Graham Davies
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264874
- eISBN:
- 9780191754067
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264874.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The first Schweich Lectures were given by Professor S. R. Driver of Oxford University in 1908 and the British Academy celebrated the centenary of the lectures with a single lecture in 2008. This book ...
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The first Schweich Lectures were given by Professor S. R. Driver of Oxford University in 1908 and the British Academy celebrated the centenary of the lectures with a single lecture in 2008. This book is an amplified version of that lecture, with each of its three chapters developing a theme relevant to the occasion. The lectures, on aspects of the study of antiquity in its relationship to the Bible, were established by a gift from Constance Schweich (later Mrs Goetze) in memory of her late father, Leopold Schweich. The first chapter of this book brings together biographical information (including some previously unpublished documents) about the Schweichs, who were originally a German Jewish family with close connections to the distinguished chemist and industrialist Ludwig Mond. The donation was the first major benefaction received by the British Academy, which had been founded in 1901 but initially had no government funding. The second chapter uses archival and published sources to reconstruct the circumstances and the history of the lectureship. An Appendix lists the names of all the lecturers, their subjects, and details of the publication of their lectures. The final chapter, ‘Archaeology and the Bible — A Broken Link?’, examines broader questions about ‘biblical archaeology’, which arose in the later twentieth century in the light of developments in archaeological theory and biblical scholarship, and considers whether there is still a future for collaboration between the two disciplines. The book provides a glimpse into Jewish philanthropy in England in the Edwardian era.Less
The first Schweich Lectures were given by Professor S. R. Driver of Oxford University in 1908 and the British Academy celebrated the centenary of the lectures with a single lecture in 2008. This book is an amplified version of that lecture, with each of its three chapters developing a theme relevant to the occasion. The lectures, on aspects of the study of antiquity in its relationship to the Bible, were established by a gift from Constance Schweich (later Mrs Goetze) in memory of her late father, Leopold Schweich. The first chapter of this book brings together biographical information (including some previously unpublished documents) about the Schweichs, who were originally a German Jewish family with close connections to the distinguished chemist and industrialist Ludwig Mond. The donation was the first major benefaction received by the British Academy, which had been founded in 1901 but initially had no government funding. The second chapter uses archival and published sources to reconstruct the circumstances and the history of the lectureship. An Appendix lists the names of all the lecturers, their subjects, and details of the publication of their lectures. The final chapter, ‘Archaeology and the Bible — A Broken Link?’, examines broader questions about ‘biblical archaeology’, which arose in the later twentieth century in the light of developments in archaeological theory and biblical scholarship, and considers whether there is still a future for collaboration between the two disciplines. The book provides a glimpse into Jewish philanthropy in England in the Edwardian era.
John F. Wilson and Andrew Thomson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261581
- eISBN:
- 9780191718588
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261581.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
There is a dearth of literature on management history as a key factor in modern economic society. This book aims to rectify that. It covers the period since the Second Industrial Revolution that ...
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There is a dearth of literature on management history as a key factor in modern economic society. This book aims to rectify that. It covers the period since the Second Industrial Revolution that started around 1870, when new organizational structures and managerial systems and skills became necessary. It focuses on manufacturing and larger-scale business, since these are the areas which have caused the greatest controversy about the weaknesses displayed by British industry in comparison to other countries such as the USA, Germany, and later Japan in the move to managerial capitalism. The book uses two main sets of explanatory factors. First, it uses a wide range of twenty-six ‘drivers’ or influences on the development of management, which are brought together in three categories (technological-cum-market; institutional/cultural; and business policy and practice). Second, it takes up four main themes that explain why Britain may have fallen behind: the persistence of personal and proprietorial capitalism; organizational structure and transaction costs; social attitudes towards industry; and the slow transition towards professionalism. The twelve chapters in the book are divided into five sections in which management is analysed according to different perspectives: a scene-setting and theoretical introduction; a focus on organizational development; a contextual focus concentrating on managers as a group; a focus on key managerial functions; and a concluding chapter which reflects on the recent changes in the themes.Less
There is a dearth of literature on management history as a key factor in modern economic society. This book aims to rectify that. It covers the period since the Second Industrial Revolution that started around 1870, when new organizational structures and managerial systems and skills became necessary. It focuses on manufacturing and larger-scale business, since these are the areas which have caused the greatest controversy about the weaknesses displayed by British industry in comparison to other countries such as the USA, Germany, and later Japan in the move to managerial capitalism. The book uses two main sets of explanatory factors. First, it uses a wide range of twenty-six ‘drivers’ or influences on the development of management, which are brought together in three categories (technological-cum-market; institutional/cultural; and business policy and practice). Second, it takes up four main themes that explain why Britain may have fallen behind: the persistence of personal and proprietorial capitalism; organizational structure and transaction costs; social attitudes towards industry; and the slow transition towards professionalism. The twelve chapters in the book are divided into five sections in which management is analysed according to different perspectives: a scene-setting and theoretical introduction; a focus on organizational development; a contextual focus concentrating on managers as a group; a focus on key managerial functions; and a concluding chapter which reflects on the recent changes in the themes.
George S. Yip and Audrey J. M. Bink
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199229833
- eISBN:
- 9780191696374
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199229833.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy, International Business
This chapter addresses the following questions: Should a company develop a global customer management (GCM) programme? How can it determine whether to do so? What are the potential benefits and ...
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This chapter addresses the following questions: Should a company develop a global customer management (GCM) programme? How can it determine whether to do so? What are the potential benefits and costs? It begins by examining four types of drivers of GCM: customer drivers, financial drivers, market drivers, and technology drivers. It then discusses what managers need to do to attain the benefits from the four types of drivers.Less
This chapter addresses the following questions: Should a company develop a global customer management (GCM) programme? How can it determine whether to do so? What are the potential benefits and costs? It begins by examining four types of drivers of GCM: customer drivers, financial drivers, market drivers, and technology drivers. It then discusses what managers need to do to attain the benefits from the four types of drivers.
John F. Wilson and Andrew Thomson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261581
- eISBN:
- 9780191718588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261581.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter represents a novel exercise in model-building. The first part reviews conceptual dimensions of the way in which management has been viewed: management in the theory of the firm; schools ...
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This chapter represents a novel exercise in model-building. The first part reviews conceptual dimensions of the way in which management has been viewed: management in the theory of the firm; schools into which writers on management thought can be broken down; and the ways in which managers themselves have approached problems. The second part provides a theoretical base. Initially, it reviews three models of organizational structures: Chandlerian internalization of decision-making; resource dependency-based or externalization-oriented; and a socially constructed approach. The main drivers of change are then identified. Finally, the four themes of the book are introduced: the persistence of personal and proprietorial capitalism; management, organizational structure and transaction costs; social attitudes towards industry and management; and the slow transition to professionalism.Less
This chapter represents a novel exercise in model-building. The first part reviews conceptual dimensions of the way in which management has been viewed: management in the theory of the firm; schools into which writers on management thought can be broken down; and the ways in which managers themselves have approached problems. The second part provides a theoretical base. Initially, it reviews three models of organizational structures: Chandlerian internalization of decision-making; resource dependency-based or externalization-oriented; and a socially constructed approach. The main drivers of change are then identified. Finally, the four themes of the book are introduced: the persistence of personal and proprietorial capitalism; management, organizational structure and transaction costs; social attitudes towards industry and management; and the slow transition to professionalism.
John F. Wilson and Andrew Thomson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199261581
- eISBN:
- 9780191718588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261581.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter analyses the comparative systems of comparator countries up to 1950, focusing on how and why — much earlier than in Britain — variants of managerial capitalism developed a substantial ...
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This chapter analyses the comparative systems of comparator countries up to 1950, focusing on how and why — much earlier than in Britain — variants of managerial capitalism developed a substantial presence in the American, German, and Japanese economies, despite the subtle differences in the form of these developments. In the USA, a fully-fledged form of competitive managerial capitalism had evolved by the start of the 20th century. In Germany, one might more accurately use the term ‘professional proprietorial capitalism’, while for Japan the term ‘collective managerial capitalism’ was chosen. The three main sections of the chapter are structured around the groups of drivers, illustrating that the drivers were much more propitious for the development of modern management than in Britain. The concluding section addresses the book’s four themes in a comparative sense, producing a rich background for the British story.Less
This chapter analyses the comparative systems of comparator countries up to 1950, focusing on how and why — much earlier than in Britain — variants of managerial capitalism developed a substantial presence in the American, German, and Japanese economies, despite the subtle differences in the form of these developments. In the USA, a fully-fledged form of competitive managerial capitalism had evolved by the start of the 20th century. In Germany, one might more accurately use the term ‘professional proprietorial capitalism’, while for Japan the term ‘collective managerial capitalism’ was chosen. The three main sections of the chapter are structured around the groups of drivers, illustrating that the drivers were much more propitious for the development of modern management than in Britain. The concluding section addresses the book’s four themes in a comparative sense, producing a rich background for the British story.
Graham Davies
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264874
- eISBN:
- 9780191754067
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264874.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The first series of Schweich Lectures were delivered in the spring of 1908 by Canon S. R. Driver, Regius Professor of Hebrew at Oxford and one of the founding Fellows of the British Academy. But the ...
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The first series of Schweich Lectures were delivered in the spring of 1908 by Canon S. R. Driver, Regius Professor of Hebrew at Oxford and one of the founding Fellows of the British Academy. But the process which led to this began some eighteen months earlier, when at a Council meeting on 31 October 1906 the Secretary of the Academy, Israel Gollancz, read out a letter dated 10 October offering a gift of £10,000 ‘for the furtherance of research in the Archaeology and art, the history, languages, and literature of Ancient Civilization, with reference to Biblical Archaeology’. In all sixty-seven series of Schweich Lectures have been given so far. Sixty-six of these were given by men, and only one by a woman (Kathleen Kenyon in 1963). The shortfall in the total number is due to the fact that in 1951 Council decided, for financial reasons, that the lectures should be biennial and in 1976 that they should be triennial, as they are now. The chapter includes appendices with a copy of the Trust Deed and a list of the Schweich Lectures 1908–2007, with details of their publication.Less
The first series of Schweich Lectures were delivered in the spring of 1908 by Canon S. R. Driver, Regius Professor of Hebrew at Oxford and one of the founding Fellows of the British Academy. But the process which led to this began some eighteen months earlier, when at a Council meeting on 31 October 1906 the Secretary of the Academy, Israel Gollancz, read out a letter dated 10 October offering a gift of £10,000 ‘for the furtherance of research in the Archaeology and art, the history, languages, and literature of Ancient Civilization, with reference to Biblical Archaeology’. In all sixty-seven series of Schweich Lectures have been given so far. Sixty-six of these were given by men, and only one by a woman (Kathleen Kenyon in 1963). The shortfall in the total number is due to the fact that in 1951 Council decided, for financial reasons, that the lectures should be biennial and in 1976 that they should be triennial, as they are now. The chapter includes appendices with a copy of the Trust Deed and a list of the Schweich Lectures 1908–2007, with details of their publication.
Simon L. Lewis, Yadvinder Malhi, and Oliver L. Phillips
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567066
- eISBN:
- 9780191717888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567066.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Recent observations of widespread changes in mature tropical forests such as a rise in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, and above-ground biomass, suggest that ‘global change’ agents may be ...
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Recent observations of widespread changes in mature tropical forests such as a rise in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, and above-ground biomass, suggest that ‘global change’ agents may be affecting tropical forests far from the deforestation fronts. However, consensus has yet to emerge over the robustness of these changes and the environmental drivers that may be causing them. This chapter focuses on the second part of this debate. Ten potential widespread drivers of environmental change are identified: temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, climatic extremes (including El Niñno-Southern Oscillation events), atmospheric CO2 concentrations, nutrient deposition, O3/acid depositions, hunting, land-use change, and increasing liana numbers. Each is expected to leave a unique ‘fingerprint’ in tropical forests, as drivers directly force different processes, have different distributions in space and time and may affect some forests more than others (e.g., depending on soil fertility). Testable a priori predictions of forest responses are presented to help ecologists attribute particular changes in forests to particular causes. Finally, this chapter discusses how these drivers may change and the possible future consequences for tropical forests.Less
Recent observations of widespread changes in mature tropical forests such as a rise in tree growth, recruitment and mortality, and above-ground biomass, suggest that ‘global change’ agents may be affecting tropical forests far from the deforestation fronts. However, consensus has yet to emerge over the robustness of these changes and the environmental drivers that may be causing them. This chapter focuses on the second part of this debate. Ten potential widespread drivers of environmental change are identified: temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, climatic extremes (including El Niñno-Southern Oscillation events), atmospheric CO2 concentrations, nutrient deposition, O3/acid depositions, hunting, land-use change, and increasing liana numbers. Each is expected to leave a unique ‘fingerprint’ in tropical forests, as drivers directly force different processes, have different distributions in space and time and may affect some forests more than others (e.g., depending on soil fertility). Testable a priori predictions of forest responses are presented to help ecologists attribute particular changes in forests to particular causes. Finally, this chapter discusses how these drivers may change and the possible future consequences for tropical forests.
Mia de Kuijper
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195171631
- eISBN:
- 9780199871353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171631.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Chapter 2 focuses on the underlying driver of change, the falling cost of information, and paints the scenario of how it is changing our economic reality.
Chapter 2 focuses on the underlying driver of change, the falling cost of information, and paints the scenario of how it is changing our economic reality.
John Rogerson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195383355
- eISBN:
- 9780199870561
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383355.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies, History of Christianity
Darwin's On the Origin of Species made much less of an impact on the interpretation of Genesis than might have been expected. This was largely because geological discoveries and their implications ...
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Darwin's On the Origin of Species made much less of an impact on the interpretation of Genesis than might have been expected. This was largely because geological discoveries and their implications for the age of the world, the antiquity of the human race, and the biblical story of a universal flood preoccupied biblical scholars for much of the nineteenth century, from the 1820s to the end of the century. This chapter illustrates the diversity of the interpretations of Genesis during this period, one in which even the defenders of the accuracy of Genesis against science were by no means agreed on how to handle the biblical material.Less
Darwin's On the Origin of Species made much less of an impact on the interpretation of Genesis than might have been expected. This was largely because geological discoveries and their implications for the age of the world, the antiquity of the human race, and the biblical story of a universal flood preoccupied biblical scholars for much of the nineteenth century, from the 1820s to the end of the century. This chapter illustrates the diversity of the interpretations of Genesis during this period, one in which even the defenders of the accuracy of Genesis against science were by no means agreed on how to handle the biblical material.
Peter J. Pecora, Ronald C. Kessler, Jason Williams, A. Chris Downs, Diana J. English, James White, and Kirk O'Brien
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195175912
- eISBN:
- 9780199865628
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175912.003.0011
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter examines the third primary research question: Are there key factors or program components that are linked with better functioning in adulthood? It was hypothesized that a more positive ...
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This chapter examines the third primary research question: Are there key factors or program components that are linked with better functioning in adulthood? It was hypothesized that a more positive foster care experience would be related to more desirable outcomes. These include the following: A more stable placement history; Educational stability and more access to educational tutoring supports; More access to therapeutic service and supports; More involvement with the foster family; Greater preparation for leaving care (e.g., employment training and support); More tangible resources upon leaving care (e.g., $250 in cash and a driver's license); A positive relationship with an adult while growing up. Each outcome (e.g., no PTSD in last twelve months, no major depression in last twelve months) was examined separately after controlling for demographics and risk factor variables that were significant in a stepwise logistic regression: agency serving the youth, the state in which the youth was served, and the interaction between agency and state.Less
This chapter examines the third primary research question: Are there key factors or program components that are linked with better functioning in adulthood? It was hypothesized that a more positive foster care experience would be related to more desirable outcomes. These include the following: A more stable placement history; Educational stability and more access to educational tutoring supports; More access to therapeutic service and supports; More involvement with the foster family; Greater preparation for leaving care (e.g., employment training and support); More tangible resources upon leaving care (e.g., $250 in cash and a driver's license); A positive relationship with an adult while growing up. Each outcome (e.g., no PTSD in last twelve months, no major depression in last twelve months) was examined separately after controlling for demographics and risk factor variables that were significant in a stepwise logistic regression: agency serving the youth, the state in which the youth was served, and the interaction between agency and state.
Gurudas Das
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198079781
- eISBN:
- 9780199081738
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198079781.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
The book provides a lucid account of the dynamics of development of civil wars in the Northeastern Region (NER)—the second soft underbelly of India after Jammu and Kashmir. The central argument of ...
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The book provides a lucid account of the dynamics of development of civil wars in the Northeastern Region (NER)—the second soft underbelly of India after Jammu and Kashmir. The central argument of the book revolves round the interlinkages among external security threats, economic underdevelopment, and consequent internal insecurity. It reveals how the development of the region has become hostage of the security perception of the Indian state about her northeastern borders in the first place; and then how the consequent underdevelopment has led to the rise in internal insecurity, which in turn arrested economic progress and denied human security. It, then, portrays the crisis of legitimacy and development of fragile state syndrome among the subunits in the region, which have been caught in conflict traps. The book suggests a four-fold policy measures needed for breaking this conflict trap in the NER. First, the promotion of economic development of the NER through cross-border development cooperation as the dynamics of national development framework has failed to address the issue. Second, improving the governance by way of adopting federal solution to separatist and secessionist demands and practising the politics of accommodation rather than politics of exclusion. Third, as the sphere of operation of the militant movements transcend the territorial boundary of the nation states, it is, thus, important to engage the neighbouring nations for preventing violence. Fourth, the nation states have to work together to redefine the concept of ‘right to self-determination’ to mean ‘right to self-governance’ rather than ‘right to political independence’.Less
The book provides a lucid account of the dynamics of development of civil wars in the Northeastern Region (NER)—the second soft underbelly of India after Jammu and Kashmir. The central argument of the book revolves round the interlinkages among external security threats, economic underdevelopment, and consequent internal insecurity. It reveals how the development of the region has become hostage of the security perception of the Indian state about her northeastern borders in the first place; and then how the consequent underdevelopment has led to the rise in internal insecurity, which in turn arrested economic progress and denied human security. It, then, portrays the crisis of legitimacy and development of fragile state syndrome among the subunits in the region, which have been caught in conflict traps. The book suggests a four-fold policy measures needed for breaking this conflict trap in the NER. First, the promotion of economic development of the NER through cross-border development cooperation as the dynamics of national development framework has failed to address the issue. Second, improving the governance by way of adopting federal solution to separatist and secessionist demands and practising the politics of accommodation rather than politics of exclusion. Third, as the sphere of operation of the militant movements transcend the territorial boundary of the nation states, it is, thus, important to engage the neighbouring nations for preventing violence. Fourth, the nation states have to work together to redefine the concept of ‘right to self-determination’ to mean ‘right to self-governance’ rather than ‘right to political independence’.
John D. Martin, J. William Petty, and James S. Wallace
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195340389
- eISBN:
- 9780199867257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340389.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics, Financial Economics
The concept of free cash flow is the foundation of value-based management. No matter what we choose to do, free cash flow should be at the heart of any effort to understand how management can ...
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The concept of free cash flow is the foundation of value-based management. No matter what we choose to do, free cash flow should be at the heart of any effort to understand how management can contribute to a company's value. It is equal to the cash flow from operations less any incremental investments in working capital and capital expenditures. However, what makes free cash flow important is that it represents the amount distributed to a firm's investors and, as such, represents the core determinant of the company's value. The determinants of value, or what are called “value drivers,” include sales, sales growth, operating profit margins, asset-to-sales relationships, and cash taxes. Management should be committed to strategies that create value, that is, to strategies in which the present value of the growth opportunities is positive.Less
The concept of free cash flow is the foundation of value-based management. No matter what we choose to do, free cash flow should be at the heart of any effort to understand how management can contribute to a company's value. It is equal to the cash flow from operations less any incremental investments in working capital and capital expenditures. However, what makes free cash flow important is that it represents the amount distributed to a firm's investors and, as such, represents the core determinant of the company's value. The determinants of value, or what are called “value drivers,” include sales, sales growth, operating profit margins, asset-to-sales relationships, and cash taxes. Management should be committed to strategies that create value, that is, to strategies in which the present value of the growth opportunities is positive.
Dario D. Salvucci
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195189193
- eISBN:
- 9780199847457
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189193.003.0024
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
As cognitive architectures continue to move forward toward more truly “unified theories of cognition,” integration has played and will continue to play a key role in their development. At least two ...
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As cognitive architectures continue to move forward toward more truly “unified theories of cognition,” integration has played and will continue to play a key role in their development. At least two distinct types of integration, known as integration by composition and integration by generalization, have become evident in recent work on cognitive architecture. This chapter discusses three examples of integration within this work on driver behavior: integration by composition of a lower-level control model into a production-system model for highway driving, integration by composition of the driver model with models of in-vehicle secondary tasks to predict driver distraction, and integration by generalization of the multitasking aspects of the previous models into a general executive for handling multitask performance. This integration has facilitated the development of practical systems that use these theories in real-world applications, such as predicting the distraction potential of novel in-vehicle devices.Less
As cognitive architectures continue to move forward toward more truly “unified theories of cognition,” integration has played and will continue to play a key role in their development. At least two distinct types of integration, known as integration by composition and integration by generalization, have become evident in recent work on cognitive architecture. This chapter discusses three examples of integration within this work on driver behavior: integration by composition of a lower-level control model into a production-system model for highway driving, integration by composition of the driver model with models of in-vehicle secondary tasks to predict driver distraction, and integration by generalization of the multitasking aspects of the previous models into a general executive for handling multitask performance. This integration has facilitated the development of practical systems that use these theories in real-world applications, such as predicting the distraction potential of novel in-vehicle devices.
Peter Hinchliff
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199510177
- eISBN:
- 9780191700972
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199510177.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
In the 1860s and 1870s, ‘Catholic’ and ‘Liberal’ Anglicanism in Oxford University had been represented by E. B. Pusey and Benjamin Jowett respectively, on opposing sides of virtually every religious ...
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In the 1860s and 1870s, ‘Catholic’ and ‘Liberal’ Anglicanism in Oxford University had been represented by E. B. Pusey and Benjamin Jowett respectively, on opposing sides of virtually every religious issue which disturbed the university. Pusey was always absolutely unyielding on any point where the truth, once delivered to the Saints, was at issue. Jowett, though a reluctant religious disputant, was an equally determined fighter for the truth arrived at by free enquiry. Pusey died in the autumn of 1882 and was succeeded as Professor of Hebrew by S. R. Driver, a moderate critical scholar. That Jowett became Vice-Chancellor almost as Pusey died might have meant the triumph of liberal theology in Oxford, but the office seems to have diverted his attention to other matters. Frederick Temple’s Bampton Lectures on science and religion, which made Charles Darwin’s hypothesis respectable in the Church of England, were delivered in 1884 yet the biography of Jowett by Abbott and Campbell contains no reference to them.Less
In the 1860s and 1870s, ‘Catholic’ and ‘Liberal’ Anglicanism in Oxford University had been represented by E. B. Pusey and Benjamin Jowett respectively, on opposing sides of virtually every religious issue which disturbed the university. Pusey was always absolutely unyielding on any point where the truth, once delivered to the Saints, was at issue. Jowett, though a reluctant religious disputant, was an equally determined fighter for the truth arrived at by free enquiry. Pusey died in the autumn of 1882 and was succeeded as Professor of Hebrew by S. R. Driver, a moderate critical scholar. That Jowett became Vice-Chancellor almost as Pusey died might have meant the triumph of liberal theology in Oxford, but the office seems to have diverted his attention to other matters. Frederick Temple’s Bampton Lectures on science and religion, which made Charles Darwin’s hypothesis respectable in the Church of England, were delivered in 1884 yet the biography of Jowett by Abbott and Campbell contains no reference to them.
Lynne Pearce
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780748690848
- eISBN:
- 9781474426817
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748690848.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
What sorts of things do we think about when we’re driving – or being driven – in a car? Drivetime seeks to answer this question by drawing upon a rich archive of British and American texts from ‘the ...
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What sorts of things do we think about when we’re driving – or being driven – in a car? Drivetime seeks to answer this question by drawing upon a rich archive of British and American texts from ‘the motoring century’ (1900-2000), paying particular attention to the way in which the practice of driving shapes and structures our thinking. While recent sociological and psychological research has helped explain how drivers are able to think about ‘other things’ while performing such a complex task, little attention has, as yet, been paid to the form these cognitive and affective journeys take. Pearce uses her close readings of literary texts – ranging from early twentieth-century motoring periodicals, Modernist and inter-war fiction, American ‘road-trip’ classics, and autobiography – in order to model different types of ‘driving-event’ and, by extension, the car’s use as a means of phenomenological encounter, escape from memory, meditation, problem-solving and daydreaming. The textual case-studies include: H.V. Morton and Edwin Muir; Jack Kerouac and Patricia Highsmith; Neil Young and Joan Didion; Elizabeth Bowen and Rosamund Lehmann.Less
What sorts of things do we think about when we’re driving – or being driven – in a car? Drivetime seeks to answer this question by drawing upon a rich archive of British and American texts from ‘the motoring century’ (1900-2000), paying particular attention to the way in which the practice of driving shapes and structures our thinking. While recent sociological and psychological research has helped explain how drivers are able to think about ‘other things’ while performing such a complex task, little attention has, as yet, been paid to the form these cognitive and affective journeys take. Pearce uses her close readings of literary texts – ranging from early twentieth-century motoring periodicals, Modernist and inter-war fiction, American ‘road-trip’ classics, and autobiography – in order to model different types of ‘driving-event’ and, by extension, the car’s use as a means of phenomenological encounter, escape from memory, meditation, problem-solving and daydreaming. The textual case-studies include: H.V. Morton and Edwin Muir; Jack Kerouac and Patricia Highsmith; Neil Young and Joan Didion; Elizabeth Bowen and Rosamund Lehmann.
Paul Glare, Andrew Dickman, and Margaret Goodman
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198509332
- eISBN:
- 9780191730177
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509332.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter discusses symptom control in care of the dying. It is divided into three sections, each of which is written by a single author. The first section, written by Paul Glare, looks at the ...
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This chapter discusses symptom control in care of the dying. It is divided into three sections, each of which is written by a single author. The first section, written by Paul Glare, looks at the influence of the Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient (LCP) on symptom control, and the most common symptoms found in a dying patient. Pain management and managing agitation in dying patients are also studied. Andrew Dickman is the author of the second section, which focuses on the use of syringe drivers and managing respiratory tract secretions and dyspnoea in dying patients. Finally, the third section is prepared by Margaret Goodman, and it studies bowel care, micturition difficulties, mouth care, and mobility or pressure area care. Deciding when to stop administering nursing interventions is also discussed.Less
This chapter discusses symptom control in care of the dying. It is divided into three sections, each of which is written by a single author. The first section, written by Paul Glare, looks at the influence of the Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient (LCP) on symptom control, and the most common symptoms found in a dying patient. Pain management and managing agitation in dying patients are also studied. Andrew Dickman is the author of the second section, which focuses on the use of syringe drivers and managing respiratory tract secretions and dyspnoea in dying patients. Finally, the third section is prepared by Margaret Goodman, and it studies bowel care, micturition difficulties, mouth care, and mobility or pressure area care. Deciding when to stop administering nursing interventions is also discussed.
Donald L. Fisher and Alexander Pollatsek
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195305722
- eISBN:
- 9780199847723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195305722.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
The fatality rate per 100 million vehicle miles among sixteen-year-old novice drivers is almost eight times higher than it is among the safest cohort of drivers, those with their driver's license for ...
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The fatality rate per 100 million vehicle miles among sixteen-year-old novice drivers is almost eight times higher than it is among the safest cohort of drivers, those with their driver's license for twenty years or more. Why do teen drivers have such a high accident rate and what can be done about it? Clearly, any serious attempt at remediation requires that one understands something about the types of behaviors that lead to crashes and what it is about driving that leads to such behaviors for the novice. There are many possible reasons why searching for potential risks might not be a trivial skill, and this chapter takes as its starting point multiple-resource theory. Perhaps problems occur for novice drivers that do not occur for more experienced drivers because experienced drivers can better divide their attention between the vehicle control task and the search and risk prediction tasks. There are other variants of what is known globally as the divided attention hypothesis.Less
The fatality rate per 100 million vehicle miles among sixteen-year-old novice drivers is almost eight times higher than it is among the safest cohort of drivers, those with their driver's license for twenty years or more. Why do teen drivers have such a high accident rate and what can be done about it? Clearly, any serious attempt at remediation requires that one understands something about the types of behaviors that lead to crashes and what it is about driving that leads to such behaviors for the novice. There are many possible reasons why searching for potential risks might not be a trivial skill, and this chapter takes as its starting point multiple-resource theory. Perhaps problems occur for novice drivers that do not occur for more experienced drivers because experienced drivers can better divide their attention between the vehicle control task and the search and risk prediction tasks. There are other variants of what is known globally as the divided attention hypothesis.
David L Wiesenthal and Deanna M Singhal
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199586073
- eISBN:
- 9780191731358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.003.0024
- Subject:
- Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Evolutionary psychologists have argued that young men are particularly prone to risk-taking in the formation of dominance hierarchies, which arise in an effort to secure resources to attract and keep ...
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Evolutionary psychologists have argued that young men are particularly prone to risk-taking in the formation of dominance hierarchies, which arise in an effort to secure resources to attract and keep females. Wilson and Daly (1985) have termed this effect the “young male syndrome”. Risk-taking involves a variety of behaviours ranging from criminal activities and extreme sports to dangerous driving. By examining data from the Canadian census and comparing it to national driving statistics related to crash and alcohol-related injuries and deaths, the following relationships were described: (1) the Canadian population has dramatically increased in the three decades following 1970, but the proportion of young males in the population has declined, (2) roadway deaths and injuries have decreased despite the increase in the number of vehicles on the road, (3) young men from 16-29 years of age are disproportionately involved in collisions causing deaths and injuries whether as drivers, passengers, or pedestrians, (4) young men are disproportionately involved in alcohol-related crashes causing death and injury. A model was developed to illustrate the effect of demographic factors, evolutionary principles, situational factors, societal influences, and media effects to explain risky male activities. Alternative explanations based on brain maturation and the effects of stress, producing aggression, are discussed.Less
Evolutionary psychologists have argued that young men are particularly prone to risk-taking in the formation of dominance hierarchies, which arise in an effort to secure resources to attract and keep females. Wilson and Daly (1985) have termed this effect the “young male syndrome”. Risk-taking involves a variety of behaviours ranging from criminal activities and extreme sports to dangerous driving. By examining data from the Canadian census and comparing it to national driving statistics related to crash and alcohol-related injuries and deaths, the following relationships were described: (1) the Canadian population has dramatically increased in the three decades following 1970, but the proportion of young males in the population has declined, (2) roadway deaths and injuries have decreased despite the increase in the number of vehicles on the road, (3) young men from 16-29 years of age are disproportionately involved in collisions causing deaths and injuries whether as drivers, passengers, or pedestrians, (4) young men are disproportionately involved in alcohol-related crashes causing death and injury. A model was developed to illustrate the effect of demographic factors, evolutionary principles, situational factors, societal influences, and media effects to explain risky male activities. Alternative explanations based on brain maturation and the effects of stress, producing aggression, are discussed.
Wheeler Winston Dixon
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623990
- eISBN:
- 9780748653614
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623990.003.0006
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Walter Hill's The Driver (1978) typifies the film noir of the 1970s in America; aimless, rootless, devoid of hope or compassion. By 2004, Hill was content to serve as producer of Paul W. S. ...
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Walter Hill's The Driver (1978) typifies the film noir of the 1970s in America; aimless, rootless, devoid of hope or compassion. By 2004, Hill was content to serve as producer of Paul W. S. Anderson's execrable Alien vs Predator, thus forfeiting whatever claim he might have had to any artistic legitimacy. But Hill's early films pack a solid punch. After working as a scenarist on Robert Culp's violent noir cop drama, Hickey and Boggs, and Sam Peckinpah's ultra-violent heist thriller The Getaway, Hill graduated to the director's chair with Hard Times (1975). The Driver was only his second film as a director, but already the signature elements of Hill's vision are in place; speed, violence and ruthless sadism. Other similarly-themed noir films of the period include Arthur Penn's Night Moves (1975), Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver, Wes Craven's The Last House on the Left (1972), Tobe Hooper's The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974) and John Carpenter's Assault on Precinct 13 (1976).Less
Walter Hill's The Driver (1978) typifies the film noir of the 1970s in America; aimless, rootless, devoid of hope or compassion. By 2004, Hill was content to serve as producer of Paul W. S. Anderson's execrable Alien vs Predator, thus forfeiting whatever claim he might have had to any artistic legitimacy. But Hill's early films pack a solid punch. After working as a scenarist on Robert Culp's violent noir cop drama, Hickey and Boggs, and Sam Peckinpah's ultra-violent heist thriller The Getaway, Hill graduated to the director's chair with Hard Times (1975). The Driver was only his second film as a director, but already the signature elements of Hill's vision are in place; speed, violence and ruthless sadism. Other similarly-themed noir films of the period include Arthur Penn's Night Moves (1975), Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver, Wes Craven's The Last House on the Left (1972), Tobe Hooper's The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974) and John Carpenter's Assault on Precinct 13 (1976).
Ann M. Dellinger, David A. Sleet, and Bruce H. Jones
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150698
- eISBN:
- 9780199865185
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150698.003.16
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The public health problem of motor-vehicle-related death and injury emerged in the 20th century with the advent of new technology-the automobile. In the past 100 years, more than 2.8 million persons ...
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The public health problem of motor-vehicle-related death and injury emerged in the 20th century with the advent of new technology-the automobile. In the past 100 years, more than 2.8 million persons have died and nearly 100 million persons have been injured on U.S. roads and highways. Despite these statistics, substantial gains in driver behavior, vehicle safety, and road design improved the safety of motor-vehicle travel despite increases in motorization, shifting demographics, and changing social patterns. This chapter defines the modern public health problem of motor-vehicle travel. It highlights the leadership of William Haddon in revolutionizing the approach to the prevention of motor-vehicle injuries, the role of community organizations such as Mothers Against Drunk Driving in changing social norms, and outlines governmental and private industry efforts to reduce the incidence of death and injury attributable to motor-vehicles. The chapter looks forward to the challenges of transportation safety in the 21st century.Less
The public health problem of motor-vehicle-related death and injury emerged in the 20th century with the advent of new technology-the automobile. In the past 100 years, more than 2.8 million persons have died and nearly 100 million persons have been injured on U.S. roads and highways. Despite these statistics, substantial gains in driver behavior, vehicle safety, and road design improved the safety of motor-vehicle travel despite increases in motorization, shifting demographics, and changing social patterns. This chapter defines the modern public health problem of motor-vehicle travel. It highlights the leadership of William Haddon in revolutionizing the approach to the prevention of motor-vehicle injuries, the role of community organizations such as Mothers Against Drunk Driving in changing social norms, and outlines governmental and private industry efforts to reduce the incidence of death and injury attributable to motor-vehicles. The chapter looks forward to the challenges of transportation safety in the 21st century.
