Cynthia R Daniels
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199545520
- eISBN:
- 9780191721113
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545520.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter analyses the recruitment and marketing practices of the sperm banking industry in the United States. These practices raise ethical questions about the increasing commodification of sperm ...
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This chapter analyses the recruitment and marketing practices of the sperm banking industry in the United States. These practices raise ethical questions about the increasing commodification of sperm donors and the increasing stratification of sperm donors, whose value is determined not just by their health and vitality, but by the extent to which they mirror idealized traits of masculinity.Less
This chapter analyses the recruitment and marketing practices of the sperm banking industry in the United States. These practices raise ethical questions about the increasing commodification of sperm donors and the increasing stratification of sperm donors, whose value is determined not just by their health and vitality, but by the extent to which they mirror idealized traits of masculinity.
Rosanna Hertz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195179903
- eISBN:
- 9780199944118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179903.003.0026
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
Middle-class single mothers are here to stay, this chapter states. However, the future is less about women who chanced pregnancy or chose adoption and more about donor-assisted families. These women ...
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Middle-class single mothers are here to stay, this chapter states. However, the future is less about women who chanced pregnancy or chose adoption and more about donor-assisted families. These women are challenging norms of both family and reproduction. Women who choose single motherhood are most often at odds with their biological clocks, bumping up against the constraints of their fertility. More likely, women will turn to science in order to give birth to their own children rather than pursuing other routes to motherhood that involve large adoption fees and having to prove to social workers that they are qualified to be mothers. However, women still prefer to parent with one other parent, and the wish among heterosexual women for a dad for their children remains strong.Less
Middle-class single mothers are here to stay, this chapter states. However, the future is less about women who chanced pregnancy or chose adoption and more about donor-assisted families. These women are challenging norms of both family and reproduction. Women who choose single motherhood are most often at odds with their biological clocks, bumping up against the constraints of their fertility. More likely, women will turn to science in order to give birth to their own children rather than pursuing other routes to motherhood that involve large adoption fees and having to prove to social workers that they are qualified to be mothers. However, women still prefer to parent with one other parent, and the wish among heterosexual women for a dad for their children remains strong.
Joanne Punzo Waghorne
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195156638
- eISBN:
- 9780199785292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156638.003.0000
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
Tourists rarely consider Chennai a “temple city”, yet this major commercial center is experiencing a temple building boom. As active in building the economy as in constructing temple, new donors and ...
More
Tourists rarely consider Chennai a “temple city”, yet this major commercial center is experiencing a temple building boom. As active in building the economy as in constructing temple, new donors and devotees, who openly describe themselves as “middle class”, hold responsible positions in Chennai's modern technological, scientific, governmental, and business establishments. This chapter introduces the array of temples surveyed in Chennai and the many rituals of consecration (mahakumbhabhisheka) observed. Highlighting three new temples and their urban donors in detail, the chapter reconsiders “religion in the city”/urban religion (post Max Weber); the interplay of “tradition” and “modernity” (post Milton Singer); and old issues of economic development and Hindu religiosity. The chapter argues that significant cultural-religious changes occur in these temples, where donors and devotees reconstruct “tradition” and establish innovations in the context of space not ideology, thus creating an emerging reconfiguration of Hinduism that both rivals and parallels the much-discussed Hindu nationalism.Less
Tourists rarely consider Chennai a “temple city”, yet this major commercial center is experiencing a temple building boom. As active in building the economy as in constructing temple, new donors and devotees, who openly describe themselves as “middle class”, hold responsible positions in Chennai's modern technological, scientific, governmental, and business establishments. This chapter introduces the array of temples surveyed in Chennai and the many rituals of consecration (mahakumbhabhisheka) observed. Highlighting three new temples and their urban donors in detail, the chapter reconsiders “religion in the city”/urban religion (post Max Weber); the interplay of “tradition” and “modernity” (post Milton Singer); and old issues of economic development and Hindu religiosity. The chapter argues that significant cultural-religious changes occur in these temples, where donors and devotees reconstruct “tradition” and establish innovations in the context of space not ideology, thus creating an emerging reconfiguration of Hinduism that both rivals and parallels the much-discussed Hindu nationalism.
Liam Murphy and Thomas Nagel
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195150162
- eISBN:
- 9780199833924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195150163.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Setting aside spurious considerations about double taxation and fairness to donors, the real moral question concerning taxation and inheritance is whether gratuitous transfers require special tax ...
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Setting aside spurious considerations about double taxation and fairness to donors, the real moral question concerning taxation and inheritance is whether gratuitous transfers require special tax treatment on the ground of equality of opportunity. Some place such a high value on personal responsibility that confiscation of all such transfers has ethical appeal. A more appealing view holds that opportunities need not be strictly equal, so long as they are adequate for all. On such a view there is no ground for the confiscation of gratuitous transfers, but neither is there ground for the current exemption of such transfers from the tax base of donees.Less
Setting aside spurious considerations about double taxation and fairness to donors, the real moral question concerning taxation and inheritance is whether gratuitous transfers require special tax treatment on the ground of equality of opportunity. Some place such a high value on personal responsibility that confiscation of all such transfers has ethical appeal. A more appealing view holds that opportunities need not be strictly equal, so long as they are adequate for all. On such a view there is no ground for the confiscation of gratuitous transfers, but neither is there ground for the current exemption of such transfers from the tax base of donees.
Gil Loescher
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246915
- eISBN:
- 9780191599781
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246912.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
A key focus is the organizational culture and effectiveness of UNHCR as the principal protection agency for refugees. UNHCR functions with an imperfect mandate, under circumstances necessitating ...
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A key focus is the organizational culture and effectiveness of UNHCR as the principal protection agency for refugees. UNHCR functions with an imperfect mandate, under circumstances necessitating competition with other agencies for limited resources, and in political environments that are inhospitable to crisis management and refugee protection. Because of its financial vulnerability and dependence on donor governments and host states, the agency's actions are clearly shaped by the interests of governments. The UNHCR finds it difficult to learn from past mistakes and it lacks strong policy research and strategic thinking capacities. The author offers policy recommendations aimed at making UNHCR more effective and accountable in its central function of protecting refugees.Less
A key focus is the organizational culture and effectiveness of UNHCR as the principal protection agency for refugees. UNHCR functions with an imperfect mandate, under circumstances necessitating competition with other agencies for limited resources, and in political environments that are inhospitable to crisis management and refugee protection. Because of its financial vulnerability and dependence on donor governments and host states, the agency's actions are clearly shaped by the interests of governments. The UNHCR finds it difficult to learn from past mistakes and it lacks strong policy research and strategic thinking capacities. The author offers policy recommendations aimed at making UNHCR more effective and accountable in its central function of protecting refugees.
Gil Loescher
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246915
- eISBN:
- 9780191599781
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246912.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
To relieve the costs that long‐term care for protracted refugee populations imposed, donor governments began in the mid‐1980s to promote alternative approaches to the refugee problem, particularly ...
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To relieve the costs that long‐term care for protracted refugee populations imposed, donor governments began in the mid‐1980s to promote alternative approaches to the refugee problem, particularly repatriation. The sixth High Commissioner, Jean‐Pierre Hocke, advocated a new strategy that required the UNHCR to deal not only with asylum countries but also with countries of origin and the root causes of refugee exoduses. Cold war politics continued to paralyse diplomatic initiatives to break the deadlock of regional conflicts in most of Africa, Asia, and Central America. Donor governments became disillusioned with the UNHCR, leading to a major financial crisis for the agency with which the seventh High Commissioner, Thorvald Stoltenberg, had to deal.Less
To relieve the costs that long‐term care for protracted refugee populations imposed, donor governments began in the mid‐1980s to promote alternative approaches to the refugee problem, particularly repatriation. The sixth High Commissioner, Jean‐Pierre Hocke, advocated a new strategy that required the UNHCR to deal not only with asylum countries but also with countries of origin and the root causes of refugee exoduses. Cold war politics continued to paralyse diplomatic initiatives to break the deadlock of regional conflicts in most of Africa, Asia, and Central America. Donor governments became disillusioned with the UNHCR, leading to a major financial crisis for the agency with which the seventh High Commissioner, Thorvald Stoltenberg, had to deal.
Naomi R. Cahn
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814772034
- eISBN:
- 9780814772041
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814772034.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law
No federal law in the United States requires that egg or sperm donors or recipients exchange any information with the offspring that result from the donation. Donors typically enter into contracts ...
More
No federal law in the United States requires that egg or sperm donors or recipients exchange any information with the offspring that result from the donation. Donors typically enter into contracts with fertility clinics or sperm banks which promise them anonymity. The parents may know the donor's hair color, height, IQ, college, and profession; they may even have heard the donor's voice. But they do not know the donor's name, medical history, or other information that might play a key role in a child's development. And, until recently, donor-conceived offspring typically did not know that one of their biological parents was a donor. But the secrecy surrounding the use of donor eggs and sperm is changing. And as it does, increasing numbers of parents and donor-conceived offspring are searching for others who share the same biological heritage. When donors, recipients, and “donor kids” find each other, they create new forms of families that exist outside of the law. This book details how families are made and how bonds are created between families in the brave new world of reproductive technology. It shows how these new kinship bonds dramatically exemplify the ongoing cultural change in how we think about family.Less
No federal law in the United States requires that egg or sperm donors or recipients exchange any information with the offspring that result from the donation. Donors typically enter into contracts with fertility clinics or sperm banks which promise them anonymity. The parents may know the donor's hair color, height, IQ, college, and profession; they may even have heard the donor's voice. But they do not know the donor's name, medical history, or other information that might play a key role in a child's development. And, until recently, donor-conceived offspring typically did not know that one of their biological parents was a donor. But the secrecy surrounding the use of donor eggs and sperm is changing. And as it does, increasing numbers of parents and donor-conceived offspring are searching for others who share the same biological heritage. When donors, recipients, and “donor kids” find each other, they create new forms of families that exist outside of the law. This book details how families are made and how bonds are created between families in the brave new world of reproductive technology. It shows how these new kinship bonds dramatically exemplify the ongoing cultural change in how we think about family.
Robert L. Hicks, Bradley C. Parks, J. Timmons Roberts, and Michael J. Tierney
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199213948
- eISBN:
- 9780191707476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213948.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. The preceding chapters analyzed how and why billions of dollars flow every year from rich countries to poor countries for ...
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This chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. The preceding chapters analyzed how and why billions of dollars flow every year from rich countries to poor countries for the purpose of addressing environmental problems. They explored several potential motivations of donors (both bilateral and multilateral) and recipients through descriptive case studies and statistical analysis of their actual behaviour. The limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.Less
This chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. The preceding chapters analyzed how and why billions of dollars flow every year from rich countries to poor countries for the purpose of addressing environmental problems. They explored several potential motivations of donors (both bilateral and multilateral) and recipients through descriptive case studies and statistical analysis of their actual behaviour. The limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.
Richard M. Titmuss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447349570
- eISBN:
- 9781447349587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447349570.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter explores the characteristics of blood donors in England and Wales, considering a study made in the summer and autumn of 1967 with the assistance of the Ministry of Health and the ...
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This chapter explores the characteristics of blood donors in England and Wales, considering a study made in the summer and autumn of 1967 with the assistance of the Ministry of Health and the National Blood Transfusion Service. The study examines regional trends and statistics relating to donor populations and donor reporting rates for the general public, institutions — comprising factories, offices, and universities — and the Defence Services. The general conclusion which emerges is that the donor sample broadly resembles the population in respect of age, sex, and marital status when account is taken of the possible effects of the age-incapacity and reproductive factors. Moreover, for most age groups, the general public donor is more representative of the national population than the institutional donor or the total of all donors. The institutional and Defence Services donor tends on the whole to be younger.Less
This chapter explores the characteristics of blood donors in England and Wales, considering a study made in the summer and autumn of 1967 with the assistance of the Ministry of Health and the National Blood Transfusion Service. The study examines regional trends and statistics relating to donor populations and donor reporting rates for the general public, institutions — comprising factories, offices, and universities — and the Defence Services. The general conclusion which emerges is that the donor sample broadly resembles the population in respect of age, sex, and marital status when account is taken of the possible effects of the age-incapacity and reproductive factors. Moreover, for most age groups, the general public donor is more representative of the national population than the institutional donor or the total of all donors. The institutional and Defence Services donor tends on the whole to be younger.
Rosanna Hertz
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195179903
- eISBN:
- 9780199944118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179903.003.0015
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
This chapter explores how donor-assisted families construct an absent father to fit with the dictates of the master narrative that all children have physical fathers. It turns out that the women who ...
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This chapter explores how donor-assisted families construct an absent father to fit with the dictates of the master narrative that all children have physical fathers. It turns out that the women who most easily resurrect the father are those who conceive by known donors. They build into this agreement that the child will have at least a face for his or her father, even though this man is not expected to have a social relationship with the child. On the other hand, women who use anonymous donors have to construct these men from paper alone. The mother and child together fashion a suitable father, bringing an anonymous donor to life from a list of details.Less
This chapter explores how donor-assisted families construct an absent father to fit with the dictates of the master narrative that all children have physical fathers. It turns out that the women who most easily resurrect the father are those who conceive by known donors. They build into this agreement that the child will have at least a face for his or her father, even though this man is not expected to have a social relationship with the child. On the other hand, women who use anonymous donors have to construct these men from paper alone. The mother and child together fashion a suitable father, bringing an anonymous donor to life from a list of details.
Fatma H. Sayed
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774160165
- eISBN:
- 9781617970276
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774160165.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Basic education — considered essential for building democratic societies and competitive economies — has headed the agendas of development agencies in recent years. During the same period, Egypt ...
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Basic education — considered essential for building democratic societies and competitive economies — has headed the agendas of development agencies in recent years. During the same period, Egypt topped the lists of recipients of development assistance and proclaimed education to be its national project. This book explains how Egyptian domestic political actors have interacted with and reacted to international development aid to Egypt's educational system, particularly when that aid is linked to sensitive issues of reform and cultural change. In recent years, international donors have called for changes that are inconsistent with the functions, structures, and culture of Egyptian institutions, resulting in a climate of suspicion surrounding foreign aid to education. In this analysis, the author looks at how problems are diagnosed, and reforms implemented and resisted. As she demonstrates, the low level of ownership and consensus among the various domestic actors and the failure to establish strategic coalitions to support the reforms result in poor implementation and incomplete internalization. Policy makers have to date not succeeded in achieving the minimum level of domestic consensus essential for embedding the values and culture that bring about true reform. From the debate over free education to conspiracy theories and the evolving definition of international norms, this book sheds new light on the conflict of ideas that surrounds donor-sponsored reforms.Less
Basic education — considered essential for building democratic societies and competitive economies — has headed the agendas of development agencies in recent years. During the same period, Egypt topped the lists of recipients of development assistance and proclaimed education to be its national project. This book explains how Egyptian domestic political actors have interacted with and reacted to international development aid to Egypt's educational system, particularly when that aid is linked to sensitive issues of reform and cultural change. In recent years, international donors have called for changes that are inconsistent with the functions, structures, and culture of Egyptian institutions, resulting in a climate of suspicion surrounding foreign aid to education. In this analysis, the author looks at how problems are diagnosed, and reforms implemented and resisted. As she demonstrates, the low level of ownership and consensus among the various domestic actors and the failure to establish strategic coalitions to support the reforms result in poor implementation and incomplete internalization. Policy makers have to date not succeeded in achieving the minimum level of domestic consensus essential for embedding the values and culture that bring about true reform. From the debate over free education to conspiracy theories and the evolving definition of international norms, this book sheds new light on the conflict of ideas that surrounds donor-sponsored reforms.
Richard Titmuss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781447349570
- eISBN:
- 9781447349587
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447349570.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This book's author was a pioneer in the field of social administration (now social policy). In this reissued classic, listed by the New York Times as one of the 10 most important books of the year ...
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This book's author was a pioneer in the field of social administration (now social policy). In this reissued classic, listed by the New York Times as one of the 10 most important books of the year when it was first published in 1970, the author compares blood donation in the US and UK, contrasting the British system of reliance on voluntary donors to the American one in which the blood supply is in the hands of for-profit enterprises, concluding that a system based on altruism is both safer and more economically efficient. The argument about how altruism binds societies together has proved a powerful tool in the analysis of welfare provision. This analysis is even more topical now in an age of ever-changing health care policy and at a time when health and welfare systems are under sustained attack from many quarters.Less
This book's author was a pioneer in the field of social administration (now social policy). In this reissued classic, listed by the New York Times as one of the 10 most important books of the year when it was first published in 1970, the author compares blood donation in the US and UK, contrasting the British system of reliance on voluntary donors to the American one in which the blood supply is in the hands of for-profit enterprises, concluding that a system based on altruism is both safer and more economically efficient. The argument about how altruism binds societies together has proved a powerful tool in the analysis of welfare provision. This analysis is even more topical now in an age of ever-changing health care policy and at a time when health and welfare systems are under sustained attack from many quarters.
Jeffrey D. Fisher, Arie Nadler, Jessica S. Little, and Tamar Saguy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195300314
- eISBN:
- 9780199868698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300314.003.0020
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter examines how the provision of medical assistance across borders during times of medical emergency (i.e., the AIDS epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa) can improve relations between donor and ...
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This chapter examines how the provision of medical assistance across borders during times of medical emergency (i.e., the AIDS epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa) can improve relations between donor and recipient nations. On the basis of extant knowledge on intergroup helping and health psychology, the chapter suggests a set of conditions that will make such helping interactions a vehicle that promotes better relations and reconciliation.Less
This chapter examines how the provision of medical assistance across borders during times of medical emergency (i.e., the AIDS epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa) can improve relations between donor and recipient nations. On the basis of extant knowledge on intergroup helping and health psychology, the chapter suggests a set of conditions that will make such helping interactions a vehicle that promotes better relations and reconciliation.
Fatma H. Sayed
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774160165
- eISBN:
- 9781617970276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774160165.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The Cold War and the reshuffling of the world economic and political order were witnessed by the critical decade of 1990s. This brought political and economic changes that have increased the ...
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The Cold War and the reshuffling of the world economic and political order were witnessed by the critical decade of 1990s. This brought political and economic changes that have increased the significance of development assistance as an important mechanism affecting international relations. Such changes forced policy makers in donor countries to rethink the destination and agendas of assistance. The concept of development was widened to give more importance to human development criteria, like the basic education and individual empowerment. The ultimate purpose of development implies that the formation of human beings makes up a large part of the development process. This highlights the importance of education in the development as an instrument for reducing poverty and inequality, improving health and social well-being, and laying the basis for sustained economic growth.Less
The Cold War and the reshuffling of the world economic and political order were witnessed by the critical decade of 1990s. This brought political and economic changes that have increased the significance of development assistance as an important mechanism affecting international relations. Such changes forced policy makers in donor countries to rethink the destination and agendas of assistance. The concept of development was widened to give more importance to human development criteria, like the basic education and individual empowerment. The ultimate purpose of development implies that the formation of human beings makes up a large part of the development process. This highlights the importance of education in the development as an instrument for reducing poverty and inequality, improving health and social well-being, and laying the basis for sustained economic growth.
Steven Brint
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691182667
- eISBN:
- 9780691184890
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691182667.003.0006
- Subject:
- Education, Higher and Further Education
This chapter talks about the priorities that patrons expressed and the consequences of their largesse, focusing on the three giants of giving: the federal government, the fifty states, and ...
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This chapter talks about the priorities that patrons expressed and the consequences of their largesse, focusing on the three giants of giving: the federal government, the fifty states, and million-dollar-plus donors. It argues that the priorities of patrons tended to favor fields that were closely aligned with power centers in American society—many connected to technological innovation—and their financial aid preferences tipped decidedly in the direction of support for middle-class and affluent college students. Less well-connected fields and financially needy students were not neglected by patrons, but support for them failed to keep pace. By contrast, most professors identified with the structures of academic professionalism, and a large proportion also supported the universities' aspirations for wider social inclusion.Less
This chapter talks about the priorities that patrons expressed and the consequences of their largesse, focusing on the three giants of giving: the federal government, the fifty states, and million-dollar-plus donors. It argues that the priorities of patrons tended to favor fields that were closely aligned with power centers in American society—many connected to technological innovation—and their financial aid preferences tipped decidedly in the direction of support for middle-class and affluent college students. Less well-connected fields and financially needy students were not neglected by patrons, but support for them failed to keep pace. By contrast, most professors identified with the structures of academic professionalism, and a large proportion also supported the universities' aspirations for wider social inclusion.
Paul Mosley, Blessing Chiripanhura, Jean Grugel, and Ben Thirkell-White
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199692125
- eISBN:
- 9780191739286
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692125.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Macro- and Monetary Economics
The aim is to understand the political processes which determine why poverty has been on a falling trend in some countries and not in others. The focus is on the developing world and on the period ...
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The aim is to understand the political processes which determine why poverty has been on a falling trend in some countries and not in others. The focus is on the developing world and on the period since 1980, although some country case studies cover a longer historical period going back to the beginning of the twentieth century. The analysis is based partly on comparisons across all developing countries and partly on case studies of nine of them. Often, it is found, pro-poor policies have been brought in not with progressive intentions, but out of fear that the state will fall apart unless pro-poor elements are incorporated into government, and the most effective regimes in reducing poverty have seldom been the kindest and most benevolent. Ability to provide the poor with access to key markets, in particular for labour and capital, is crucial, and this in turn requires fiscal strength. In the poorest countries, two crucial additional elements in the story are the ability to frame labour-intensive policies (given that labour is often the only thing which poor people are able to sell) and the design of pro-poor tax and expenditure policies. In these countries, aid donors can make a key contribution, partly through reinforcing recipients’ fiscal capacity, but much more through providing technical support of the right kind.Less
The aim is to understand the political processes which determine why poverty has been on a falling trend in some countries and not in others. The focus is on the developing world and on the period since 1980, although some country case studies cover a longer historical period going back to the beginning of the twentieth century. The analysis is based partly on comparisons across all developing countries and partly on case studies of nine of them. Often, it is found, pro-poor policies have been brought in not with progressive intentions, but out of fear that the state will fall apart unless pro-poor elements are incorporated into government, and the most effective regimes in reducing poverty have seldom been the kindest and most benevolent. Ability to provide the poor with access to key markets, in particular for labour and capital, is crucial, and this in turn requires fiscal strength. In the poorest countries, two crucial additional elements in the story are the ability to frame labour-intensive policies (given that labour is often the only thing which poor people are able to sell) and the design of pro-poor tax and expenditure policies. In these countries, aid donors can make a key contribution, partly through reinforcing recipients’ fiscal capacity, but much more through providing technical support of the right kind.
John Micklewright and Anna Wright
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The chapter starts by considering the extent to which development benefits from philanthropic effort, showing that a great deal of philanthropy in rich industrialised countries is aimed at domestic ...
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The chapter starts by considering the extent to which development benefits from philanthropic effort, showing that a great deal of philanthropy in rich industrialised countries is aimed at domestic concerns, and may vary with household income; the super‐rich are treated here as a special case. The next question asked is why development may command only a small share of charitable donations and how people determine the objects of their giving; here the economic literature on philanthropy provides only limited help and the discussion draws on the literature on donor behaviour from other disciplines, notably marketing. The special case of private donations to the UN agencies is then considered, looking at the particular problems faced by the UN, and focusing on the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), which is by far the most successful UN agency at collecting money from private individuals; the question is asked as to whether private donations are crowded‐out by governmental contributions or by Official Development Assistance (ODA). The last main section of the chapter discusses future prospects and ways forward, including measures designed to promote charitable donations, in general, but focusing on their particular relevance for development. It covers the issue of tax incentives to donors, the new ‘global funds’ (intended partly to attract money from the super‐rich), new forms of corporate social responsibility and giving in relation to ‘cause‐related marketing’, the use of the Internet, and long‐term donor education.Less
The chapter starts by considering the extent to which development benefits from philanthropic effort, showing that a great deal of philanthropy in rich industrialised countries is aimed at domestic concerns, and may vary with household income; the super‐rich are treated here as a special case. The next question asked is why development may command only a small share of charitable donations and how people determine the objects of their giving; here the economic literature on philanthropy provides only limited help and the discussion draws on the literature on donor behaviour from other disciplines, notably marketing. The special case of private donations to the UN agencies is then considered, looking at the particular problems faced by the UN, and focusing on the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), which is by far the most successful UN agency at collecting money from private individuals; the question is asked as to whether private donations are crowded‐out by governmental contributions or by Official Development Assistance (ODA). The last main section of the chapter discusses future prospects and ways forward, including measures designed to promote charitable donations, in general, but focusing on their particular relevance for development. It covers the issue of tax incentives to donors, the new ‘global funds’ (intended partly to attract money from the super‐rich), new forms of corporate social responsibility and giving in relation to ‘cause‐related marketing’, the use of the Internet, and long‐term donor education.
Paul Mosley
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199692125
- eISBN:
- 9780191739286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692125.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Macro- and Monetary Economics
When development studies were born, after decolonization in the middle of the twentieth century, poverty was not an important concern of policy-makers. This chapter asks how this situation changed in ...
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When development studies were born, after decolonization in the middle of the twentieth century, poverty was not an important concern of policy-makers. This chapter asks how this situation changed in the early 1970s, to launch the main question of how the interests of the poor became incorporated in policy-making. New data became available, showing that famine was still occurring and that a third of the poor were not gaining from growth; inclusive policies were presented as a means of allaying threats to state security within a cold war environment, especially in Asian developing countries; and a big boost was given to these policies by the commitment of donors – especially Robert MacNamara, the new World Bank president – to reorientate lending policies towards urban poverty and rural development. Under the stress of global crisis, poverty focus among aid donors decayed in the 1980s, but it continued among many recipients, especially in South and South-East Asia. In the 1990s, it was relaunched, first tentatively, as a means of protecting the losers from global adjustment (a process which, with the end of the cold war, now embraced Russia and the former Soviet Union) and then more decisively, a process which culminated in the Millennium Development Goals. In the 2000s, with the decay of the Washington consensus, the idea of pro-poor orientation becomes incorporated into a more state-dominated politics in a number of middle-income, especially Latin American, countries.Less
When development studies were born, after decolonization in the middle of the twentieth century, poverty was not an important concern of policy-makers. This chapter asks how this situation changed in the early 1970s, to launch the main question of how the interests of the poor became incorporated in policy-making. New data became available, showing that famine was still occurring and that a third of the poor were not gaining from growth; inclusive policies were presented as a means of allaying threats to state security within a cold war environment, especially in Asian developing countries; and a big boost was given to these policies by the commitment of donors – especially Robert MacNamara, the new World Bank president – to reorientate lending policies towards urban poverty and rural development. Under the stress of global crisis, poverty focus among aid donors decayed in the 1980s, but it continued among many recipients, especially in South and South-East Asia. In the 1990s, it was relaunched, first tentatively, as a means of protecting the losers from global adjustment (a process which, with the end of the cold war, now embraced Russia and the former Soviet Union) and then more decisively, a process which culminated in the Millennium Development Goals. In the 2000s, with the decay of the Washington consensus, the idea of pro-poor orientation becomes incorporated into a more state-dominated politics in a number of middle-income, especially Latin American, countries.
Sue Bowden and Paul Mosley
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199692125
- eISBN:
- 9780191739286
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692125.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter investigates the historical roots of poverty, with particular reference to the experience of Africa during the twentieth century. The chapter argues that the difference in poverty ...
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This chapter investigates the historical roots of poverty, with particular reference to the experience of Africa during the twentieth century. The chapter argues that the difference in poverty trajectories in Africa reflects the influence of policies on institutions and thence on levels of income distribution and poverty. It argues this thesis, using mortality rates as a proxy for poverty levels, with reference to two settler colonies – Zimbabwe and Kenya – and two peasant export colonies – Uganda and Ghana. The findings suggest that in Africa, settler-type political systems tended to produce highly unequal income distributions and, as a consequence, patterns of public expenditure and investment in human capital which were strongly biased against smallholder agriculture and thence against poverty reduction, whereas peasant-export type political systems produced more equal income distributions whose policy structures were less biased against the poor. Indeed, in Uganda and Ghana mortality rates were falling from the 1920s onward, rather than the 1950s as in the settler economies and much of the developing world. As a consequence, liberalisation during the 1980s and 1990s produced asymmetric results, with poverty falling sharply in the ‘peasant export’ and rising in the settler economies.Less
This chapter investigates the historical roots of poverty, with particular reference to the experience of Africa during the twentieth century. The chapter argues that the difference in poverty trajectories in Africa reflects the influence of policies on institutions and thence on levels of income distribution and poverty. It argues this thesis, using mortality rates as a proxy for poverty levels, with reference to two settler colonies – Zimbabwe and Kenya – and two peasant export colonies – Uganda and Ghana. The findings suggest that in Africa, settler-type political systems tended to produce highly unequal income distributions and, as a consequence, patterns of public expenditure and investment in human capital which were strongly biased against smallholder agriculture and thence against poverty reduction, whereas peasant-export type political systems produced more equal income distributions whose policy structures were less biased against the poor. Indeed, in Uganda and Ghana mortality rates were falling from the 1920s onward, rather than the 1950s as in the settler economies and much of the developing world. As a consequence, liberalisation during the 1980s and 1990s produced asymmetric results, with poverty falling sharply in the ‘peasant export’ and rising in the settler economies.
Gabriele Griffin
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781526138569
- eISBN:
- 9781526152138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7765/9781526138576.00015
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gender Studies
Much research on IVF, assisted reproduction and gamete donation has centred on their medical, legal and socio-cultural processes and meanings. Here, quite frequently, little attention is paid to the ...
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Much research on IVF, assisted reproduction and gamete donation has centred on their medical, legal and socio-cultural processes and meanings. Here, quite frequently, little attention is paid to the donors themselves other than in the context of their selection. However, donation is a corporeal process in which body parts are produced and given or sold. This chapter analyses the bioprecarities that derive from the process of sperm donation. It draws on empirical online and social media materials, as well as other texts, in which men who donate sperm for the purposes of assisted reproduction articulate their sense of the meaning of this process, and further, considers responses to the revelation of sperm donation from people both known and unknown to the donor. These responses show how sperm donation as a form of intimate labour in which a man also parts with somatic material produced by his body, and involving negotiated journeys, is managed and talked about. In the chapter I argue that responses to sperm donation indicate deeply gendered views of reproductive intimate labour in which a sense of bioprecarity masks strongly gendered views of sexuality, intimacy, and reproduction.Less
Much research on IVF, assisted reproduction and gamete donation has centred on their medical, legal and socio-cultural processes and meanings. Here, quite frequently, little attention is paid to the donors themselves other than in the context of their selection. However, donation is a corporeal process in which body parts are produced and given or sold. This chapter analyses the bioprecarities that derive from the process of sperm donation. It draws on empirical online and social media materials, as well as other texts, in which men who donate sperm for the purposes of assisted reproduction articulate their sense of the meaning of this process, and further, considers responses to the revelation of sperm donation from people both known and unknown to the donor. These responses show how sperm donation as a form of intimate labour in which a man also parts with somatic material produced by his body, and involving negotiated journeys, is managed and talked about. In the chapter I argue that responses to sperm donation indicate deeply gendered views of reproductive intimate labour in which a sense of bioprecarity masks strongly gendered views of sexuality, intimacy, and reproduction.
