Benjamin J. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271405
- eISBN:
- 9780191601200
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271402.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This chapter examines the US interest in dollarization. Formal adoption of the US dollar by other governments creates both opportunities and risks for the United States, political as well as ...
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This chapter examines the US interest in dollarization. Formal adoption of the US dollar by other governments creates both opportunities and risks for the United States, political as well as economic. But few benefits and costs can be estimated in advance, leaving much room for disagreement over the likely balance of costs and benefits. The argument here is that, from the US point of view, no presumption either way can be established. Unless directly challenged by efforts elsewhere to establish formal currency blocs, the United States has no interest in promoting a wider role for the greenback.Less
This chapter examines the US interest in dollarization. Formal adoption of the US dollar by other governments creates both opportunities and risks for the United States, political as well as economic. But few benefits and costs can be estimated in advance, leaving much room for disagreement over the likely balance of costs and benefits. The argument here is that, from the US point of view, no presumption either way can be established. Unless directly challenged by efforts elsewhere to establish formal currency blocs, the United States has no interest in promoting a wider role for the greenback.
Ellen D. Tillman
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469626956
- eISBN:
- 9781469628127
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469626956.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The U.S. policy of “Dollar Diplomacy” was designed to replace “dollars for bullets,” to guarantee economic and political stability in the Caribbean without intrusive and increasingly controversial ...
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The U.S. policy of “Dollar Diplomacy” was designed to replace “dollars for bullets,” to guarantee economic and political stability in the Caribbean without intrusive and increasingly controversial military interventions. Using military and government records from Dominican and US archives, this work investigates the extent to which early twentieth-century U.S. involvement in the Dominican Republic fundamentally changed the course of Dominican history and the conduct of U.S. foreign policy. In the Dominican Republic, successive interventions contributed to a drastic shifting of the social order, as well as centralized state power through the military, which Rafael Trujillo leveraged in his rise to dictatorship in the 1920s. Ultimately, this study demonstrates, the overthrow of the social order resulted not from military planning, but from the unplanned and uncoordinated interactions and negotiations between U.S. Marine Corps military occupation initiatives and Dominican society. This work provides insight into Dominican history and early U.S. attempts to use military force to reform other nations, but also offers a unique view of the power and goals of U.S. Navy officers and administrators during a period of expansive naval growth and concern about Caribbean security.Less
The U.S. policy of “Dollar Diplomacy” was designed to replace “dollars for bullets,” to guarantee economic and political stability in the Caribbean without intrusive and increasingly controversial military interventions. Using military and government records from Dominican and US archives, this work investigates the extent to which early twentieth-century U.S. involvement in the Dominican Republic fundamentally changed the course of Dominican history and the conduct of U.S. foreign policy. In the Dominican Republic, successive interventions contributed to a drastic shifting of the social order, as well as centralized state power through the military, which Rafael Trujillo leveraged in his rise to dictatorship in the 1920s. Ultimately, this study demonstrates, the overthrow of the social order resulted not from military planning, but from the unplanned and uncoordinated interactions and negotiations between U.S. Marine Corps military occupation initiatives and Dominican society. This work provides insight into Dominican history and early U.S. attempts to use military force to reform other nations, but also offers a unique view of the power and goals of U.S. Navy officers and administrators during a period of expansive naval growth and concern about Caribbean security.
Thomas C. Mills
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780748643882
- eISBN:
- 9780748676699
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748643882.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter provides historical background by outlining the changing relative status of the US and Britain in South America prior to the Second World War. Notwithstanding the famous assertion of US ...
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This chapter provides historical background by outlining the changing relative status of the US and Britain in South America prior to the Second World War. Notwithstanding the famous assertion of US supremacy in the Western Hemisphere contained in the Monroe doctrine of 1823, it was Britain, to a much greater extent than the US, which made commercial inroads into the region throughout the nineteenth century. It was not until the First World War that the US seriously began to challenge British domination of the region. US ascendency continued throughout the 1920s in the form of dollar diplomacy and while the Great Depression of the 1930s contracted trade and investment generally, it also increased the trend towards growing US predominance in South America. By the eve of the Second World War the US had therefore surpassed Britain in South America in the realm of commerce. As such, this chapter demonstrates that during the years 1939-1945, notwithstanding remaining significant British interests in the region, it was the US that was the foremost foreign commercial power in South America.Less
This chapter provides historical background by outlining the changing relative status of the US and Britain in South America prior to the Second World War. Notwithstanding the famous assertion of US supremacy in the Western Hemisphere contained in the Monroe doctrine of 1823, it was Britain, to a much greater extent than the US, which made commercial inroads into the region throughout the nineteenth century. It was not until the First World War that the US seriously began to challenge British domination of the region. US ascendency continued throughout the 1920s in the form of dollar diplomacy and while the Great Depression of the 1930s contracted trade and investment generally, it also increased the trend towards growing US predominance in South America. By the eve of the Second World War the US had therefore surpassed Britain in South America in the realm of commerce. As such, this chapter demonstrates that during the years 1939-1945, notwithstanding remaining significant British interests in the region, it was the US that was the foremost foreign commercial power in South America.
Carol A. Hess
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199919994
- eISBN:
- 9780199345618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199919994.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music, History, American
This chapter surveys north-south relations apropos the 1891 essay Nuestra América (Our America) by the Cuban patriot José Martí, who defended a broader, more equitable concept of “America” and ...
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This chapter surveys north-south relations apropos the 1891 essay Nuestra América (Our America) by the Cuban patriot José Martí, who defended a broader, more equitable concept of “America” and rejected the social Darwinist roots of late nineteenth-century Pan Americanism, and apropos U.S. political and commercial interventionism in Latin America. Just as incensed as Martí was the Uruguayan writer José Enrique Rodó, whose widely read essay Ariel of 1900 compared the muscle and materialism of the United States to Caliban, the formless monster of Shakespeare’s Tempest. The Great War, however, prompted U.S. intellectuals such as Waldo Frank to reject European culture and look south. U.S. composers, then debating the identity of “American” music, idealized the South, with many believing that the North should imbibe its values and thus erase difference vaunted in the political sphere. Thus the premises of Martí’s “our America” were ripe for testing in musical circles north and south.Less
This chapter surveys north-south relations apropos the 1891 essay Nuestra América (Our America) by the Cuban patriot José Martí, who defended a broader, more equitable concept of “America” and rejected the social Darwinist roots of late nineteenth-century Pan Americanism, and apropos U.S. political and commercial interventionism in Latin America. Just as incensed as Martí was the Uruguayan writer José Enrique Rodó, whose widely read essay Ariel of 1900 compared the muscle and materialism of the United States to Caliban, the formless monster of Shakespeare’s Tempest. The Great War, however, prompted U.S. intellectuals such as Waldo Frank to reject European culture and look south. U.S. composers, then debating the identity of “American” music, idealized the South, with many believing that the North should imbibe its values and thus erase difference vaunted in the political sphere. Thus the premises of Martí’s “our America” were ripe for testing in musical circles north and south.
Peter James Hudson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226459110
- eISBN:
- 9780226459257
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226459257.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Environmental History
This chapter examines the attempts of the National City Bank of New York to take over the banking and financial affairs of the Republic of Haiti. The chapter argues that the bank’s ventures into ...
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This chapter examines the attempts of the National City Bank of New York to take over the banking and financial affairs of the Republic of Haiti. The chapter argues that the bank’s ventures into Haiti were a core element of a strategy of internationalization that itself was part of a broader project of modernization and managerial reform. Additionally, the chapter demonstrates that the City Bank’s managerial reforms served to operationalize in policy notions of racial difference and ideologies of white supremacy which in turn served to construct and reinforce the racial hierarchies governing US-Haitian relations. While the City Bank’s efforts in Haiti were arguably its most successful early international venture, it was also among the most controversial. The bank’s actions exacerbated long-standing strife between foreign bankers and the Haitian government and fomented the conditions leading to a repressive nineteen-year US Marine intervention into and occupation of Haiti, beginning in 1915.Less
This chapter examines the attempts of the National City Bank of New York to take over the banking and financial affairs of the Republic of Haiti. The chapter argues that the bank’s ventures into Haiti were a core element of a strategy of internationalization that itself was part of a broader project of modernization and managerial reform. Additionally, the chapter demonstrates that the City Bank’s managerial reforms served to operationalize in policy notions of racial difference and ideologies of white supremacy which in turn served to construct and reinforce the racial hierarchies governing US-Haitian relations. While the City Bank’s efforts in Haiti were arguably its most successful early international venture, it was also among the most controversial. The bank’s actions exacerbated long-standing strife between foreign bankers and the Haitian government and fomented the conditions leading to a repressive nineteen-year US Marine intervention into and occupation of Haiti, beginning in 1915.
