Francis G. Castles
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199270170
- eISBN:
- 9780191601514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199270171.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Seeks to use disaggregated measures of social expenditure derived from the OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX) to measure the extent of recent change in the structure of social provision and to ...
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Seeks to use disaggregated measures of social expenditure derived from the OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX) to measure the extent of recent change in the structure of social provision and to identify types and trajectories of welfare state development. The account shows that change in welfare spending priorities in OECD countries has been much more modest than is commonly thought. It also demonstrates that disaggregated expenditure measures can be used to generate a typology of provision that closely mirrors Esping–Andersen’s three regimes model, but in a way that permits more precise measurement of regime change over time.Less
Seeks to use disaggregated measures of social expenditure derived from the OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX) to measure the extent of recent change in the structure of social provision and to identify types and trajectories of welfare state development. The account shows that change in welfare spending priorities in OECD countries has been much more modest than is commonly thought. It also demonstrates that disaggregated expenditure measures can be used to generate a typology of provision that closely mirrors Esping–Andersen’s three regimes model, but in a way that permits more precise measurement of regime change over time.
Francis G. Castles
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199270170
- eISBN:
- 9780191601514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199270171.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Uses statistical techniques to model the determinants of aggregate social expenditure change in 21 OECD countries over the period 1980 to 1998. The main focus is on testing hypotheses relating to the ...
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Uses statistical techniques to model the determinants of aggregate social expenditure change in 21 OECD countries over the period 1980 to 1998. The main focus is on testing hypotheses relating to the impact of economic globalization and the so-called ‘new politics’ of the welfare state. The analysis suggests that neither of these accounts is persuasive. Instead, the main factors shaping recent expenditure change appear to have been programme maturation, economic growth, deindustrialization and left partisan politics.Less
Uses statistical techniques to model the determinants of aggregate social expenditure change in 21 OECD countries over the period 1980 to 1998. The main focus is on testing hypotheses relating to the impact of economic globalization and the so-called ‘new politics’ of the welfare state. The analysis suggests that neither of these accounts is persuasive. Instead, the main factors shaping recent expenditure change appear to have been programme maturation, economic growth, deindustrialization and left partisan politics.
Arndt Sorge
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199278909
- eISBN:
- 9780191706820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278909.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
The dialectical complementarity of liberalism and corporatist governance in provincialized layers has brought forth internationally oriented companies promoting diversified quality production, credit ...
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The dialectical complementarity of liberalism and corporatist governance in provincialized layers has brought forth internationally oriented companies promoting diversified quality production, credit rather than share issue finance, and a stakeholder model of corporate governance rather than shareholder capitalism. Such characteristics have recently been shaken by the impetus of Anglo-American shareholder value orientations in international ‘financialization’. Whereas changes that challenge established practices are indubitable, the pervasive phenomenon of recombination implying reassertion of domestic practices in new forms is also present: credit financing has gone up again; employee representatives have both modified and helped to implement shareholder value orientations; co-determination has, despite shocks, also proved helpful in the fashioning of changes. Financial and strategic-operative internationalization of enterprises are not clearly related to one another. Generally, recombination of opposed tendencies and characteristics again is the rule.Less
The dialectical complementarity of liberalism and corporatist governance in provincialized layers has brought forth internationally oriented companies promoting diversified quality production, credit rather than share issue finance, and a stakeholder model of corporate governance rather than shareholder capitalism. Such characteristics have recently been shaken by the impetus of Anglo-American shareholder value orientations in international ‘financialization’. Whereas changes that challenge established practices are indubitable, the pervasive phenomenon of recombination implying reassertion of domestic practices in new forms is also present: credit financing has gone up again; employee representatives have both modified and helped to implement shareholder value orientations; co-determination has, despite shocks, also proved helpful in the fashioning of changes. Financial and strategic-operative internationalization of enterprises are not clearly related to one another. Generally, recombination of opposed tendencies and characteristics again is the rule.
Gregory Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199284511
- eISBN:
- 9780191713705
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284511.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter examines employment practices and adjustment drawing on both survey data and case study materials. While over 80% of Japanese listed firms maintain a commitment to lifetime employment, ...
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This chapter examines employment practices and adjustment drawing on both survey data and case study materials. While over 80% of Japanese listed firms maintain a commitment to lifetime employment, many firms have abandoned seniority-based wages in favour of merit-based payment systems based on individual performance evaluations. Some corporate governance practices, such as stock options and equity-based performance measures, negatively impact the continued use of seniority-based pay. Meanwhile, the percentage of in-house board members has a negative impact on market employment patterns, which suggests that external market pressures may be less important than the style of insider governance in determining employment patterns. Despite this continued commitment to lifetime employment, the core of employees covered under such arrangements is shrinking through the active use of ‘benevolent’ methods of employment adjustment, such as early retirement schemes. These finds suggest that some elements of Japanese-style HRM may be compatible with changing corporate governance institutions.Less
This chapter examines employment practices and adjustment drawing on both survey data and case study materials. While over 80% of Japanese listed firms maintain a commitment to lifetime employment, many firms have abandoned seniority-based wages in favour of merit-based payment systems based on individual performance evaluations. Some corporate governance practices, such as stock options and equity-based performance measures, negatively impact the continued use of seniority-based pay. Meanwhile, the percentage of in-house board members has a negative impact on market employment patterns, which suggests that external market pressures may be less important than the style of insider governance in determining employment patterns. Despite this continued commitment to lifetime employment, the core of employees covered under such arrangements is shrinking through the active use of ‘benevolent’ methods of employment adjustment, such as early retirement schemes. These finds suggest that some elements of Japanese-style HRM may be compatible with changing corporate governance institutions.
Simon Domberger
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198774570
- eISBN:
- 9780191596148
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198774575.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter and the previous two look at the structural changes that have resulted from the economy‐wide application of contracting out. The public sector is perhaps the one that has been most ...
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This chapter and the previous two look at the structural changes that have resulted from the economy‐wide application of contracting out. The public sector is perhaps the one that has been most profoundly affected by it, and about which controversy concerning the appropriate scope of private and public production continues to smoulder. Chapter 11 takes a forward look at contracting trends, not by gazing at a crystal ball, but by asking whether contracting is a fad. The chapter also examines the downsizing phenomenon and the ongoing confusion between its role and that of contracting out. Lastly, it addresses the matter of where and when the bounds of contracting out will be identified, but finds no definitive answer on the basis of current trends.Less
This chapter and the previous two look at the structural changes that have resulted from the economy‐wide application of contracting out. The public sector is perhaps the one that has been most profoundly affected by it, and about which controversy concerning the appropriate scope of private and public production continues to smoulder. Chapter 11 takes a forward look at contracting trends, not by gazing at a crystal ball, but by asking whether contracting is a fad. The chapter also examines the downsizing phenomenon and the ongoing confusion between its role and that of contracting out. Lastly, it addresses the matter of where and when the bounds of contracting out will be identified, but finds no definitive answer on the basis of current trends.
Mary O'Sullivan
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199244867
- eISBN:
- 9780191596735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199244863.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The growing demands for financial liquidity, combined with the productive challenges discussed in the previous chapter, created significant pressures on the stability of the post‐war system of ...
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The growing demands for financial liquidity, combined with the productive challenges discussed in the previous chapter, created significant pressures on the stability of the post‐war system of managerial control in the USA. In the 1980s and 1990s, the US corporate economy reacted to these combined pressures in what, in historical perspective, were dramatic ways. The most striking dimension of the general corporate response was the growing propensity of US corporations in that period to downsize their workforces and to distribute corporate revenues to stockholders. The strategy to ‘downsize and distribute’ stands in contrast to the historical norm for these corporations of favouring the retention of corporate revenues for reinvestment in plant, equipment, and personnel. This chapter has two main sections that (1) address the factors that underlay the prevalence and persistence of strategies to downsize and distribute among US corporate enterprises, and (2) assess the implications of the strategies to downsize and distribute.Less
The growing demands for financial liquidity, combined with the productive challenges discussed in the previous chapter, created significant pressures on the stability of the post‐war system of managerial control in the USA. In the 1980s and 1990s, the US corporate economy reacted to these combined pressures in what, in historical perspective, were dramatic ways. The most striking dimension of the general corporate response was the growing propensity of US corporations in that period to downsize their workforces and to distribute corporate revenues to stockholders. The strategy to ‘downsize and distribute’ stands in contrast to the historical norm for these corporations of favouring the retention of corporate revenues for reinvestment in plant, equipment, and personnel. This chapter has two main sections that (1) address the factors that underlay the prevalence and persistence of strategies to downsize and distribute among US corporate enterprises, and (2) assess the implications of the strategies to downsize and distribute.
Sandra L. Bloom and Brian Farragher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195374803
- eISBN:
- 9780199865420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374803.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
Most people may not recognize that stress has become a major risk for a wide variety of health and mental health problems, although when surveyed most people talk passionately about the stress they ...
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Most people may not recognize that stress has become a major risk for a wide variety of health and mental health problems, although when surveyed most people talk passionately about the stress they confront at work. Nowhere is that more true than in human services. It is impossible to understand the full impact of the last thirty years of changes in human service delivery without understanding the impact of acute and chronic stress on workers at every level of the system. This chapter reviews what is known so far about the magnitude of stress impacting daily existence with a specific focus on workplace stressors. The issue of workplace stress is a public health problem of enormous proportion, not dissimilar to what existed two hundred years ago before we understood that microbes cause disease, only now the infectious agent is violence in all of its forms.Less
Most people may not recognize that stress has become a major risk for a wide variety of health and mental health problems, although when surveyed most people talk passionately about the stress they confront at work. Nowhere is that more true than in human services. It is impossible to understand the full impact of the last thirty years of changes in human service delivery without understanding the impact of acute and chronic stress on workers at every level of the system. This chapter reviews what is known so far about the magnitude of stress impacting daily existence with a specific focus on workplace stressors. The issue of workplace stress is a public health problem of enormous proportion, not dissimilar to what existed two hundred years ago before we understood that microbes cause disease, only now the infectious agent is violence in all of its forms.
Sandra L. Bloom and Brian Farragher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195374803
- eISBN:
- 9780199865420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374803.003.0008
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter has a wide focus, covering many of the cognitive problems that are secondary to chronic organizational stress. Stress interferes with organizational learning, organizational memory is ...
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This chapter has a wide focus, covering many of the cognitive problems that are secondary to chronic organizational stress. Stress interferes with organizational learning, organizational memory is lost, organizational amnesia affects function, and service delivery becomes increasingly fragmented. The organization has developed learning disabilities. Decision-making becomes compromised and reactive so that short-sighted policy decisions are made that appear to compound existing problems. Stressed groups are frequently unwilling to perceive and discuss problems that the group denies and are more likely to actively and dangerously silence dissent.Less
This chapter has a wide focus, covering many of the cognitive problems that are secondary to chronic organizational stress. Stress interferes with organizational learning, organizational memory is lost, organizational amnesia affects function, and service delivery becomes increasingly fragmented. The organization has developed learning disabilities. Decision-making becomes compromised and reactive so that short-sighted policy decisions are made that appear to compound existing problems. Stressed groups are frequently unwilling to perceive and discuss problems that the group denies and are more likely to actively and dangerously silence dissent.
Lynda Gratton, Veronica Hope Hailey, Philip Stiles, and Catherine Truss
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198782049
- eISBN:
- 9780191695421
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198782049.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, HRM / IR, Strategy
Life is tough in organizations, both for managers and the managed. Negotiating the rapids of restructuring, downsizing, and refocusing the core business brings with it huge upheavals in job security, ...
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Life is tough in organizations, both for managers and the managed. Negotiating the rapids of restructuring, downsizing, and refocusing the core business brings with it huge upheavals in job security, the smashing of traditional career structures, and a constant imperative for employees to update their skills while working in an environment of great uncertainty. Based on close collaboration with a number of high profile organizations — BT, Citibank, Glaxo, Wellcome, Hewlett Packard, Kraft Jacobs, Suchard, Lloyds–TSB Group, the NHS, and WH Smith — this book sheds light on the organizational responses to large scale changes and details the changing demands made of employees in the process. This book goes beyond fashionable management rhetoric to uncover the reality of human resource management. A team of top researchers examines: the organizational strategies pursued in the face of fast-changing circumstances, the links between what is intended and what is realized, the way in which HR interventions impact on the individual, and the influence which HR strategies have on everyday management behaviour.Less
Life is tough in organizations, both for managers and the managed. Negotiating the rapids of restructuring, downsizing, and refocusing the core business brings with it huge upheavals in job security, the smashing of traditional career structures, and a constant imperative for employees to update their skills while working in an environment of great uncertainty. Based on close collaboration with a number of high profile organizations — BT, Citibank, Glaxo, Wellcome, Hewlett Packard, Kraft Jacobs, Suchard, Lloyds–TSB Group, the NHS, and WH Smith — this book sheds light on the organizational responses to large scale changes and details the changing demands made of employees in the process. This book goes beyond fashionable management rhetoric to uncover the reality of human resource management. A team of top researchers examines: the organizational strategies pursued in the face of fast-changing circumstances, the links between what is intended and what is realized, the way in which HR interventions impact on the individual, and the influence which HR strategies have on everyday management behaviour.
Rohit
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780198088417
- eISBN:
- 9780199082292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198088417.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
After presenting independent evidence of a weakened working class and a resurgent capitalist class in chapter 2, chapter 3 attempts to link these two up. An aggressive process of concentration in ...
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After presenting independent evidence of a weakened working class and a resurgent capitalist class in chapter 2, chapter 3 attempts to link these two up. An aggressive process of concentration in business through ‘downsize and distribute’ involved steps like union busting, labour-displacing technical change, and greater incentive to top executives whose sole focus was on shareholder value maximisation. At the same time, a stronger capitalist class could force the government to keep a tab on the minimum wages to ensure competitiveness in the global markets. These arguments are established by presenting some secondary level data on the possible macroeconomic effects of mergers and acquisitions.Less
After presenting independent evidence of a weakened working class and a resurgent capitalist class in chapter 2, chapter 3 attempts to link these two up. An aggressive process of concentration in business through ‘downsize and distribute’ involved steps like union busting, labour-displacing technical change, and greater incentive to top executives whose sole focus was on shareholder value maximisation. At the same time, a stronger capitalist class could force the government to keep a tab on the minimum wages to ensure competitiveness in the global markets. These arguments are established by presenting some secondary level data on the possible macroeconomic effects of mergers and acquisitions.
Paul C. Light
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- December 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190851798
- eISBN:
- 9780190909598
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190851798.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The Government-Industrial Complex explores the recent history and impact of the federal government’s blended workforce of federal, contract, and grant employees. Drawing upon Dwight D. Eisenhower’s ...
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The Government-Industrial Complex explores the recent history and impact of the federal government’s blended workforce of federal, contract, and grant employees. Drawing upon Dwight D. Eisenhower’s description of the military-industrial complex, government-reform expert Paul Light argues that the federal government now depends on seven-nine million full-time-equivalent government-industry employees. Light’s analysis examines changes in the size of the government-industrial complex, explains the federal government’s dependence on contract and grant employees, and explores potential reforms to protect the nation against what Eisenhower called the potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power. Light chronicles the role of hiring caps, cuts, and freezes in promoting the use of contract and grant employees and shows the impact of war and peace on the changing size of government. Light offers short histories of the role that Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama played in the changing number and distribution of the federal government’s federal, contract, and grant employees. Light also discusses the Trump administration’s early strategies on downsizing and deconstructing government while describing the demographic, bureaucratic, and political problems that explain the federal government’s dependence on contract and grant employees. He then describes a sorting system for assuring that the right employees are in the right jobs to assure the greatest value and accountability, and he concludes with a description of the “next gen” public service needed to achieve the more perfect union and blessings of liberty promised in the Constitution’s preamble.Less
The Government-Industrial Complex explores the recent history and impact of the federal government’s blended workforce of federal, contract, and grant employees. Drawing upon Dwight D. Eisenhower’s description of the military-industrial complex, government-reform expert Paul Light argues that the federal government now depends on seven-nine million full-time-equivalent government-industry employees. Light’s analysis examines changes in the size of the government-industrial complex, explains the federal government’s dependence on contract and grant employees, and explores potential reforms to protect the nation against what Eisenhower called the potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power. Light chronicles the role of hiring caps, cuts, and freezes in promoting the use of contract and grant employees and shows the impact of war and peace on the changing size of government. Light offers short histories of the role that Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama played in the changing number and distribution of the federal government’s federal, contract, and grant employees. Light also discusses the Trump administration’s early strategies on downsizing and deconstructing government while describing the demographic, bureaucratic, and political problems that explain the federal government’s dependence on contract and grant employees. He then describes a sorting system for assuring that the right employees are in the right jobs to assure the greatest value and accountability, and he concludes with a description of the “next gen” public service needed to achieve the more perfect union and blessings of liberty promised in the Constitution’s preamble.
Michael Dennis
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813032917
- eISBN:
- 9780813038407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813032917.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The dominant reality for office workers from Richmond to Roanoke was insecurity. The possibility of being laid off or simply eliminated as a result of corporate restructuring burrowed deeply into the ...
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The dominant reality for office workers from Richmond to Roanoke was insecurity. The possibility of being laid off or simply eliminated as a result of corporate restructuring burrowed deeply into the subconscious of Virginia's workers in the new Gilded Age. It created an atmosphere of profound social anxiety, one that was no less intense because it happened in Virginia. There was nothing peculiarly southern about the economic forces that were transforming career-minded people into temporary, part-time, and contract workers. What happened to middle managers, secretaries, salespeople, and manufacturing supervisors in Virginia happened to those in Michigan, Ohio, and New York. The economic uncertainties of the new era bound the regions together in a collective experience of reduced hopes, limited expectations, and persistent fears. Yet the recession of 1990/1991 generated a depth of anguish in Virginia that set it apart from its southern counterparts.Less
The dominant reality for office workers from Richmond to Roanoke was insecurity. The possibility of being laid off or simply eliminated as a result of corporate restructuring burrowed deeply into the subconscious of Virginia's workers in the new Gilded Age. It created an atmosphere of profound social anxiety, one that was no less intense because it happened in Virginia. There was nothing peculiarly southern about the economic forces that were transforming career-minded people into temporary, part-time, and contract workers. What happened to middle managers, secretaries, salespeople, and manufacturing supervisors in Virginia happened to those in Michigan, Ohio, and New York. The economic uncertainties of the new era bound the regions together in a collective experience of reduced hopes, limited expectations, and persistent fears. Yet the recession of 1990/1991 generated a depth of anguish in Virginia that set it apart from its southern counterparts.
Peter J. Westwick
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300110753
- eISBN:
- 9780300134582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300110753.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter discusses the link of Total Quality Management and reengineering to two other features of the 1990s: downsizing and regulatory pressure. These four threads intertwined and reinforced ...
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This chapter discusses the link of Total Quality Management and reengineering to two other features of the 1990s: downsizing and regulatory pressure. These four threads intertwined and reinforced each other throughout the 1990s. Post-cold war fiscal constraints, for example, drove faster-better-cheaper and downsizing, both of which in turn tied into the new management initiatives of that decade. Reengineering responded to NASA's interest in how JPL conducted its business, but at the same time its attempts to trim bureaucracy ran up against increasing demands for accountability. Downsizing produced an environment of fear and mistrust at lower levels of JPL, which affected reception of the management theories as well as faster-better-cheaper. The aerospace industry spooled another thread into this fabric, which was persistent criticism of JPL's preference for building spacecraft itself instead of contracting their development to industry.Less
This chapter discusses the link of Total Quality Management and reengineering to two other features of the 1990s: downsizing and regulatory pressure. These four threads intertwined and reinforced each other throughout the 1990s. Post-cold war fiscal constraints, for example, drove faster-better-cheaper and downsizing, both of which in turn tied into the new management initiatives of that decade. Reengineering responded to NASA's interest in how JPL conducted its business, but at the same time its attempts to trim bureaucracy ran up against increasing demands for accountability. Downsizing produced an environment of fear and mistrust at lower levels of JPL, which affected reception of the management theories as well as faster-better-cheaper. The aerospace industry spooled another thread into this fabric, which was persistent criticism of JPL's preference for building spacecraft itself instead of contracting their development to industry.
Ryo Kambayashi and Takao Kato
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014892
- eISBN:
- 9780262289467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014892.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter examines the changes in Japan’s employment system after 1997 and illustrates how the sensitivity of employment to macroeconomic fluctuations steadily increase in the wake of economic ...
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This chapter examines the changes in Japan’s employment system after 1997 and illustrates how the sensitivity of employment to macroeconomic fluctuations steadily increase in the wake of economic stagnation. Using the latest Employment Status Survey, it analyzes the potential impact of the 1998 revision of the Labor Standards Law that allowed multi-year employment contracts, hence providing an alternative to lifetime employment. This change in the law had an impact on labor retention rates, particularly for female workers and workers in small and medium enterprises. The chapter also discusses other changes in the employment system, employee stock-ownership plans, downsizing, and unemployment in relation to economic growth.Less
This chapter examines the changes in Japan’s employment system after 1997 and illustrates how the sensitivity of employment to macroeconomic fluctuations steadily increase in the wake of economic stagnation. Using the latest Employment Status Survey, it analyzes the potential impact of the 1998 revision of the Labor Standards Law that allowed multi-year employment contracts, hence providing an alternative to lifetime employment. This change in the law had an impact on labor retention rates, particularly for female workers and workers in small and medium enterprises. The chapter also discusses other changes in the employment system, employee stock-ownership plans, downsizing, and unemployment in relation to economic growth.
Charles S. Pearson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190223915
- eISBN:
- 9780190223946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190223915.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter provides a framework for analyzing the potential negative economic effect of aging and population decline. Aging and associated shifts in the structure of the labor force appear more ...
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This chapter provides a framework for analyzing the potential negative economic effect of aging and population decline. Aging and associated shifts in the structure of the labor force appear more important than population size. But aging itself is being redefined, effectively shrinking the elderly pool. Maintaining productivity with a smaller relative labor through enhanced human capital may be possible, and supports the idea of a second demographic dividend. Globalization mutes the importance of scale. The net result, however, is likely to be negative: downward pressure on per capita income growth.Less
This chapter provides a framework for analyzing the potential negative economic effect of aging and population decline. Aging and associated shifts in the structure of the labor force appear more important than population size. But aging itself is being redefined, effectively shrinking the elderly pool. Maintaining productivity with a smaller relative labor through enhanced human capital may be possible, and supports the idea of a second demographic dividend. Globalization mutes the importance of scale. The net result, however, is likely to be negative: downward pressure on per capita income growth.
Damien Van Puyvelde
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474450225
- eISBN:
- 9781474465267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474450225.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This chapter charts and explains the rise of intelligence outsourcing in the post-Cold War era. In the 1990s, the private sector led the information technology revolution and became an indispensable ...
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This chapter charts and explains the rise of intelligence outsourcing in the post-Cold War era. In the 1990s, the private sector led the information technology revolution and became an indispensable asset for the intelligence community. Meanwhile government policies downsized the government intelligence workforce and a number of experienced officials moved to the private sector. Intelligence contracting boomed in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks because the private sector offered a pool of knowledge and capabilities that managers deemed necessary at the time. The government hired thousands of contractors to intensify the national intelligence effort rapidly, and outsourcing diversified to an unprecedented level. In the atmosphere of emergency that characterized the early days of the global war on terrorism, this expansion was not planned, and a variety of contractors related to the intelligence community in ways that were not always harmonious and economically viable.Less
This chapter charts and explains the rise of intelligence outsourcing in the post-Cold War era. In the 1990s, the private sector led the information technology revolution and became an indispensable asset for the intelligence community. Meanwhile government policies downsized the government intelligence workforce and a number of experienced officials moved to the private sector. Intelligence contracting boomed in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks because the private sector offered a pool of knowledge and capabilities that managers deemed necessary at the time. The government hired thousands of contractors to intensify the national intelligence effort rapidly, and outsourcing diversified to an unprecedented level. In the atmosphere of emergency that characterized the early days of the global war on terrorism, this expansion was not planned, and a variety of contractors related to the intelligence community in ways that were not always harmonious and economically viable.
Amy E. Lerman
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226630175
- eISBN:
- 9780226630342
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226630342.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses the history of good government reforms in the United States. What we can learn from this history is that it is not enough to cut the costs of government. To improve performance ...
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This chapter discusses the history of good government reforms in the United States. What we can learn from this history is that it is not enough to cut the costs of government. To improve performance and rebuild public trust, it is necessary also to invest in people—to prioritize not just good (read: cheap) government but good governance. If we learn anything by studying the public reputation crisis, it is that quick cost-cutting gains are not always beneficial in the long run; indeed, what is best for short-term efficiency and what is best for long-term efficacy can sometimes conflict, as downsizing can increase some longer-term costs and actually decrease some agencies’ capacity to fulfill their core mission. This suggests that political leaders who are intent on improving government performance must make clear steps to set their efforts up for success, both by getting early buy-in from public employees and by prioritizing long-term goals over short-term fixes.Less
This chapter discusses the history of good government reforms in the United States. What we can learn from this history is that it is not enough to cut the costs of government. To improve performance and rebuild public trust, it is necessary also to invest in people—to prioritize not just good (read: cheap) government but good governance. If we learn anything by studying the public reputation crisis, it is that quick cost-cutting gains are not always beneficial in the long run; indeed, what is best for short-term efficiency and what is best for long-term efficacy can sometimes conflict, as downsizing can increase some longer-term costs and actually decrease some agencies’ capacity to fulfill their core mission. This suggests that political leaders who are intent on improving government performance must make clear steps to set their efforts up for success, both by getting early buy-in from public employees and by prioritizing long-term goals over short-term fixes.
William Lazonick and Jang-Sup Shin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198846772
- eISBN:
- 9780191881770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198846772.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This introductory chapter explains how the US economy has transitioned from the “retain-and-invest” regime to the “downsize-and-distribute” regime, resulting in the growing imbalance between value ...
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This introductory chapter explains how the US economy has transitioned from the “retain-and-invest” regime to the “downsize-and-distribute” regime, resulting in the growing imbalance between value creation and value extraction. It posits that this corporate-governance regime change was integral to the explosion of the incomes of the richest households and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities through three major structural changes, “rationalization,” “marketization,” and “globalization.” It also highlights the academic roots of the regime change, that is, the nonsensical theory of the “unproductive firm” in neoclassical economics and the maximizing shareholder (MSV) view of the world that builds on it. The chapter then summarizes the contents of each chapter of the book.Less
This introductory chapter explains how the US economy has transitioned from the “retain-and-invest” regime to the “downsize-and-distribute” regime, resulting in the growing imbalance between value creation and value extraction. It posits that this corporate-governance regime change was integral to the explosion of the incomes of the richest households and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities through three major structural changes, “rationalization,” “marketization,” and “globalization.” It also highlights the academic roots of the regime change, that is, the nonsensical theory of the “unproductive firm” in neoclassical economics and the maximizing shareholder (MSV) view of the world that builds on it. The chapter then summarizes the contents of each chapter of the book.
William Lazonick and Jang-Sup Shin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198846772
- eISBN:
- 9780191881770
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198846772.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter focuses on the general transformation of senior corporate executives in the United States from industrialist leaders dedicated to value creation into financial engineers intent on value ...
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This chapter focuses on the general transformation of senior corporate executives in the United States from industrialist leaders dedicated to value creation into financial engineers intent on value extraction. It argues that, being incentivized by stock-based pay and legitimized by MSV ideology, senior executives of major American corporations began in the 1980s to turn their backs on long-standard practices of resource allocation: Ceasing to retain profits and reinvest them for the future, many executives placed the emphasis on cost-cutting and distributing profits to shareholders in the form of not only dividends but also stock buybacks Some companies’ distributions to shareholders have exceeded 100 percent of net income for years, even decades. This chapter emphasizes the dire consequence of executives turning from value creation to value extraction.Less
This chapter focuses on the general transformation of senior corporate executives in the United States from industrialist leaders dedicated to value creation into financial engineers intent on value extraction. It argues that, being incentivized by stock-based pay and legitimized by MSV ideology, senior executives of major American corporations began in the 1980s to turn their backs on long-standard practices of resource allocation: Ceasing to retain profits and reinvest them for the future, many executives placed the emphasis on cost-cutting and distributing profits to shareholders in the form of not only dividends but also stock buybacks Some companies’ distributions to shareholders have exceeded 100 percent of net income for years, even decades. This chapter emphasizes the dire consequence of executives turning from value creation to value extraction.
