Robert James Matthys
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198529712
- eISBN:
- 9780191712791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529712.003.0032
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
An electromagnetically driven pendulum is more accurate than a mechanically (escapement) driven pendulum. This is because a pendulum is disturbed less by an electromagnetic drive pulse than by ...
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An electromagnetically driven pendulum is more accurate than a mechanically (escapement) driven pendulum. This is because a pendulum is disturbed less by an electromagnetic drive pulse than by hitting and dragging a pallet across an escape wheel's tooth. This is empirically based on Q —the less disturbed a pendulum is, the more accurate it will be. A short drive pulse at the center of swing is superior to the continuous sine wave drive approach. This is due to the difficulty in avoiding spurious electrical drive currents at the ends of swing, where unwanted low level electrical currents in a continuous sine wave drive can cause significant time errors over long time intervals. In this clock, the pendulum is electronically driven by a short current pulse in each drive coil at the center of swing. This chapter describes some features of an electromagnetically driven pendulum clock. The clock's mechanical layout is presented.Less
An electromagnetically driven pendulum is more accurate than a mechanically (escapement) driven pendulum. This is because a pendulum is disturbed less by an electromagnetic drive pulse than by hitting and dragging a pallet across an escape wheel's tooth. This is empirically based on Q —the less disturbed a pendulum is, the more accurate it will be. A short drive pulse at the center of swing is superior to the continuous sine wave drive approach. This is due to the difficulty in avoiding spurious electrical drive currents at the ends of swing, where unwanted low level electrical currents in a continuous sine wave drive can cause significant time errors over long time intervals. In this clock, the pendulum is electronically driven by a short current pulse in each drive coil at the center of swing. This chapter describes some features of an electromagnetically driven pendulum clock. The clock's mechanical layout is presented.
Lisa L. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331684
- eISBN:
- 9780199867967
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331684.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The primary focus of this chapter is the relationship between group interests and the legislative policy process in Pennsylvania. In striking similarity to the situation in Congress, criminal justice ...
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The primary focus of this chapter is the relationship between group interests and the legislative policy process in Pennsylvania. In striking similarity to the situation in Congress, criminal justice agencies and a few prolific groups representing professional and single-issue citizen interests generally dominate. The citizen groups that appear are ones that specialize in the crime issue du jour—guns, sex offenses, crimes against children, or the death penalty. The share of hearings that includes citizen groups has increased, but a closer examination reveals that this is due to a dramatic increase in single-issue groups and a decline in groups with more diffuse interests. This picture of legislative crime hearings is confirmed by extensive interviews with state legislators, whose contact with citizen organizations is limited to a handful of high-profile, single-issue, and civil liberties groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, and several statewide women's organizations. The ubiquity of prosecutors, law enforcement, and single-issue groups focused on women, children, and civil liberties leaves a glaring hole in policy debates about crime: the omission of the interests of the poor and urban minorities, many of whom face serious crime on a regular basis. This chapter also discusses the limitations of the American Civil Liberties Union as a group representing the broad interests of citizens at risk of crime and violence.Less
The primary focus of this chapter is the relationship between group interests and the legislative policy process in Pennsylvania. In striking similarity to the situation in Congress, criminal justice agencies and a few prolific groups representing professional and single-issue citizen interests generally dominate. The citizen groups that appear are ones that specialize in the crime issue du jour—guns, sex offenses, crimes against children, or the death penalty. The share of hearings that includes citizen groups has increased, but a closer examination reveals that this is due to a dramatic increase in single-issue groups and a decline in groups with more diffuse interests. This picture of legislative crime hearings is confirmed by extensive interviews with state legislators, whose contact with citizen organizations is limited to a handful of high-profile, single-issue, and civil liberties groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, and several statewide women's organizations. The ubiquity of prosecutors, law enforcement, and single-issue groups focused on women, children, and civil liberties leaves a glaring hole in policy debates about crime: the omission of the interests of the poor and urban minorities, many of whom face serious crime on a regular basis. This chapter also discusses the limitations of the American Civil Liberties Union as a group representing the broad interests of citizens at risk of crime and violence.
Robert J. Matthys
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198529712
- eISBN:
- 9780191712791
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529712.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
The Shortt clock, made in the 1920s, is the most famous accurate clock pendulum ever known, having an accuracy of one second per year when kept at nearly constant temperature. Almost all of a ...
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The Shortt clock, made in the 1920s, is the most famous accurate clock pendulum ever known, having an accuracy of one second per year when kept at nearly constant temperature. Almost all of a pendulum clock's accuracy resides in its pendulum. If the pendulum is accurate, the clock will be accurate. This book describes many scientific aspects of pendulum design and operation in simple terms with experimental data, and little mathematics. It has been written, looking at all the different parts and aspects of the pendulum in great detail, chapter by chapter, reflecting the degree of attention necessary for making a pendulum run accurately. The topics covered include the dimensional stability of different pendulum materials, good and poor suspension spring designs, the design of mechanical joints and clamps, effect of quartz on accuracy, temperature compensation, air drag of different bob shapes and making a sinusoidal electromagnetic drive. One whole chapter is devoted to simple ways of improving the accuracy of ordinary low-cost pendulum clocks, which have a different construction compared to the more expensive designs of substantially well-made ones. This book will prove invaluable to anyone who wants to know how to make a more accurate pendulum or pendulum clock.Less
The Shortt clock, made in the 1920s, is the most famous accurate clock pendulum ever known, having an accuracy of one second per year when kept at nearly constant temperature. Almost all of a pendulum clock's accuracy resides in its pendulum. If the pendulum is accurate, the clock will be accurate. This book describes many scientific aspects of pendulum design and operation in simple terms with experimental data, and little mathematics. It has been written, looking at all the different parts and aspects of the pendulum in great detail, chapter by chapter, reflecting the degree of attention necessary for making a pendulum run accurately. The topics covered include the dimensional stability of different pendulum materials, good and poor suspension spring designs, the design of mechanical joints and clamps, effect of quartz on accuracy, temperature compensation, air drag of different bob shapes and making a sinusoidal electromagnetic drive. One whole chapter is devoted to simple ways of improving the accuracy of ordinary low-cost pendulum clocks, which have a different construction compared to the more expensive designs of substantially well-made ones. This book will prove invaluable to anyone who wants to know how to make a more accurate pendulum or pendulum clock.
Frances Sheldon and Pam Firth
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199216420
- eISBN:
- 9780191730306
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216420.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This chapter examines the psychosocial impact of advanced metastatic cancer on the patient and family. It discusses the results of several studies indicating that social isolation is a major issue ...
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This chapter examines the psychosocial impact of advanced metastatic cancer on the patient and family. It discusses the results of several studies indicating that social isolation is a major issue for patients who have been suffering from cancer for a long time and that metastatic cancer patients and their spouses also experience a decrease in sexual drive, recreation, and style and content of communication. Other research also reveals that changes or improvement in cancer treatment have led many children to live much of their childhood with a sick parent and they can often become young carers.Less
This chapter examines the psychosocial impact of advanced metastatic cancer on the patient and family. It discusses the results of several studies indicating that social isolation is a major issue for patients who have been suffering from cancer for a long time and that metastatic cancer patients and their spouses also experience a decrease in sexual drive, recreation, and style and content of communication. Other research also reveals that changes or improvement in cancer treatment have led many children to live much of their childhood with a sick parent and they can often become young carers.
Anna M. Rappaport and John A. Turner
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199592609
- eISBN:
- 9780191594618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592609.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
Many risks must be managed during the postretirement period. This chapter explores retirement planning software that provides individuals and advisors the opportunity to perform a range of ...
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Many risks must be managed during the postretirement period. This chapter explores retirement planning software that provides individuals and advisors the opportunity to perform a range of calculations to help them in retirement planning. We draw on surveys and research to show how the software handles postretirement risks, and we conclude that many approaches to managing these risks are not well integrated.Less
Many risks must be managed during the postretirement period. This chapter explores retirement planning software that provides individuals and advisors the opportunity to perform a range of calculations to help them in retirement planning. We draw on surveys and research to show how the software handles postretirement risks, and we conclude that many approaches to managing these risks are not well integrated.
Henry Chesbrough
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199263233
- eISBN:
- 9780191718847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263233.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
Our understanding of the interaction between technological structure and organizational structure has made many advances. This chapter argues that a more dynamic conception of the relationship is ...
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Our understanding of the interaction between technological structure and organizational structure has made many advances. This chapter argues that a more dynamic conception of the relationship is necessary in order to capture important elements that otherwise go unnoticed. Illustrations of a dynamic conception are offered, based on empirical research in the disk-drive industry. Organizational traps may emerge, in that companies are not properly aligned with their technologies, but adaptation is difficult. Path-dependent behaviours can result, which intensify these traps.Less
Our understanding of the interaction between technological structure and organizational structure has made many advances. This chapter argues that a more dynamic conception of the relationship is necessary in order to capture important elements that otherwise go unnoticed. Illustrations of a dynamic conception are offered, based on empirical research in the disk-drive industry. Organizational traps may emerge, in that companies are not properly aligned with their technologies, but adaptation is difficult. Path-dependent behaviours can result, which intensify these traps.
Robert James Matthys
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198529712
- eISBN:
- 9780191712791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529712.003.0036
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
At atmospheric pressure, a pendulum is slightly buoyant to a ‘sea’ of air. This buoyancy causes the pendulum's timing to be a little sensitive to the air's density, and consequently to its pressure. ...
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At atmospheric pressure, a pendulum is slightly buoyant to a ‘sea’ of air. This buoyancy causes the pendulum's timing to be a little sensitive to the air's density, and consequently to its pressure. Timing error can be corrected mechanically by putting a small bellows-supported weight on the pendulum. As the air pressure increases, the bellows shrinks and lowers the weight resting on top of it, speeding up the pendulum to compensate for its natural slowdown with increasing pressure. This assumes that the bellows' weight is located in the pendulum's upper half. If located in the lower half, the bellows-supported weight must hang below the bellows instead of sitting on top of it. The effect of the air pressure variations can also be corrected for electronically, using a silicon-based pressure sensor, some electronic circuitry, and an electromagnetic (coil and magnet) pendulum drive. This chapter describes an electronic circuit that corrects for a pendulum's air pressure variations.Less
At atmospheric pressure, a pendulum is slightly buoyant to a ‘sea’ of air. This buoyancy causes the pendulum's timing to be a little sensitive to the air's density, and consequently to its pressure. Timing error can be corrected mechanically by putting a small bellows-supported weight on the pendulum. As the air pressure increases, the bellows shrinks and lowers the weight resting on top of it, speeding up the pendulum to compensate for its natural slowdown with increasing pressure. This assumes that the bellows' weight is located in the pendulum's upper half. If located in the lower half, the bellows-supported weight must hang below the bellows instead of sitting on top of it. The effect of the air pressure variations can also be corrected for electronically, using a silicon-based pressure sensor, some electronic circuitry, and an electromagnetic (coil and magnet) pendulum drive. This chapter describes an electronic circuit that corrects for a pendulum's air pressure variations.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165883
- eISBN:
- 9780199789672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165883.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes how computers came into three information technology industries: semiconductors, hard disk drives, and software, for doing the work of each. It describes applications, how work ...
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This chapter describes how computers came into three information technology industries: semiconductors, hard disk drives, and software, for doing the work of each. It describes applications, how work changed, and how products were developed, manufactured, and deployed. The extent of use of computers in these modern industries is also discussed.Less
This chapter describes how computers came into three information technology industries: semiconductors, hard disk drives, and software, for doing the work of each. It describes applications, how work changed, and how products were developed, manufactured, and deployed. The extent of use of computers in these modern industries is also discussed.
André M. de Roos and Lennart Persson
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691137575
- eISBN:
- 9781400845613
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691137575.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter shows that overcompensation and cohort cycles are also found in demand-driven systems, and that shifts in overcompensation patterns and cycle types can, as for supply-driven systems, be ...
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This chapter shows that overcompensation and cohort cycles are also found in demand-driven systems, and that shifts in overcompensation patterns and cycle types can, as for supply-driven systems, be related to whether development or reproduction is more limited and controls the population at equilibrium. Furthermore, it considers whether dynamical phenomena like cohort cycles have also been reported to occur in unicellular species, which have a limited change in size over their life cycle. Finally, the principles of development versus reproduction control and the concept of ontogenetic asymmetry have formed major cornerstones throughout this whole book. The chapter returns to these topics and sets them in the context of contemporary—and future—ecological theory.Less
This chapter shows that overcompensation and cohort cycles are also found in demand-driven systems, and that shifts in overcompensation patterns and cycle types can, as for supply-driven systems, be related to whether development or reproduction is more limited and controls the population at equilibrium. Furthermore, it considers whether dynamical phenomena like cohort cycles have also been reported to occur in unicellular species, which have a limited change in size over their life cycle. Finally, the principles of development versus reproduction control and the concept of ontogenetic asymmetry have formed major cornerstones throughout this whole book. The chapter returns to these topics and sets them in the context of contemporary—and future—ecological theory.
Jason Owen-Smith and Walter W. Powell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207183
- eISBN:
- 9780191708886
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207183.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
The development of the biotech industry in Boston and the San Francisco Bay area, the two most prominent biotech clusters in the United States, are compared. Their analysis rests on three ...
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The development of the biotech industry in Boston and the San Francisco Bay area, the two most prominent biotech clusters in the United States, are compared. Their analysis rests on three presumptions: high-tech clusters in particular require both the presence of networks and spatial density, inter-organizational networks serve the dual purposes of being locus of innovation and the underlying support structure that host the institutional and social context necessary for innovation, and, finally, the form and substance of innovation in successful clusters vary over time and with patterns of emergence. It is concluded that a process of convergence has been going on over the last twelve years. Consequently, even though path-dependence and variety in culture and norms determine the trajectory, clusters may still be quite comparable in terms of performance.Less
The development of the biotech industry in Boston and the San Francisco Bay area, the two most prominent biotech clusters in the United States, are compared. Their analysis rests on three presumptions: high-tech clusters in particular require both the presence of networks and spatial density, inter-organizational networks serve the dual purposes of being locus of innovation and the underlying support structure that host the institutional and social context necessary for innovation, and, finally, the form and substance of innovation in successful clusters vary over time and with patterns of emergence. It is concluded that a process of convergence has been going on over the last twelve years. Consequently, even though path-dependence and variety in culture and norms determine the trajectory, clusters may still be quite comparable in terms of performance.
Dirk U. Pfeiffer, Timothy P. Robinson, Mark Stevenson, Kim B. Stevens, David J. Rogers, and Archie C. A. Clements
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198509882
- eISBN:
- 9780191709128
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509882.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the application of spatial analysis in disease management. Topics covered include spatial data in disease risk assessment, and data-driven and knowledge-driven models of ...
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This chapter discusses the application of spatial analysis in disease management. Topics covered include spatial data in disease risk assessment, and data-driven and knowledge-driven models of disease risk.Less
This chapter discusses the application of spatial analysis in disease management. Topics covered include spatial data in disease risk assessment, and data-driven and knowledge-driven models of disease risk.
Olav Wicken
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199551552
- eISBN:
- 9780191720819
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551552.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Innovation
This chapter discusses the role of public policy in creating a new path in the Norwegian economy. It argues that the policy to support industrial R&D from the 1960s was part of a strategy to ...
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This chapter discusses the role of public policy in creating a new path in the Norwegian economy. It argues that the policy to support industrial R&D from the 1960s was part of a strategy to establish a R&D intensive industrialization. This was the main motivation for the introduction of a public policy for industrial research, and as long as this policy was accepted there was to be a long-term growth in public support for industrial R&D. When path creation was no longer a central part of policy making, the industrial research based strategy collapsed. This is seen as a factor behind the relatively low R&D intensity in the Norwegian economy compared to other Nordic countries like Sweden and Finland.Less
This chapter discusses the role of public policy in creating a new path in the Norwegian economy. It argues that the policy to support industrial R&D from the 1960s was part of a strategy to establish a R&D intensive industrialization. This was the main motivation for the introduction of a public policy for industrial research, and as long as this policy was accepted there was to be a long-term growth in public support for industrial R&D. When path creation was no longer a central part of policy making, the industrial research based strategy collapsed. This is seen as a factor behind the relatively low R&D intensity in the Norwegian economy compared to other Nordic countries like Sweden and Finland.
Graham Bell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198569725
- eISBN:
- 9780191717741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569725.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Genetic elements that spread by parasitizing the replicative machinery of a host cell are common inhabitants of the genome, especially in multicellular sexual organisms. They show how genetic ...
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Genetic elements that spread by parasitizing the replicative machinery of a host cell are common inhabitants of the genome, especially in multicellular sexual organisms. They show how genetic elements can evolve despite reducing the fitness of individuals. The first section in this chapter is all about infection and explains the following: bacterial plasmids; 2-micron plasmid of yeast; transposable elements; transposons as regulatory elements; transposons as mutator elements; transposons as hitch-hiking elements; transposons as selfish genetic elements; the spread of transposable elements; parasites of transposons'; selfish mitochondria; and finally population genetic engineering. The second section is about interference and describes the Poison-Antidote system; Gamete Killers; meiotic drive on sex-chromosomes; and phoenix elements. The final section in this chapter, called Gonotaxis, describes B-chromosome; and infectious agents that control sexual development.Less
Genetic elements that spread by parasitizing the replicative machinery of a host cell are common inhabitants of the genome, especially in multicellular sexual organisms. They show how genetic elements can evolve despite reducing the fitness of individuals. The first section in this chapter is all about infection and explains the following: bacterial plasmids; 2-micron plasmid of yeast; transposable elements; transposons as regulatory elements; transposons as mutator elements; transposons as hitch-hiking elements; transposons as selfish genetic elements; the spread of transposable elements; parasites of transposons'; selfish mitochondria; and finally population genetic engineering. The second section is about interference and describes the Poison-Antidote system; Gamete Killers; meiotic drive on sex-chromosomes; and phoenix elements. The final section in this chapter, called Gonotaxis, describes B-chromosome; and infectious agents that control sexual development.
Stefano Atzeni and JÜrgen Meyer-Ter-Vehn
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198562641
- eISBN:
- 9780191714030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198562641.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
Hohlraum targets are a special class of ICF targets, in which capsule ablation is driven by the thermal radiation inside a cavity, the so-called hohlraum. In this scheme, the laser or ion beams do ...
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Hohlraum targets are a special class of ICF targets, in which capsule ablation is driven by the thermal radiation inside a cavity, the so-called hohlraum. In this scheme, the laser or ion beams do not drive the capsule directly, and one therefore calls it indirect drive. Expressions for X-ray conversion efficiency are derived for incident laser and ion beams. Radiation confinement inside the cavity is discussed in terms of the wall albedo, which measures the re-emission of absorbed radiation by the heated wall. The radiative transfer between the walls is treated approximately by means of the viewfactor method. Simple estimates are derived for the hohlraum temperature of the black-body radiation. Simulations of radiatively driven implosions are presented in the context of targets for ion beam fusion.Less
Hohlraum targets are a special class of ICF targets, in which capsule ablation is driven by the thermal radiation inside a cavity, the so-called hohlraum. In this scheme, the laser or ion beams do not drive the capsule directly, and one therefore calls it indirect drive. Expressions for X-ray conversion efficiency are derived for incident laser and ion beams. Radiation confinement inside the cavity is discussed in terms of the wall albedo, which measures the re-emission of absorbed radiation by the heated wall. The radiative transfer between the walls is treated approximately by means of the viewfactor method. Simple estimates are derived for the hohlraum temperature of the black-body radiation. Simulations of radiatively driven implosions are presented in the context of targets for ion beam fusion.
Alfredo Bellen and Marino Zennaro
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506546
- eISBN:
- 9780191709609
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506546.003.0005
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Numerical Analysis
This chapter presents the continuous Runge-Kutta methods for ODEs. In addition to providing the basics for the construction of the standard approach for DDEs, it constitutes one of the first ...
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This chapter presents the continuous Runge-Kutta methods for ODEs. In addition to providing the basics for the construction of the standard approach for DDEs, it constitutes one of the first systematic collections of results on continuous Runge-Kutta methods. All the results in the literature are homogenized under a unifying point of view. The methods are divided in two classes, namely the first and the second class. The first class includes continuous extensions of Runge-Kutta methods constructed using the already available stage values. The second class includes the continuous extensions that make use of additional stage values. Special attention is given to the natural continuous extensions for which a kind of superconvergence result is given in the application to problems with driving equation.Less
This chapter presents the continuous Runge-Kutta methods for ODEs. In addition to providing the basics for the construction of the standard approach for DDEs, it constitutes one of the first systematic collections of results on continuous Runge-Kutta methods. All the results in the literature are homogenized under a unifying point of view. The methods are divided in two classes, namely the first and the second class. The first class includes continuous extensions of Runge-Kutta methods constructed using the already available stage values. The second class includes the continuous extensions that make use of additional stage values. Special attention is given to the natural continuous extensions for which a kind of superconvergence result is given in the application to problems with driving equation.
John R. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195324259
- eISBN:
- 9780199786671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195324259.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
This chapter describes how the mind — faced with high demands of functioning in the world and the processing constraints of the brain — has developed a structure in which different cognitive ...
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This chapter describes how the mind — faced with high demands of functioning in the world and the processing constraints of the brain — has developed a structure in which different cognitive functions are performed by different modules and integrated through a central system. A set of eight information-processing modules and the brain regions with which they are associated are described: a visual module in the fusiform gyrus; an aural module in the auditory cortex; a manual and vocal module along the motor strip; a retrieval module in the prefrontal cortex; a goal module in the anterior cingulate; an imaginal module in the posterior parietal cortex; and a procedural module in the basal ganglia. Three examples that illustrate their function are described: a study of time sharing while driving; a laboratory study of perfect time sharing; and an fMRI brain imaging study that activates all eight modules.Less
This chapter describes how the mind — faced with high demands of functioning in the world and the processing constraints of the brain — has developed a structure in which different cognitive functions are performed by different modules and integrated through a central system. A set of eight information-processing modules and the brain regions with which they are associated are described: a visual module in the fusiform gyrus; an aural module in the auditory cortex; a manual and vocal module along the motor strip; a retrieval module in the prefrontal cortex; a goal module in the anterior cingulate; an imaginal module in the posterior parietal cortex; and a procedural module in the basal ganglia. Three examples that illustrate their function are described: a study of time sharing while driving; a laboratory study of perfect time sharing; and an fMRI brain imaging study that activates all eight modules.
Christopher Janaway
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279692
- eISBN:
- 9780191707407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279692.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter argues that Nietzsche's conception of will to power underlies his explanations of moral values, and that its manifestations may be outward-directed or inward-directed, achieve genuine ...
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This chapter argues that Nietzsche's conception of will to power underlies his explanations of moral values, and that its manifestations may be outward-directed or inward-directed, achieve genuine power or the feeling of power, and result in healthy or unhealthy states. In Genealogy II Nietzsche presents his historiographical principle concerning interpretation and origin, in which he implicates will to power: all interpretation is one thing exerting power over another, and Nietzsche blurs distinctions between natural and intentional explanation. The notion that the natural world is will to power is then discussed. Nietzsche does not propound a metaphysics of the world as thing in itself, but does explain all natural processes in terms of relations of dominance, in the human case the interaction of sub-personal drives or ‘under-wills’. Maudemarie Clark's reading of ‘the world as will to power’ as a projection of Nietzsche's values rather than a genuine assertion is examined and rejected.Less
This chapter argues that Nietzsche's conception of will to power underlies his explanations of moral values, and that its manifestations may be outward-directed or inward-directed, achieve genuine power or the feeling of power, and result in healthy or unhealthy states. In Genealogy II Nietzsche presents his historiographical principle concerning interpretation and origin, in which he implicates will to power: all interpretation is one thing exerting power over another, and Nietzsche blurs distinctions between natural and intentional explanation. The notion that the natural world is will to power is then discussed. Nietzsche does not propound a metaphysics of the world as thing in itself, but does explain all natural processes in terms of relations of dominance, in the human case the interaction of sub-personal drives or ‘under-wills’. Maudemarie Clark's reading of ‘the world as will to power’ as a projection of Nietzsche's values rather than a genuine assertion is examined and rejected.
Christopher Janaway
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279692
- eISBN:
- 9780191707407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279692.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter remains with Genealogy III and examines the positive conception of perspectival knowing which Nietzsche announces as an improved conception of ‘objectivity’. Recent readings have tended ...
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This chapter remains with Genealogy III and examines the positive conception of perspectival knowing which Nietzsche announces as an improved conception of ‘objectivity’. Recent readings have tended not to reflect the prominence Nietzsche gives to affects here. Multiplying perspectives for Nietzsche means multiplying the number of affects one feels towards a subject matter: this, he suggests, enables and enhances knowledge of it. Nietzsche's own procedure of understanding morality via an exploration of various moral feelings is taken as a case in point. The multiplicity of perspectives arises from Nietzsche's radical conception of the self as a collection of drives. The chapter explores whether this conception of the self is sufficient for a conception of knowledge, and whether Nietzsche should require the self to be more of a unified agent in order for his notion of having one's affects ‘in one's power’ and ‘shifting them in out’ to be intelligible.Less
This chapter remains with Genealogy III and examines the positive conception of perspectival knowing which Nietzsche announces as an improved conception of ‘objectivity’. Recent readings have tended not to reflect the prominence Nietzsche gives to affects here. Multiplying perspectives for Nietzsche means multiplying the number of affects one feels towards a subject matter: this, he suggests, enables and enhances knowledge of it. Nietzsche's own procedure of understanding morality via an exploration of various moral feelings is taken as a case in point. The multiplicity of perspectives arises from Nietzsche's radical conception of the self as a collection of drives. The chapter explores whether this conception of the self is sufficient for a conception of knowledge, and whether Nietzsche should require the self to be more of a unified agent in order for his notion of having one's affects ‘in one's power’ and ‘shifting them in out’ to be intelligible.
Gerry Stoker
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263334
- eISBN:
- 9780191734564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263334.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
Joined-up government seems to be able to present itself in various forms of being understood in several ways. It is therefore subject to various interpretations and divergent views. Some contend that ...
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Joined-up government seems to be able to present itself in various forms of being understood in several ways. It is therefore subject to various interpretations and divergent views. Some contend that joined-up government is inherently centralizing hence it is disadvantageous for the devolved units of the government, some on the other hand argue that joined-up government is not essentially centralizing. This chapter evaluates New Labour's initial efforts at stimulating joining-up at the local level by detailing the rise of the multitude partnership bodies since New Labour rose into power. The chapter also discusses the top-down-driven policy style that New Labour adopted in their efforts for partnerships. This style caused chaotic repercussions in the local and regional governance. Discussed as well in the chapter are the ways in which New Labour tried to localize joined-up government. The first method was the premise of adopting autonomy for the local government to pursue community leadership at the local level while the second method proposed earned autonomy or constrained discretion wherein the local government can lead and yet be under the guidance of the central government. Both of these models of governance are considered here to determine whether they can be institutionalized. The last section of the chapter presents a discussion on the seemingly centralizing nature of joined-up government.Less
Joined-up government seems to be able to present itself in various forms of being understood in several ways. It is therefore subject to various interpretations and divergent views. Some contend that joined-up government is inherently centralizing hence it is disadvantageous for the devolved units of the government, some on the other hand argue that joined-up government is not essentially centralizing. This chapter evaluates New Labour's initial efforts at stimulating joining-up at the local level by detailing the rise of the multitude partnership bodies since New Labour rose into power. The chapter also discusses the top-down-driven policy style that New Labour adopted in their efforts for partnerships. This style caused chaotic repercussions in the local and regional governance. Discussed as well in the chapter are the ways in which New Labour tried to localize joined-up government. The first method was the premise of adopting autonomy for the local government to pursue community leadership at the local level while the second method proposed earned autonomy or constrained discretion wherein the local government can lead and yet be under the guidance of the central government. Both of these models of governance are considered here to determine whether they can be institutionalized. The last section of the chapter presents a discussion on the seemingly centralizing nature of joined-up government.
Peter J. Thuesen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195174274
- eISBN:
- 9780199872138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195174274.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Church History
The Epilogue explores the new frontier of American religion: the Protestant megachurch, pioneered by figures like California pastor Rick Warren. Because megachurches downplay doctrinal distinctions ...
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The Epilogue explores the new frontier of American religion: the Protestant megachurch, pioneered by figures like California pastor Rick Warren. Because megachurches downplay doctrinal distinctions in order to reach the widest audience, they would seem to spell the demise of a dogma as technical as predestination. Yet though precisely delineated doctrines may be treated as outworn artifacts, a vaguer language of foreordination thrives in evangelicalism today. The bible of this perspective is Warren's Purpose‐Driven Life, which dances around predestination without actually using the word and which adopts as its premise that nothing in life (or death) is arbitrary. The Epilogue concludes with reflections on the loss of holy mysteries, whether sacramental or dogmatic, in the cultural progression from the Puritans to Warren. Many post‐denominational evangelicals, buoyed by the presumption that a simple resort to biblical “fact” dispels all ambiguities, purvey pat answers to predestinarian questions that once defined denominations.Less
The Epilogue explores the new frontier of American religion: the Protestant megachurch, pioneered by figures like California pastor Rick Warren. Because megachurches downplay doctrinal distinctions in order to reach the widest audience, they would seem to spell the demise of a dogma as technical as predestination. Yet though precisely delineated doctrines may be treated as outworn artifacts, a vaguer language of foreordination thrives in evangelicalism today. The bible of this perspective is Warren's Purpose‐Driven Life, which dances around predestination without actually using the word and which adopts as its premise that nothing in life (or death) is arbitrary. The Epilogue concludes with reflections on the loss of holy mysteries, whether sacramental or dogmatic, in the cultural progression from the Puritans to Warren. Many post‐denominational evangelicals, buoyed by the presumption that a simple resort to biblical “fact” dispels all ambiguities, purvey pat answers to predestinarian questions that once defined denominations.
