Uwe Steinhoff
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199217373
- eISBN:
- 9780191712470
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217373.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The introduction describes the aims of the book, gives an outline of the central tenets of just war theory, and informs the reader about the book's structure. It also points out that jus ad bellum ...
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The introduction describes the aims of the book, gives an outline of the central tenets of just war theory, and informs the reader about the book's structure. It also points out that jus ad bellum (when may a war be fought) and ius in bello (how may a war be fought) cannot be completely separated.Less
The introduction describes the aims of the book, gives an outline of the central tenets of just war theory, and informs the reader about the book's structure. It also points out that jus ad bellum (when may a war be fought) and ius in bello (how may a war be fought) cannot be completely separated.
Mark Regnerus and Jeremy Uecker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199743285
- eISBN:
- 9780199894741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199743285.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter explores the dynamics of young adults’ sexual relationships, offering a clearer picture of how young Americans pick their sexual partners, how long those relationships ...
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This chapter explores the dynamics of young adults’ sexual relationships, offering a clearer picture of how young Americans pick their sexual partners, how long those relationships last, how slowly or quickly sex is introduced, and how they negotiate sex within their relationships. The chapter draws on an economic theory of sexual relationship formation and navigation, which helps explain why sexual double standards remain remarkably robust. Attention is paid to the phenomenon of “friends with benefits,” including how such relationships tend to form, with whom, and how they end. In their romantic relationships, many emerging adults make unwanted sexual requests of their partners. What do they ask for? And how do their partners evaluate such requests? This provides a segue into a discussion of online pornography, which is now nearly ubiquitous and tolerated within the vast majority of young adult relationships.Less
This chapter explores the dynamics of young adults’ sexual relationships, offering a clearer picture of how young Americans pick their sexual partners, how long those relationships last, how slowly or quickly sex is introduced, and how they negotiate sex within their relationships. The chapter draws on an economic theory of sexual relationship formation and navigation, which helps explain why sexual double standards remain remarkably robust. Attention is paid to the phenomenon of “friends with benefits,” including how such relationships tend to form, with whom, and how they end. In their romantic relationships, many emerging adults make unwanted sexual requests of their partners. What do they ask for? And how do their partners evaluate such requests? This provides a segue into a discussion of online pornography, which is now nearly ubiquitous and tolerated within the vast majority of young adult relationships.
Mark Regnerus and Jeremy Uecker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199743285
- eISBN:
- 9780199894741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199743285.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter concludes the book by discussing the power of narratives and sexual scripts in shaping the options and decisions of emerging adults. Young Americans aren’t rational ...
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This chapter concludes the book by discussing the power of narratives and sexual scripts in shaping the options and decisions of emerging adults. Young Americans aren’t rational actors, as plenty of social science would suppose. They — like the rest of Americans — are story followers who participate in the institutionalization not only of sexual behavior patterns but also of ideas about sex. We wrap up the book by summarizing it in the form of ten myths about sex among emerging adults.Less
This chapter concludes the book by discussing the power of narratives and sexual scripts in shaping the options and decisions of emerging adults. Young Americans aren’t rational actors, as plenty of social science would suppose. They — like the rest of Americans — are story followers who participate in the institutionalization not only of sexual behavior patterns but also of ideas about sex. We wrap up the book by summarizing it in the form of ten myths about sex among emerging adults.
Cynthia Grant Tucker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390209
- eISBN:
- 9780199866670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390209.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter describes a culture of contradictions where religiously liberal people tend to be socially conservative, where the pulpits' descriptions of truth conflict with the daily reality known in ...
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This chapter describes a culture of contradictions where religiously liberal people tend to be socially conservative, where the pulpits' descriptions of truth conflict with the daily reality known in the pews, and where parsonage females bear the brunt of these incongruities. Unitarian women who treasure their freedom from punishing Calvinist creeds and who revel in stretching their minds as they study the Bible in light of their reason and conscience complain of being betrayed by the pulpits' blind‐sided optimism and coldly cerebral sermons. Increasingly, too, they protest that the cult of domestic religion and separate spheres, as canonized by Horace Bushnell, violates the Unitarian values of equity and inclusion. The double standard of authorship and separatist ideology distort and diminish the women's posthumous reputations.Less
This chapter describes a culture of contradictions where religiously liberal people tend to be socially conservative, where the pulpits' descriptions of truth conflict with the daily reality known in the pews, and where parsonage females bear the brunt of these incongruities. Unitarian women who treasure their freedom from punishing Calvinist creeds and who revel in stretching their minds as they study the Bible in light of their reason and conscience complain of being betrayed by the pulpits' blind‐sided optimism and coldly cerebral sermons. Increasingly, too, they protest that the cult of domestic religion and separate spheres, as canonized by Horace Bushnell, violates the Unitarian values of equity and inclusion. The double standard of authorship and separatist ideology distort and diminish the women's posthumous reputations.
Wendie Ellen Schneider
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300125665
- eISBN:
- 9780300216554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300125665.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
In the new Divorce Court, concerns about perjury regarding matters as delicate as adultery prompted the re-invention of the Queen’s Proctor in 1860. If the Queen’s Proctor discovered upon ...
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In the new Divorce Court, concerns about perjury regarding matters as delicate as adultery prompted the re-invention of the Queen’s Proctor in 1860. If the Queen’s Proctor discovered upon investigation that petitioners had lied, they would be denied their divorces. This chapter follows the activities of the Queen’s Proctor during its first twenty-five years, revealing the ways in which cases were selected for scrutiny. Ultimately, the Queen’s Proctor’s inquisitorial role in divorce cases was deemed a failure, both because of moral scruples about the double standard in divorce law and because of conflicts generated by the incompatibility of inquisitorial and common-law models.Less
In the new Divorce Court, concerns about perjury regarding matters as delicate as adultery prompted the re-invention of the Queen’s Proctor in 1860. If the Queen’s Proctor discovered upon investigation that petitioners had lied, they would be denied their divorces. This chapter follows the activities of the Queen’s Proctor during its first twenty-five years, revealing the ways in which cases were selected for scrutiny. Ultimately, the Queen’s Proctor’s inquisitorial role in divorce cases was deemed a failure, both because of moral scruples about the double standard in divorce law and because of conflicts generated by the incompatibility of inquisitorial and common-law models.
Eleanor Hubbard
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199609345
- eISBN:
- 9780191739088
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609345.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter discusses what became of pregnant maidservants. While maidservants have been described as vulnerable to sexual exploitation, in fact illegitimacy rates were low in London. This chapter ...
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This chapter discusses what became of pregnant maidservants. While maidservants have been described as vulnerable to sexual exploitation, in fact illegitimacy rates were low in London. This chapter stresses the importance of the way the poor law dealt with bastardy: while communities and magistrates were loath to believe women's accusations against men, they were even less willing to support other men's illegitimate children, so the legal paternity of illegitimate children was based on the mother's word. Both men and women had incentives to come to private agreements whereby the father supported the mother for a period around childbirth, and took responsibility for the child. This chapter examines the limits of the protective effect of the poor law for women who did not become pregnant following rape or abuse, who lacked social support, or who feared seeking official redress. It also questions the link between illegitimate pregnancy and entrance into prostitution.Less
This chapter discusses what became of pregnant maidservants. While maidservants have been described as vulnerable to sexual exploitation, in fact illegitimacy rates were low in London. This chapter stresses the importance of the way the poor law dealt with bastardy: while communities and magistrates were loath to believe women's accusations against men, they were even less willing to support other men's illegitimate children, so the legal paternity of illegitimate children was based on the mother's word. Both men and women had incentives to come to private agreements whereby the father supported the mother for a period around childbirth, and took responsibility for the child. This chapter examines the limits of the protective effect of the poor law for women who did not become pregnant following rape or abuse, who lacked social support, or who feared seeking official redress. It also questions the link between illegitimate pregnancy and entrance into prostitution.
George Molnar
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199204175
- eISBN:
- 9780191695537
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204175.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter discusses the thesis that powers need grounds. The concept ‘ground of a power’ is the property by which a thing has the power. The chapter also presents the thesis that by necessity all ...
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This chapter discusses the thesis that powers need grounds. The concept ‘ground of a power’ is the property by which a thing has the power. The chapter also presents the thesis that by necessity all powers have grounds. It deals with the motivations of the thesis, which can be classified as weak motives and strong motives. It cites Prior, Pargetter and Jackson's argument for a causal base. It also tackles the problem of the missing base as well as the argument about the existence of ungrounded powers by analysing the double standard and truncating functionalism.Less
This chapter discusses the thesis that powers need grounds. The concept ‘ground of a power’ is the property by which a thing has the power. The chapter also presents the thesis that by necessity all powers have grounds. It deals with the motivations of the thesis, which can be classified as weak motives and strong motives. It cites Prior, Pargetter and Jackson's argument for a causal base. It also tackles the problem of the missing base as well as the argument about the existence of ungrounded powers by analysing the double standard and truncating functionalism.
ALEXANDRA SHEPARD
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199299348
- eISBN:
- 9780191716614
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299348.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter revisits debates about the gendered components of reputation in early modern England in order to question the extent to which male and female honour was incommensurable in line with the ...
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This chapter revisits debates about the gendered components of reputation in early modern England in order to question the extent to which male and female honour was incommensurable in line with the sexual double standard. The defamation litigation heard by the Cambridge University courts provides a good case study, since their jurisdiction was far broader than that of the church courts, which have been the previous focus of historians' debates on this issue. While the insults alleged in defamation suits suggest that reputation was more multifaceted for men than for women, there was nonetheless a considerable degree of overlap in their respective concerns, with the substance of suits depending on age and status as well as gender. It is also clear that male litigants were less concerned with proving their honesty in either sexual or economic terms than with disputing their social standing through various points of comparison with other men.Less
This chapter revisits debates about the gendered components of reputation in early modern England in order to question the extent to which male and female honour was incommensurable in line with the sexual double standard. The defamation litigation heard by the Cambridge University courts provides a good case study, since their jurisdiction was far broader than that of the church courts, which have been the previous focus of historians' debates on this issue. While the insults alleged in defamation suits suggest that reputation was more multifaceted for men than for women, there was nonetheless a considerable degree of overlap in their respective concerns, with the substance of suits depending on age and status as well as gender. It is also clear that male litigants were less concerned with proving their honesty in either sexual or economic terms than with disputing their social standing through various points of comparison with other men.
Hera Cook
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199252183
- eISBN:
- 9780191719240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252183.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter challenges Carl Degler's 1970s ‘revisionist’ approach — which claims that the image of Victorian women as repressed is inaccurate — and reaffirms the importance of the ‘double standard’. ...
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This chapter challenges Carl Degler's 1970s ‘revisionist’ approach — which claims that the image of Victorian women as repressed is inaccurate — and reaffirms the importance of the ‘double standard’. It is argued thatrejection of sexual desire was a form of radical female resistance in the context of late 19th-century gender norms. It is suggested that evidence supports the use of partial sexual abstinence to bring down birth rates in the late 19th and first third of the 20th century.Less
This chapter challenges Carl Degler's 1970s ‘revisionist’ approach — which claims that the image of Victorian women as repressed is inaccurate — and reaffirms the importance of the ‘double standard’. It is argued thatrejection of sexual desire was a form of radical female resistance in the context of late 19th-century gender norms. It is suggested that evidence supports the use of partial sexual abstinence to bring down birth rates in the late 19th and first third of the 20th century.
Alex J. Bellamy
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198704119
- eISBN:
- 9780191773266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198704119.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter considers the accusation that powerful states use double standards when they employ principles such as R2P. Double standards are divided into “sins of omission” (where actors fail to ...
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This chapter considers the accusation that powerful states use double standards when they employ principles such as R2P. Double standards are divided into “sins of omission” (where actors fail to respond to violations of a principle) and “sins of commission” (where actors use the principle to justify self-interested action in the absence of clear violations). Through a study of cases since 2005, it finds little evidence of double standards and suggests that inconsistency is largely a product of prudential considerations and inability to reach consensus. Rather, decisions are impacted by multiple factors and prudential considerations. “Sins of commission” have been quite rare. Indeed, the clarity of R2P’s prescriptions about which entities may to use force and in what situations might help to limit the use of force. There is only one clear example of a “sin of omission” since 2005—Sri Lanka—since in every other case where international action has been muted, significant prudential concerns have been at stake.Less
This chapter considers the accusation that powerful states use double standards when they employ principles such as R2P. Double standards are divided into “sins of omission” (where actors fail to respond to violations of a principle) and “sins of commission” (where actors use the principle to justify self-interested action in the absence of clear violations). Through a study of cases since 2005, it finds little evidence of double standards and suggests that inconsistency is largely a product of prudential considerations and inability to reach consensus. Rather, decisions are impacted by multiple factors and prudential considerations. “Sins of commission” have been quite rare. Indeed, the clarity of R2P’s prescriptions about which entities may to use force and in what situations might help to limit the use of force. There is only one clear example of a “sin of omission” since 2005—Sri Lanka—since in every other case where international action has been muted, significant prudential concerns have been at stake.
Stephen Eric Bronner
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300162516
- eISBN:
- 9780300163735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300162516.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter examines how the bigot manipulates myths and mythological thinking to serve his material and existential purposes. It argues that myths appeal to the bigot because he can easily adapt ...
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This chapter examines how the bigot manipulates myths and mythological thinking to serve his material and existential purposes. It argues that myths appeal to the bigot because he can easily adapt them to his self-serving outlook, that he employs stereotypes and double standards to justify his actions, that he resorts to conspiracy fetishism as a substitute for analysis, and that he is always susceptible to fanaticism. It also explains how the bigot's conspiracy fetishism is fueled by paranoia and projection, allowing him to feel justified in doing himself what he believes that the target of his hatred is doing. Finally, the chapter describes how mythological thinking builds the scapegoat into the bigot's conceptual apparatus from the start, this scapegoat being a construct of his prejudice.Less
This chapter examines how the bigot manipulates myths and mythological thinking to serve his material and existential purposes. It argues that myths appeal to the bigot because he can easily adapt them to his self-serving outlook, that he employs stereotypes and double standards to justify his actions, that he resorts to conspiracy fetishism as a substitute for analysis, and that he is always susceptible to fanaticism. It also explains how the bigot's conspiracy fetishism is fueled by paranoia and projection, allowing him to feel justified in doing himself what he believes that the target of his hatred is doing. Finally, the chapter describes how mythological thinking builds the scapegoat into the bigot's conceptual apparatus from the start, this scapegoat being a construct of his prejudice.
Alexis Heraclides and Ada Dialla
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719089909
- eISBN:
- 9781781708484
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719089909.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
The short concluding chapter identifies the main characteristics of intervention on humanitarian grounds during the period under examination (the nineteenth century) and today’s criticism and ...
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The short concluding chapter identifies the main characteristics of intervention on humanitarian grounds during the period under examination (the nineteenth century) and today’s criticism and counter-criticism. Leaving aside those that regard humanitarian intervention inconceivable and a contradiction in terms, the practice of armed humanitarian intervention in the period under study has been criticized mainly on three grounds: the civilization-barbarian construction, the related selectivity double-standards factor and abuse. The chapter concludes by setting out half a dozen tentative observations that are also of relevance today.Less
The short concluding chapter identifies the main characteristics of intervention on humanitarian grounds during the period under examination (the nineteenth century) and today’s criticism and counter-criticism. Leaving aside those that regard humanitarian intervention inconceivable and a contradiction in terms, the practice of armed humanitarian intervention in the period under study has been criticized mainly on three grounds: the civilization-barbarian construction, the related selectivity double-standards factor and abuse. The chapter concludes by setting out half a dozen tentative observations that are also of relevance today.
Gloria González-López
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479855599
- eISBN:
- 9781479821402
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479855599.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
Family Secrets is a thought-provoking feminist-informed sociological study exposing the deeply troubling, hidden, and unspoken issues of incest and sexual violence in Mexican families. Based on 60 ...
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Family Secrets is a thought-provoking feminist-informed sociological study exposing the deeply troubling, hidden, and unspoken issues of incest and sexual violence in Mexican families. Based on 60 in-depth individual interviews the author personally conducted in Ciudad Juárez, Guadalajara, Mexico City, and Monterrey, she exposes the rich life stories of people who are as complex and multilayered as the incestuous experiences themselves. Incest may include a wide spectrum and highly nuanced and diverse expressions of coercion, as well as secrets around sex and romance within families. The sexual cultures of incestuous families in Mexico take place within a context of silence around sexual activity, creating an atmosphere of ambivalence and ambiguity in which sexual secrets fester. These cultural ambiguities are reinforced by the double standards of morality that disadvantage women within both the family and society. The author examines these stories through interconnected concepts such as gender servitude, family and social codes of honor and vergüenza, the family as the symbolic hacienda and el derecho de pernada, kinship reassignments, heterosexual incestuous lifestyles of romantic love and sex, visible and underground patriarchies, historical constructions of the paterfamilias and sexual slavery, cultural rituals of misogyny, family cultures of rape, family sexual harassment, family genealogies of incest, homophobia and family hate crimes, and kinship sex, among other intellectually provocative and revealing concepts. The sexual politics of incestuous families take place in a nation historically exposed to Christian-based values shaping sexual morality, and a flawed, corrupt, and outdated legal system.Less
Family Secrets is a thought-provoking feminist-informed sociological study exposing the deeply troubling, hidden, and unspoken issues of incest and sexual violence in Mexican families. Based on 60 in-depth individual interviews the author personally conducted in Ciudad Juárez, Guadalajara, Mexico City, and Monterrey, she exposes the rich life stories of people who are as complex and multilayered as the incestuous experiences themselves. Incest may include a wide spectrum and highly nuanced and diverse expressions of coercion, as well as secrets around sex and romance within families. The sexual cultures of incestuous families in Mexico take place within a context of silence around sexual activity, creating an atmosphere of ambivalence and ambiguity in which sexual secrets fester. These cultural ambiguities are reinforced by the double standards of morality that disadvantage women within both the family and society. The author examines these stories through interconnected concepts such as gender servitude, family and social codes of honor and vergüenza, the family as the symbolic hacienda and el derecho de pernada, kinship reassignments, heterosexual incestuous lifestyles of romantic love and sex, visible and underground patriarchies, historical constructions of the paterfamilias and sexual slavery, cultural rituals of misogyny, family cultures of rape, family sexual harassment, family genealogies of incest, homophobia and family hate crimes, and kinship sex, among other intellectually provocative and revealing concepts. The sexual politics of incestuous families take place in a nation historically exposed to Christian-based values shaping sexual morality, and a flawed, corrupt, and outdated legal system.
Sos Eltis
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199691357
- eISBN:
- 9780191751448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691357.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature, Drama
This chapter examines the fin de siècle emergence of the English sex-problem play, directly addressing issues of sexual morality and in particular the sexual double standard. The impact of changes in ...
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This chapter examines the fin de siècle emergence of the English sex-problem play, directly addressing issues of sexual morality and in particular the sexual double standard. The impact of changes in marriage law, debates on the regulation of prostitution, and the campaign for women's rights can be seen in a number of late nineteenth-century melodramas, and in early problem plays. It was, however, the catalytic effect of Ibsen's drama which rendered traditional sentimental dramas old fashioned, and helped to secure licences and audiences for society plays by A. W. Pinero, Sidney Grundy, and Henry Arthur Jones, which centred on issues of female sexual morality and judgement. The majority of these plays were explicitly anti-feminist, offering conventional warnings about female vulnerability and sexual frailty. But self-consciously theatrical plays by Wilde and generically mixed plays by H. A. Jones offered more unstable and multiple meanings to puzzled audiencesLess
This chapter examines the fin de siècle emergence of the English sex-problem play, directly addressing issues of sexual morality and in particular the sexual double standard. The impact of changes in marriage law, debates on the regulation of prostitution, and the campaign for women's rights can be seen in a number of late nineteenth-century melodramas, and in early problem plays. It was, however, the catalytic effect of Ibsen's drama which rendered traditional sentimental dramas old fashioned, and helped to secure licences and audiences for society plays by A. W. Pinero, Sidney Grundy, and Henry Arthur Jones, which centred on issues of female sexual morality and judgement. The majority of these plays were explicitly anti-feminist, offering conventional warnings about female vulnerability and sexual frailty. But self-consciously theatrical plays by Wilde and generically mixed plays by H. A. Jones offered more unstable and multiple meanings to puzzled audiences
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199609543
- eISBN:
- 9780191747717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609543.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Evolutionary Psychology, Developmental Psychology
In most species, where male investment in offspring is minimal, males compete to attract females. In humans, the evolution of biparental care and monogamy meant that males became choosier and females ...
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In most species, where male investment in offspring is minimal, males compete to attract females. In humans, the evolution of biparental care and monogamy meant that males became choosier and females as well as males had to compete for the most desirable mates. This chapter examines the qualities that make a man desirable as a short-term and long-term mate. The qualities that men look for in women—youth and attractiveness—become the focus of female competition. Female competition can escalate into reputational attack and direct confrontation when well-resourced men are in short supply.Less
In most species, where male investment in offspring is minimal, males compete to attract females. In humans, the evolution of biparental care and monogamy meant that males became choosier and females as well as males had to compete for the most desirable mates. This chapter examines the qualities that make a man desirable as a short-term and long-term mate. The qualities that men look for in women—youth and attractiveness—become the focus of female competition. Female competition can escalate into reputational attack and direct confrontation when well-resourced men are in short supply.
Guido Calabresi
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300098006
- eISBN:
- 9780300135305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300098006.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
This chapter presents the key question, as the author here argues, that must be asked regarding sexual harassment: How do we end the inequality of the sexes? The issue is not only how to end ...
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This chapter presents the key question, as the author here argues, that must be asked regarding sexual harassment: How do we end the inequality of the sexes? The issue is not only how to end inequality, but what kind of equality we want. The traditional way in which equality is offered is the equality of the melting pot. You will get equality, you whoever are unequal and dominated now, if you adhere to the stereotype of the dominant culture. In other words, you will get equality on their terms. In the case of women, they will be equal, perhaps, if they adhere to male stereotypes. More on point for sexual harassment law, if we end the sexual double standard, if everyone behaves the way men stereotypically behaved, even if we achieve equality in some sense, have we gotten anything that we truly want?Less
This chapter presents the key question, as the author here argues, that must be asked regarding sexual harassment: How do we end the inequality of the sexes? The issue is not only how to end inequality, but what kind of equality we want. The traditional way in which equality is offered is the equality of the melting pot. You will get equality, you whoever are unequal and dominated now, if you adhere to the stereotype of the dominant culture. In other words, you will get equality on their terms. In the case of women, they will be equal, perhaps, if they adhere to male stereotypes. More on point for sexual harassment law, if we end the sexual double standard, if everyone behaves the way men stereotypically behaved, even if we achieve equality in some sense, have we gotten anything that we truly want?
Katherine Irwin and Karen Umemoto
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520283022
- eISBN:
- 9780520958883
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520283022.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
We take up the subject of peer and school-based culture for teens in chapter four, where we outline at the femininity norms confronting female teens. In this chapter we note that notions of ...
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We take up the subject of peer and school-based culture for teens in chapter four, where we outline at the femininity norms confronting female teens. In this chapter we note that notions of femininity were complicated and sometimes contradictory. In this way, girls’ violence is viewed against the backdrop of multiple constraints and contradictions.Less
We take up the subject of peer and school-based culture for teens in chapter four, where we outline at the femininity norms confronting female teens. In this chapter we note that notions of femininity were complicated and sometimes contradictory. In this way, girls’ violence is viewed against the backdrop of multiple constraints and contradictions.
Stephen Eric Bronner
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780300162516
- eISBN:
- 9780300163735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300162516.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Race and Ethnicity
This chapter argues that the bigot today is defined by the practice of prejudice. It explains how the bigot's roles as a true believer, an insufferable elitist, and a resentful chauvinist provide him ...
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This chapter argues that the bigot today is defined by the practice of prejudice. It explains how the bigot's roles as a true believer, an insufferable elitist, and a resentful chauvinist provide him with legitimacy as he practices his craft today; how he camouflages his intentions in order to function in a global society that is becoming more and more complex; and how the culture industry, consumerism, and radical individualism both fascinate and unnerve him. It also considers the tools employed by the bigot to challenge critical narratives about the imperialist, racist, and exploitative elements of American history; the bigot's attitudes toward politics, particularly when it comes to conservatism; and how the Tea Party channeled the bigot's prejudices through its own deeply reactionary forms of moral cognition predicated on the use of traditional myths, stereotypes, and double standards. The chapter concludes by outlining ways to confront the bigot today and to contest bigotry without spawning new forms of it.Less
This chapter argues that the bigot today is defined by the practice of prejudice. It explains how the bigot's roles as a true believer, an insufferable elitist, and a resentful chauvinist provide him with legitimacy as he practices his craft today; how he camouflages his intentions in order to function in a global society that is becoming more and more complex; and how the culture industry, consumerism, and radical individualism both fascinate and unnerve him. It also considers the tools employed by the bigot to challenge critical narratives about the imperialist, racist, and exploitative elements of American history; the bigot's attitudes toward politics, particularly when it comes to conservatism; and how the Tea Party channeled the bigot's prejudices through its own deeply reactionary forms of moral cognition predicated on the use of traditional myths, stereotypes, and double standards. The chapter concludes by outlining ways to confront the bigot today and to contest bigotry without spawning new forms of it.
Harald Fuess
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824837150
- eISBN:
- 9780824869472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824837150.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter explores the legal status of adultery in the modern period. From 1868 until 1948, adultery was a criminal offense—but only in the case of a married woman who engaged in extramarital ...
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This chapter explores the legal status of adultery in the modern period. From 1868 until 1948, adultery was a criminal offense—but only in the case of a married woman who engaged in extramarital sexual relations. Adultery by a married man was not criminalized, even when the man maintained a concubine or fathered children outside of marriage. Similarly, within the civil code, adultery by a wife was grounds for a divorce, while that of a husband was not. This chapter explores the discussions and debates that surrounded this legal sexual double standard in light of European practice and the early modern Japanese legal tradition and notes that both provided justification for the gender inequality embodied in the adultery laws.Less
This chapter explores the legal status of adultery in the modern period. From 1868 until 1948, adultery was a criminal offense—but only in the case of a married woman who engaged in extramarital sexual relations. Adultery by a married man was not criminalized, even when the man maintained a concubine or fathered children outside of marriage. Similarly, within the civil code, adultery by a wife was grounds for a divorce, while that of a husband was not. This chapter explores the discussions and debates that surrounded this legal sexual double standard in light of European practice and the early modern Japanese legal tradition and notes that both provided justification for the gender inequality embodied in the adultery laws.
Antoinette Fouque and Jean-Joseph Goux
Sylvina Boissonnas (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231169868
- eISBN:
- 9780231538381
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231169868.003.0022
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
This chapter comments on the double standards applied to men and women, which is evident in two murder cases that occurred on October 4, 2002: a seventeen-year-old girl who was burned alive by a ...
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This chapter comments on the double standards applied to men and women, which is evident in two murder cases that occurred on October 4, 2002: a seventeen-year-old girl who was burned alive by a lover in Vitry-sur-Seine, and a young man of North African origin who was shot dead by a drunken maniac in Dunkirk. Demonstrations of anger and therefore violence arose in the case of the young man but there was only abyssal silence in the case of the young woman. For many years the author has pleaded for the rights of women to be made an integral part of human rights and for an antisexist law modeled on the existing antiracist laws. She has proposed measures that would advance the fight against sexism not only in France but also at the international level.Less
This chapter comments on the double standards applied to men and women, which is evident in two murder cases that occurred on October 4, 2002: a seventeen-year-old girl who was burned alive by a lover in Vitry-sur-Seine, and a young man of North African origin who was shot dead by a drunken maniac in Dunkirk. Demonstrations of anger and therefore violence arose in the case of the young man but there was only abyssal silence in the case of the young woman. For many years the author has pleaded for the rights of women to be made an integral part of human rights and for an antisexist law modeled on the existing antiracist laws. She has proposed measures that would advance the fight against sexism not only in France but also at the international level.
