes the conflict's outcome. Through this framework, the book explains why the interests of governments vary across countries, trades, and time. In an empirical analysis, it solves a variety of puzzles: Why is the international regulation of small arms much weaker than international drug control? What led the United States and Britain to oppose the efforts against plunder of antiquities and why did they ultimately join these efforts? How did American pressure motivate Israel to tackle sex trafficking?
David F. Musto and Pamela Korsmeyer
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300090369
- eISBN:
- 9780300137842
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300090369.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter rounds up the discussion of Richard M. Nixon's role in illicit drug use in the United States. It can be noted that Nixon was re-elected partly due to his administration's approach to law ...
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This chapter rounds up the discussion of Richard M. Nixon's role in illicit drug use in the United States. It can be noted that Nixon was re-elected partly due to his administration's approach to law and order concerns, as well as drug abuse and crimes related to it. It first studies one of the most controversial 1972 initiatives of Nixon, the Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement (ODALE), which served to allow the federal government to help local government units prod addicts to enter treatment and enforce drug laws. It then turns to the issue of legalizing marijuana and the efforts that were put in place to catch attention for Nixon's anti-narcotics programs. This chapter also looks at Nixon's other efforts to solve the drug use issue, the collaboration between ODALE and the Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODAP), and the de-emphasis process for the 1972 federal drug abuse control policy. The chapter ends with a discussion of Nixon's resignation on August 8, 1974.Less
This chapter rounds up the discussion of Richard M. Nixon's role in illicit drug use in the United States. It can be noted that Nixon was re-elected partly due to his administration's approach to law and order concerns, as well as drug abuse and crimes related to it. It first studies one of the most controversial 1972 initiatives of Nixon, the Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement (ODALE), which served to allow the federal government to help local government units prod addicts to enter treatment and enforce drug laws. It then turns to the issue of legalizing marijuana and the efforts that were put in place to catch attention for Nixon's anti-narcotics programs. This chapter also looks at Nixon's other efforts to solve the drug use issue, the collaboration between ODALE and the Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODAP), and the de-emphasis process for the 1972 federal drug abuse control policy. The chapter ends with a discussion of Nixon's resignation on August 8, 1974.
Suzanna Reiss
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520280779
- eISBN:
- 9780520959026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520280779.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter describes the international pharmaceutical industry’s transformation during World War II as a result of U.S. economic warfare initiatives in Latin America. Provisioning drugs and ...
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This chapter describes the international pharmaceutical industry’s transformation during World War II as a result of U.S. economic warfare initiatives in Latin America. Provisioning drugs and implementing wartime drug controls offered diplomatic leverage as the United States sought to secure exports of raw materials essential for military mobilization while working to undermine Axis economic power in the region. In Peru and Bolivia, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Warfare worked with corporations and national governments to enforce the replacement of German with U.S. manufactured drugs essential for workers in critical wartime industries. The United States became the dominant global supplier of pharmaceuticals, the major power determining international coca commodity flows, and the driving force behind an ideological regulatory apparatus foundational to international drug control.Less
This chapter describes the international pharmaceutical industry’s transformation during World War II as a result of U.S. economic warfare initiatives in Latin America. Provisioning drugs and implementing wartime drug controls offered diplomatic leverage as the United States sought to secure exports of raw materials essential for military mobilization while working to undermine Axis economic power in the region. In Peru and Bolivia, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Warfare worked with corporations and national governments to enforce the replacement of German with U.S. manufactured drugs essential for workers in critical wartime industries. The United States became the dominant global supplier of pharmaceuticals, the major power determining international coca commodity flows, and the driving force behind an ideological regulatory apparatus foundational to international drug control.
Margaret Pabst Battin
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195140279
- eISBN:
- 9780199850280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140279.003.0016
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
In the years since Dr. Jack Kevorkian went to jail, public involvement with the issues of physician-assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia may seem to have subsided in the United States. ...
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In the years since Dr. Jack Kevorkian went to jail, public involvement with the issues of physician-assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia may seem to have subsided in the United States. Many other countries have been concerned with end-of-life issues, including Canada, the Netherlands, Britain, Australia, Switzerland, Belgium, and the Scandinavian countries, but the change is most evident in the United States. This chapter looks at the ways in which new strategies of political and legal activism by both proponents and opponents of legalization are tending to escalate the debate. It examines the controversy surrounding an Oregon legislation that would prohibit the dispensing or distribution of scheduled drugs for the purpose of causing, or assisting in causing, the suicide or euthanasia of any individual. It discusses a series of methods of producing death that can be employed without the assistance of a physician and without prescription-controlled drugs, though they will still assure a gentle, easy death. These techniques are generally referred to as “self-deliverance new technologies,” or “NuTech”.Less
In the years since Dr. Jack Kevorkian went to jail, public involvement with the issues of physician-assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia may seem to have subsided in the United States. Many other countries have been concerned with end-of-life issues, including Canada, the Netherlands, Britain, Australia, Switzerland, Belgium, and the Scandinavian countries, but the change is most evident in the United States. This chapter looks at the ways in which new strategies of political and legal activism by both proponents and opponents of legalization are tending to escalate the debate. It examines the controversy surrounding an Oregon legislation that would prohibit the dispensing or distribution of scheduled drugs for the purpose of causing, or assisting in causing, the suicide or euthanasia of any individual. It discusses a series of methods of producing death that can be employed without the assistance of a physician and without prescription-controlled drugs, though they will still assure a gentle, easy death. These techniques are generally referred to as “self-deliverance new technologies,” or “NuTech”.
Vincent Shing Cheng
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9789888455683
- eISBN:
- 9789888455645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888455683.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter frames drug detainees’ experience in a more general context of the policing of ‘targeted populations’. In China, all released prisoners, including those discussed in this study, are ...
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This chapter frames drug detainees’ experience in a more general context of the policing of ‘targeted populations’. In China, all released prisoners, including those discussed in this study, are categorized as ‘targeted populations’. Different policies are made to manage, control, and obtain information about such ‘targeted populations’. Since most of these former prisoners were incarcerated because of drug use, many of these control techniques are concerned with the control of former and current drug users. With the example of four control techniques, it demonstrates how the concern for control hijacks the concern for education and reintegration and destroys the police’s image of ‘benevolent saviours’.Less
This chapter frames drug detainees’ experience in a more general context of the policing of ‘targeted populations’. In China, all released prisoners, including those discussed in this study, are categorized as ‘targeted populations’. Different policies are made to manage, control, and obtain information about such ‘targeted populations’. Since most of these former prisoners were incarcerated because of drug use, many of these control techniques are concerned with the control of former and current drug users. With the example of four control techniques, it demonstrates how the concern for control hijacks the concern for education and reintegration and destroys the police’s image of ‘benevolent saviours’.
James Tharin Bradford
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501738333
- eISBN:
- 9781501738340
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501738333.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter explores how Afghan drugs expanded into British India during the later half of the 19th century. By analyzing two Afghan rulers, Abdur Rahman Khan and Amanullah Khan, this chapter ...
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This chapter explores how Afghan drugs expanded into British India during the later half of the 19th century. By analyzing two Afghan rulers, Abdur Rahman Khan and Amanullah Khan, this chapter demonstrates that Afghans established a system which encouraged the smuggling of opium and hashish out of Afghanistan and into British India, but put harsh penalties on the use and trade within the country. It also explains why this was significant given the broader landscape of events; Afghan drugs were increasingly smuggled into South Asia while British India moved toward restricting the production and trade of drugs. Ultimately, this chapter details how Afghan drugs entered markets in South Asia and beyond, but as a result, Afghanistan was also drawn into international dialogues over the illicit drug trade and drug control.Less
This chapter explores how Afghan drugs expanded into British India during the later half of the 19th century. By analyzing two Afghan rulers, Abdur Rahman Khan and Amanullah Khan, this chapter demonstrates that Afghans established a system which encouraged the smuggling of opium and hashish out of Afghanistan and into British India, but put harsh penalties on the use and trade within the country. It also explains why this was significant given the broader landscape of events; Afghan drugs were increasingly smuggled into South Asia while British India moved toward restricting the production and trade of drugs. Ultimately, this chapter details how Afghan drugs entered markets in South Asia and beyond, but as a result, Afghanistan was also drawn into international dialogues over the illicit drug trade and drug control.
Vincent Shing Cheng
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9789888455683
- eISBN:
- 9789888455645
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888455683.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Although the official propaganda surrounding the drug detainees in China is that of helping, educating, and saving them from their drug habits and the drug dealers who lure them into drug abuse, it ...
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Although the official propaganda surrounding the drug detainees in China is that of helping, educating, and saving them from their drug habits and the drug dealers who lure them into drug abuse, it is clear, according to Vincent Shing Cheng, that those who have gone through the rehabilitation system lost their trust in the Communist Party’s promise of help and consider it a failure. Based on first-hand information and established ideas in prison research, Hypocrisy gives an ethnographic account of reality and experiences of drug detainees in China and provides a glimpse into a population that is very hard to reach and study. Cheng argues that there is a discrepancy between the propaganda of ‘helping’ and ‘saving’ drug users in detention or rehabilitation centres and the reality of ‘humiliating’ them and making them prime targets of control. Such a discrepancy is possibly threatening rather than enhancing the party-state’s legitimacy. He concludes the book by demonstrating how the gulf between rhetoric and reality can illuminate many other systems, even in much less extreme societies than China.Less
Although the official propaganda surrounding the drug detainees in China is that of helping, educating, and saving them from their drug habits and the drug dealers who lure them into drug abuse, it is clear, according to Vincent Shing Cheng, that those who have gone through the rehabilitation system lost their trust in the Communist Party’s promise of help and consider it a failure. Based on first-hand information and established ideas in prison research, Hypocrisy gives an ethnographic account of reality and experiences of drug detainees in China and provides a glimpse into a population that is very hard to reach and study. Cheng argues that there is a discrepancy between the propaganda of ‘helping’ and ‘saving’ drug users in detention or rehabilitation centres and the reality of ‘humiliating’ them and making them prime targets of control. Such a discrepancy is possibly threatening rather than enhancing the party-state’s legitimacy. He concludes the book by demonstrating how the gulf between rhetoric and reality can illuminate many other systems, even in much less extreme societies than China.
Vincent Shing Cheng
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9789888455683
- eISBN:
- 9789888455645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888455683.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
This chapter further examines former prisoners’ experiences in the early phase of their imprisonment. With the example of the prison culture of ‘initiation ceremonies’, it argues that prison ...
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This chapter further examines former prisoners’ experiences in the early phase of their imprisonment. With the example of the prison culture of ‘initiation ceremonies’, it argues that prison officers’ concern of maintaining control and order in the prison goes beyond producing the form of structural hypocrisy discussed in the previous chapter and actually forces former prisoners to act in hypocritical ways themselves. What should have been a process of learning and rehabilitation through education turns instead into a veritable culture of hypocrisy.Less
This chapter further examines former prisoners’ experiences in the early phase of their imprisonment. With the example of the prison culture of ‘initiation ceremonies’, it argues that prison officers’ concern of maintaining control and order in the prison goes beyond producing the form of structural hypocrisy discussed in the previous chapter and actually forces former prisoners to act in hypocritical ways themselves. What should have been a process of learning and rehabilitation through education turns instead into a veritable culture of hypocrisy.
Suzanna Reiss
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520280779
- eISBN:
- 9780520959026
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520280779.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter describes the convergence of policing and profitmaking as the state demobilized wartime pharmaceutical surpluses and devised a drug-control regime that remobilized them for defense. ...
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This chapter describes the convergence of policing and profitmaking as the state demobilized wartime pharmaceutical surpluses and devised a drug-control regime that remobilized them for defense. Heeding the government’s call for a state of permanent war-readiness, the pharmaceutical industry and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics collaborated to secure and stockpile strategic defense materials while limiting legal participation within the drug marketplace. This helped to enshrine a new economic order that facilitated U.S. replacement of European colonial might in the world economy. Drugs—and commodities derived from them, like Coca-Cola—became both exemplars and emissaries of the material benefits of integration into a global capitalist system as the United States squared off with the Soviet Union in a burgeoning Cold War.Less
This chapter describes the convergence of policing and profitmaking as the state demobilized wartime pharmaceutical surpluses and devised a drug-control regime that remobilized them for defense. Heeding the government’s call for a state of permanent war-readiness, the pharmaceutical industry and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics collaborated to secure and stockpile strategic defense materials while limiting legal participation within the drug marketplace. This helped to enshrine a new economic order that facilitated U.S. replacement of European colonial might in the world economy. Drugs—and commodities derived from them, like Coca-Cola—became both exemplars and emissaries of the material benefits of integration into a global capitalist system as the United States squared off with the Soviet Union in a burgeoning Cold War.