Carl-Ulrik Schierup
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780198280521
- eISBN:
- 9780191603730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280521.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The ‘Thatcher revolution’ and its continuation by New Labour make Britain a kind of master model for the neo-liberalization or Americanization of European welfare states. This chapter examines ...
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The ‘Thatcher revolution’ and its continuation by New Labour make Britain a kind of master model for the neo-liberalization or Americanization of European welfare states. This chapter examines Britain’s new political economy and its links with immigration and ethnic diversity. The development of the specific model of state managed race relations and multiculturalism went parallel to the growth of inequality and the restructuring of the labour force according to the criteria of race, gender, human capital, and legal status. Current debates on the alleged threat from disaffected Muslim youth and the need for social cohesion arise from this failure of British multiculturalism to overcome barriers of race and class, and indicate a search for new forms of social control: less state in economic and social issues is matched by a stronger state in matters of identity and order.Less
The ‘Thatcher revolution’ and its continuation by New Labour make Britain a kind of master model for the neo-liberalization or Americanization of European welfare states. This chapter examines Britain’s new political economy and its links with immigration and ethnic diversity. The development of the specific model of state managed race relations and multiculturalism went parallel to the growth of inequality and the restructuring of the labour force according to the criteria of race, gender, human capital, and legal status. Current debates on the alleged threat from disaffected Muslim youth and the need for social cohesion arise from this failure of British multiculturalism to overcome barriers of race and class, and indicate a search for new forms of social control: less state in economic and social issues is matched by a stronger state in matters of identity and order.
Michael Hechter
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199247516
- eISBN:
- 9780191599460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019924751X.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
One important source of national identity lies in hierarchical and segmental cultural divisions of labour. These provide a social base for nationalism among territorially concentrated groups. Some ...
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One important source of national identity lies in hierarchical and segmental cultural divisions of labour. These provide a social base for nationalism among territorially concentrated groups. Some sources of cultural divisions of labour are enumerated. Whereas it was once thought that such divisions would attenuate in the face of industrialization and efficient labour markets, this often does not happen.Less
One important source of national identity lies in hierarchical and segmental cultural divisions of labour. These provide a social base for nationalism among territorially concentrated groups. Some sources of cultural divisions of labour are enumerated. Whereas it was once thought that such divisions would attenuate in the face of industrialization and efficient labour markets, this often does not happen.
Gloria Vivenza
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296669
- eISBN:
- 9780191597008
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296665.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
Deals with some analogies between Adam Smith's and Plato's thought about the division of labour, and Adam Smith's and Aristotle's formulations concerning economic value. The two parts of the chapter ...
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Deals with some analogies between Adam Smith's and Plato's thought about the division of labour, and Adam Smith's and Aristotle's formulations concerning economic value. The two parts of the chapter survey the existing literature on the subject, and then illustrate analogies and differences between Adam Smith and the two ancient authors both from an analytical and a historical point of view.Less
Deals with some analogies between Adam Smith's and Plato's thought about the division of labour, and Adam Smith's and Aristotle's formulations concerning economic value. The two parts of the chapter survey the existing literature on the subject, and then illustrate analogies and differences between Adam Smith and the two ancient authors both from an analytical and a historical point of view.
Tsuneo Ishikawa
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288626
- eISBN:
- 9780191596469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828862X.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter begins by providing an overview of the basic arguments of the dual labour market approach and of previous attempts to construct a formal analytical framework, and, by drawing attention ...
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This chapter begins by providing an overview of the basic arguments of the dual labour market approach and of previous attempts to construct a formal analytical framework, and, by drawing attention to some important but neglected points, proposes a synthesis with which to understand the working of the labour market. Section 5.1 examines various empirical criticisms of the neoclassical theory, and discusses the need for a new analytical framework as well as the features that must be incorporated into such a framework; the section also serves as an introduction to the theoretical discussion that follows. Section 5.2 considers the determinants of the division of labour and of technology that are treated as exogenous in the neoclassical theory from a historical and political‐economy viewpoint, and also briefly surveys the historical process that gave rise to the internal labour markets of firms ( the key concept in this approach). Section 5.3 discusses the content of the dual labour market hypothesis, and Sect. 5.4 constructs a model of the economy with dual labour markets and analyses the determinants of earnings distribution in the long run, also examining points of controversy with the neoclassical approach. Section 5.5 presents an analytical framework embodying the theory of incentive‐dependent exchange, derives implications on the allocation of employment opportunities and the distribution of earnings, and discusses in what respects this theory competes with the neoclassical theory.Less
This chapter begins by providing an overview of the basic arguments of the dual labour market approach and of previous attempts to construct a formal analytical framework, and, by drawing attention to some important but neglected points, proposes a synthesis with which to understand the working of the labour market. Section 5.1 examines various empirical criticisms of the neoclassical theory, and discusses the need for a new analytical framework as well as the features that must be incorporated into such a framework; the section also serves as an introduction to the theoretical discussion that follows. Section 5.2 considers the determinants of the division of labour and of technology that are treated as exogenous in the neoclassical theory from a historical and political‐economy viewpoint, and also briefly surveys the historical process that gave rise to the internal labour markets of firms ( the key concept in this approach). Section 5.3 discusses the content of the dual labour market hypothesis, and Sect. 5.4 constructs a model of the economy with dual labour markets and analyses the determinants of earnings distribution in the long run, also examining points of controversy with the neoclassical approach. Section 5.5 presents an analytical framework embodying the theory of incentive‐dependent exchange, derives implications on the allocation of employment opportunities and the distribution of earnings, and discusses in what respects this theory competes with the neoclassical theory.
Andrew Davies and Ammon Salter
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290475
- eISBN:
- 9780191603495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199290474.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are becoming the key mechanism for the design, production, and operation of capital goods in the UK public sector and elsewhere. This chapter focuses on the central ...
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Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are becoming the key mechanism for the design, production, and operation of capital goods in the UK public sector and elsewhere. This chapter focuses on the central motivations behind the movement towards PPPs, and explores the impact of these new contractual arrangements on innovation in the capital goods sector. The greatest impact of the new arrangements appears to be the emergence of a PPP industry and a new division of labour among private providers and public procurers of capital goods. In addition to its traditional role as designer and builder of systems, the private sector has taken on greater downstream responsibility for the operation and maintenance of systems previously handled in-house by public sector organizations.Less
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are becoming the key mechanism for the design, production, and operation of capital goods in the UK public sector and elsewhere. This chapter focuses on the central motivations behind the movement towards PPPs, and explores the impact of these new contractual arrangements on innovation in the capital goods sector. The greatest impact of the new arrangements appears to be the emergence of a PPP industry and a new division of labour among private providers and public procurers of capital goods. In addition to its traditional role as designer and builder of systems, the private sector has taken on greater downstream responsibility for the operation and maintenance of systems previously handled in-house by public sector organizations.
Shelley Burtt
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199242689
- eISBN:
- 9780191598715
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199242682.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
The ’new familists’ argue that sociological evidence on the relation between traditional two‐parent nuclear family and positive outcomes for their children justifies public‐policy measures aimed at ...
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The ’new familists’ argue that sociological evidence on the relation between traditional two‐parent nuclear family and positive outcomes for their children justifies public‐policy measures aimed at promoting this type of family. But the success of such families is due to the fact that many other institutional arrangements advantage this type of family. Such a family typically involves a sexist division of domestic labour. A ’critical theory of family structure’ identifies the developmental needs of children and examines the ways in which various family structures can function to meet these needs.Less
The ’new familists’ argue that sociological evidence on the relation between traditional two‐parent nuclear family and positive outcomes for their children justifies public‐policy measures aimed at promoting this type of family. But the success of such families is due to the fact that many other institutional arrangements advantage this type of family. Such a family typically involves a sexist division of domestic labour. A ’critical theory of family structure’ identifies the developmental needs of children and examines the ways in which various family structures can function to meet these needs.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter charts the timing and geographical spread of Japanese foreign direct investment. It discusses different interpretations of the distinctive characteristics of Japanese manufacturing ...
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This chapter charts the timing and geographical spread of Japanese foreign direct investment. It discusses different interpretations of the distinctive characteristics of Japanese manufacturing multinationals and the evolution of their internationalization strategies, focusing on the rapid growth of such investment from the mid-1980s and their goals in establishing overseas subsidiaries. It argues that many earlier analyses were too optimistic in their expectations of upgrading, especially in the light of the ebb, flow, and international repositioning of investment as Japanese companies respond to changing economic conditions at home and the wider international division of labour, with its regional rivalries and new centres of low-cost production. Thus, some subsidiaries will remain routine manufacturing plants, some may move up the value chain and others may face contraction or closure. These different trajectories will help shape the production regimes and employment relations of specific subsidiaries, mediating any process of global localization.Less
This chapter charts the timing and geographical spread of Japanese foreign direct investment. It discusses different interpretations of the distinctive characteristics of Japanese manufacturing multinationals and the evolution of their internationalization strategies, focusing on the rapid growth of such investment from the mid-1980s and their goals in establishing overseas subsidiaries. It argues that many earlier analyses were too optimistic in their expectations of upgrading, especially in the light of the ebb, flow, and international repositioning of investment as Japanese companies respond to changing economic conditions at home and the wider international division of labour, with its regional rivalries and new centres of low-cost production. Thus, some subsidiaries will remain routine manufacturing plants, some may move up the value chain and others may face contraction or closure. These different trajectories will help shape the production regimes and employment relations of specific subsidiaries, mediating any process of global localization.
Ekkehart Schlicht
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292241
- eISBN:
- 9780191596865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292244.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics, History of Economic Thought
Smith's theorem—that the division of labour is limited by the extent of the market—is explained. But there exists another limitation to the division of labour that relates to the nature of the task. ...
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Smith's theorem—that the division of labour is limited by the extent of the market—is explained. But there exists another limitation to the division of labour that relates to the nature of the task. Further, the division of labour can be coordinated alternatively by markets or by the coordination mechanisms available within firms that rely heavily on custom. It is argued that coordination within firms entails productivity advantages at the expense of inflexibility in certain dimensions, whereas the market requires standardization of some sort, but is more flexible in other ways.Less
Smith's theorem—that the division of labour is limited by the extent of the market—is explained. But there exists another limitation to the division of labour that relates to the nature of the task. Further, the division of labour can be coordinated alternatively by markets or by the coordination mechanisms available within firms that rely heavily on custom. It is argued that coordination within firms entails productivity advantages at the expense of inflexibility in certain dimensions, whereas the market requires standardization of some sort, but is more flexible in other ways.
Marcela Miozzo and Vivien Walsh
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199259236
- eISBN:
- 9780191717901
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199259236.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
This chapter examines the meaning of globalization and the debates surrounding the concept. The effects of globalization on the international division of labour and the integration of strategy and ...
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This chapter examines the meaning of globalization and the debates surrounding the concept. The effects of globalization on the international division of labour and the integration of strategy and management within multinationals are explored. The implications of globalization for national governments and for innovation are considered. The evidence regarding the globalization of innovative activity is assessed.Less
This chapter examines the meaning of globalization and the debates surrounding the concept. The effects of globalization on the international division of labour and the integration of strategy and management within multinationals are explored. The implications of globalization for national governments and for innovation are considered. The evidence regarding the globalization of innovative activity is assessed.
Walter Van Dongen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847422941
- eISBN:
- 9781447304029
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847422941.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter describes the actual evolution of the division of professional and family labour in EU countries and some other OECD countries. The evolution from the ‘old combination model’ or ...
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This chapter describes the actual evolution of the division of professional and family labour in EU countries and some other OECD countries. The evolution from the ‘old combination model’ or ‘survival model’ in the period 1750–1900 to the ‘new’ breadwinner model in the 20th century is summarized. By means of some basic indicators or empirical models that were developed for Flanders/Belgium before, the general development from the strong male breadwinner model in the period 1950–70 to a moderate asymmetric combination model in the period 1985–2005, is discussed. These historical models are briefly compared with other largely similar models. Graphical indicators are presented, each showing a specific aspect or side of the division of labour: the labour situation of the male and female population; the general division of the main activities; professional activity rates of men and women (by age group); the number of hours of professional labour, family labour, leisure time and personal care; and some aspects of the temporal quality of the jobs of men and women.Less
This chapter describes the actual evolution of the division of professional and family labour in EU countries and some other OECD countries. The evolution from the ‘old combination model’ or ‘survival model’ in the period 1750–1900 to the ‘new’ breadwinner model in the 20th century is summarized. By means of some basic indicators or empirical models that were developed for Flanders/Belgium before, the general development from the strong male breadwinner model in the period 1950–70 to a moderate asymmetric combination model in the period 1985–2005, is discussed. These historical models are briefly compared with other largely similar models. Graphical indicators are presented, each showing a specific aspect or side of the division of labour: the labour situation of the male and female population; the general division of the main activities; professional activity rates of men and women (by age group); the number of hours of professional labour, family labour, leisure time and personal care; and some aspects of the temporal quality of the jobs of men and women.
John Tyler Bonner
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157016
- eISBN:
- 9781400846429
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157016.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter discusses two cases where, in cell and insect societies, there is a small reversal, and randomness is brought back to the fore to play a key role in their respective developments. During ...
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This chapter discusses two cases where, in cell and insect societies, there is a small reversal, and randomness is brought back to the fore to play a key role in their respective developments. During the course of evolution, the division of labor has arisen a number of times and it is determined in different ways. First there is the conventional method associated with organisms that develop from a single cell, such as an egg that undergoes repeated cleavages with the increase in size. Then, there are those cases where the division of labor arises in separate units, be they cells, as in cellular slime molds, or whole organisms, as in insect societies. What will be novel here is that in these latter cases there can be specially engineered periods of nongenetic or phenotypic variation that play a key role in determining the division of labor. It is a return to randomness—where randomness is put to good use.Less
This chapter discusses two cases where, in cell and insect societies, there is a small reversal, and randomness is brought back to the fore to play a key role in their respective developments. During the course of evolution, the division of labor has arisen a number of times and it is determined in different ways. First there is the conventional method associated with organisms that develop from a single cell, such as an egg that undergoes repeated cleavages with the increase in size. Then, there are those cases where the division of labor arises in separate units, be they cells, as in cellular slime molds, or whole organisms, as in insect societies. What will be novel here is that in these latter cases there can be specially engineered periods of nongenetic or phenotypic variation that play a key role in determining the division of labor. It is a return to randomness—where randomness is put to good use.
Kok-Chor Tan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199588855
- eISBN:
- 9780191738586
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588855.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter recounts the justifications for the institutional approach, arguing in particular that an institutional focus allows for a way of balancing the demands of justice and the legitimate ...
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This chapter recounts the justifications for the institutional approach, arguing in particular that an institutional focus allows for a way of balancing the demands of justice and the legitimate demands of personal life. The argument is not simply that institutions affect persons’ life prospects profoundly and pervasively from the start. More importantly, it stresses that an exclusive focus on institutions preserves space for individuals to engage in meaningful and valuable personal pursuits. On the reasonable presumption of value pluralism, the institutional approach provides the most plausible demarcation of the site of equality.Less
This chapter recounts the justifications for the institutional approach, arguing in particular that an institutional focus allows for a way of balancing the demands of justice and the legitimate demands of personal life. The argument is not simply that institutions affect persons’ life prospects profoundly and pervasively from the start. More importantly, it stresses that an exclusive focus on institutions preserves space for individuals to engage in meaningful and valuable personal pursuits. On the reasonable presumption of value pluralism, the institutional approach provides the most plausible demarcation of the site of equality.
Mark Casson
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289579
- eISBN:
- 9780191684746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289579.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The concluding chapter of the book argues that adopting a systems view in analysing production is helpful in understanding the new division of labor, and that identifying the physical aspects, ...
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The concluding chapter of the book argues that adopting a systems view in analysing production is helpful in understanding the new division of labor, and that identifying the physical aspects, particularly the spatial aspects, may be analysed to the firm's advantage. It also looks at differentiating high-level entrepreneurship from low-level entrepreneurship, and other such issues regarding entrepreneurship and the processes and behaviors of agencies in production. Most importantly, it argues that the systems view has enabled us to view the importance of social mechanisms of co-ordination. Mutual trust among agencies is deemed essential in entrepreneurship and in international business because, as in joint ventures, it does not only minimize risks but it also lowers transaction costs for firms.Less
The concluding chapter of the book argues that adopting a systems view in analysing production is helpful in understanding the new division of labor, and that identifying the physical aspects, particularly the spatial aspects, may be analysed to the firm's advantage. It also looks at differentiating high-level entrepreneurship from low-level entrepreneurship, and other such issues regarding entrepreneurship and the processes and behaviors of agencies in production. Most importantly, it argues that the systems view has enabled us to view the importance of social mechanisms of co-ordination. Mutual trust among agencies is deemed essential in entrepreneurship and in international business because, as in joint ventures, it does not only minimize risks but it also lowers transaction costs for firms.
Mark Casson
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289579
- eISBN:
- 9780191684746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289579.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The conventional economic theory can thoroughly explain the growth of horizontally integrated multinational companies during the 1950s and the 1960s. However, this theory is not rich enough to ...
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The conventional economic theory can thoroughly explain the growth of horizontally integrated multinational companies during the 1950s and the 1960s. However, this theory is not rich enough to explain recent developments in international business such as the rise of a new international division of labour, the growth of the service sector in the 1970s, the emergence of joint ventures, and the importance of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI). This chapter introduces the three main aspects of the conventional theory and presents the theory's limitations. The book provides new insights and rediscovers old insights regarding the said developments. The book also presents the application of these insights to international business, economics, and other social sciences.Less
The conventional economic theory can thoroughly explain the growth of horizontally integrated multinational companies during the 1950s and the 1960s. However, this theory is not rich enough to explain recent developments in international business such as the rise of a new international division of labour, the growth of the service sector in the 1970s, the emergence of joint ventures, and the importance of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI). This chapter introduces the three main aspects of the conventional theory and presents the theory's limitations. The book provides new insights and rediscovers old insights regarding the said developments. The book also presents the application of these insights to international business, economics, and other social sciences.
Ekkehart Schlicht
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198292241
- eISBN:
- 9780191596865
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198292244.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics, History of Economic Thought
Reviews the thesis outlined in the book. Concept formation and learning are tied up with clarity requirements. Clarification shapes preferences and underlies the behavioural, motivational, and ...
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Reviews the thesis outlined in the book. Concept formation and learning are tied up with clarity requirements. Clarification shapes preferences and underlies the behavioural, motivational, and cognitive tendencies that give rise to property, the law, and the firm as a social institution and account for the way in which the division of labour is organized in society. There is a pervasive mutual interdependency between many features of society that is brought by the tendency towards clarity that underlies the formation and motivational force of custom.Less
Reviews the thesis outlined in the book. Concept formation and learning are tied up with clarity requirements. Clarification shapes preferences and underlies the behavioural, motivational, and cognitive tendencies that give rise to property, the law, and the firm as a social institution and account for the way in which the division of labour is organized in society. There is a pervasive mutual interdependency between many features of society that is brought by the tendency towards clarity that underlies the formation and motivational force of custom.
Ian Simpson Ross
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288213
- eISBN:
- 9780191596827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198288212.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
Terminally ill in 1776, Hume was relieved from anxieties over Smith's masterwork when it finally reached him on 1 April, and he gave it unstinted praise, though not without offering cogent criticism. ...
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Terminally ill in 1776, Hume was relieved from anxieties over Smith's masterwork when it finally reached him on 1 April, and he gave it unstinted praise, though not without offering cogent criticism. The two‐part structure of WN is discussed in context. Books I and II are analytical and identify the principles, chiefly division of labour, which naturally lead to economic growth where the free‐market system, or something close to it, is adopted. Books III to V are historical and evaluative, focused on what legislators, to whom the book is addressed, have done and should do to promote growth. This second part of WN assesses alternatives to the free‐market system, denouncing mercantilism's injudicious restraints and incentives, and Physiocracy's blindness to the benefits of industry and trade. Smith settles for some restrictions on individual economic freedom, to provide resources for society's chief needs identified as defence, justice, public works, and education, and he manifests grave concern about the mental torpor found in workers subjected to extensive division of labour.Less
Terminally ill in 1776, Hume was relieved from anxieties over Smith's masterwork when it finally reached him on 1 April, and he gave it unstinted praise, though not without offering cogent criticism. The two‐part structure of WN is discussed in context. Books I and II are analytical and identify the principles, chiefly division of labour, which naturally lead to economic growth where the free‐market system, or something close to it, is adopted. Books III to V are historical and evaluative, focused on what legislators, to whom the book is addressed, have done and should do to promote growth. This second part of WN assesses alternatives to the free‐market system, denouncing mercantilism's injudicious restraints and incentives, and Physiocracy's blindness to the benefits of industry and trade. Smith settles for some restrictions on individual economic freedom, to provide resources for society's chief needs identified as defence, justice, public works, and education, and he manifests grave concern about the mental torpor found in workers subjected to extensive division of labour.
Isaac Nakhimovsky
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148946
- eISBN:
- 9781400838752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148946.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter describes how Fichte's book was perceived as an important challenge by admirers of Adam Smith because its normative evaluation of market society was grounded in a theory of property ...
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This chapter describes how Fichte's book was perceived as an important challenge by admirers of Adam Smith because its normative evaluation of market society was grounded in a theory of property rights whose foundational principle was the natural liberty of the individual. Fichte denied that the inequalities produced by the expanding division of labor could be justified by appealing to this principle. However, he was also highly critical of those who prioritized equality over autonomy by discerning inherent moral limits on the nature and scope of individual activity. To claim that property relations had to keep pace with the changing nature of this activity in an industrializing society, Fichte extended his mission to eliminate “the last vestiges of hypostasis still clinging to the Kantian system” into an effort to excise any semblance of natural rights from property theory. From this perspective, Fichte's Closed Commercial State emerges as an important contribution to the nineteenth-century critique of the discipline of political economy.Less
This chapter describes how Fichte's book was perceived as an important challenge by admirers of Adam Smith because its normative evaluation of market society was grounded in a theory of property rights whose foundational principle was the natural liberty of the individual. Fichte denied that the inequalities produced by the expanding division of labor could be justified by appealing to this principle. However, he was also highly critical of those who prioritized equality over autonomy by discerning inherent moral limits on the nature and scope of individual activity. To claim that property relations had to keep pace with the changing nature of this activity in an industrializing society, Fichte extended his mission to eliminate “the last vestiges of hypostasis still clinging to the Kantian system” into an effort to excise any semblance of natural rights from property theory. From this perspective, Fichte's Closed Commercial State emerges as an important contribution to the nineteenth-century critique of the discipline of political economy.
Andrew Stewart Skinner
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198233343
- eISBN:
- 9780191678974
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198233343.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
Although Adam Smith's model, in its post-physiocratic form, has several distinct elements, the feature on which he continued to place most emphasis was the division of labour, which is implied in the ...
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Although Adam Smith's model, in its post-physiocratic form, has several distinct elements, the feature on which he continued to place most emphasis was the division of labour, which is implied in the existence of distinct sectors or types of productive activity. However, Smith also emphasized the fact that there was specialization by types of employment, and even within each employment. He pointed out that the division of labour (by process) helped to explain the relatively high labour productivity in modern times. As regards the rate of exchange, Smith isolated two relevant factors: the usefulness of the good to be acquired, and the ‘cost’ incurred in creating the commodity to be given up. The first of the relevant relationships is obviously that existing between ‘usefulness’ and value. It will be apparent from the previous argument that Smith regarded rent, wages, and profit as the types of return payable to the three ‘great constituent orders’ of society and as the price paid for the use of the factors of production.Less
Although Adam Smith's model, in its post-physiocratic form, has several distinct elements, the feature on which he continued to place most emphasis was the division of labour, which is implied in the existence of distinct sectors or types of productive activity. However, Smith also emphasized the fact that there was specialization by types of employment, and even within each employment. He pointed out that the division of labour (by process) helped to explain the relatively high labour productivity in modern times. As regards the rate of exchange, Smith isolated two relevant factors: the usefulness of the good to be acquired, and the ‘cost’ incurred in creating the commodity to be given up. The first of the relevant relationships is obviously that existing between ‘usefulness’ and value. It will be apparent from the previous argument that Smith regarded rent, wages, and profit as the types of return payable to the three ‘great constituent orders’ of society and as the price paid for the use of the factors of production.
George Cheney, Daniel J. Lair, Dean Ritz, and Brenden E. Kendall
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195182774
- eISBN:
- 9780199871001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182774.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter addresses the domain of the professional, taking seriously the notion that the professional is personal, in addition to being social, political, and ethical. The chapter traces the ...
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This chapter addresses the domain of the professional, taking seriously the notion that the professional is personal, in addition to being social, political, and ethical. The chapter traces the development of modern professional classes, particularly as they implicate individual and collective moral practice. In certain ways, formal professions have the capacity to elevate moral practice and create barriers to ethical visions. This chapter considers the various sides of professional life, takes a second look at its ethical claims, and exposes some of the problems with what we usually think of as an unmitigated positive force in society; that is, professionalism. As part of this evaluation, the chapter probes issues of professional style and examines the categories into which individuals and whole segments of society are divided. The chapter concludes with a call to reconsider the meaning of “career.”Less
This chapter addresses the domain of the professional, taking seriously the notion that the professional is personal, in addition to being social, political, and ethical. The chapter traces the development of modern professional classes, particularly as they implicate individual and collective moral practice. In certain ways, formal professions have the capacity to elevate moral practice and create barriers to ethical visions. This chapter considers the various sides of professional life, takes a second look at its ethical claims, and exposes some of the problems with what we usually think of as an unmitigated positive force in society; that is, professionalism. As part of this evaluation, the chapter probes issues of professional style and examines the categories into which individuals and whole segments of society are divided. The chapter concludes with a call to reconsider the meaning of “career.”
Erik Grimmer-Solem
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199260416
- eISBN:
- 9780191717369
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199260416.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History, Economic History
Social science and social reform flourished in Imperial Germany, and the historical economist Gustav Schmoller made fundamental contributions to both. Despite this, historians have neglected him. ...
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Social science and social reform flourished in Imperial Germany, and the historical economist Gustav Schmoller made fundamental contributions to both. Despite this, historians have neglected him. Questioning the term ‘German Historical School’ associated with Schmoller, this book reveals the European context of Schmoller's thought and the influence of empiricism, statistics, and advances in the natural sciences on his choice of methods. By exploring the social context in detail, it demonstrates how the nexus of young scholars around Schmoller fundamentally transformed German economics into a tool of social reform which was directly relevant to the many ‘social questions’ raised by rapid industrialization and urbanization in Germany in the 1860s. These reform efforts were novel in that they put forth the idea that inequality and poverty were ills emerging from the division of labour which society had an obligation to remedy. As a result, an awareness of the social implications of individual economic action emerged which proved remarkably useful for the development of social policy. Although the dissemination of this reform message influenced public opinion and put social reform on the political agenda, this book shows that Schmoller and his colleagues remained a beleaguered group, attacked from all political directions. It brings the fissures within German liberalism into sharp relief, revealing the persistence of a potent ideal of classlessness that fundamentally shaped German social policy. The author makes a unique and much-needed contribution to our understanding of the thought and milieu of Gustav Schmoller, the origins of social reform, and the development of the social sciences in Germany. The resulting volume addresses central questions in the historiography of the German Empire.Less
Social science and social reform flourished in Imperial Germany, and the historical economist Gustav Schmoller made fundamental contributions to both. Despite this, historians have neglected him. Questioning the term ‘German Historical School’ associated with Schmoller, this book reveals the European context of Schmoller's thought and the influence of empiricism, statistics, and advances in the natural sciences on his choice of methods. By exploring the social context in detail, it demonstrates how the nexus of young scholars around Schmoller fundamentally transformed German economics into a tool of social reform which was directly relevant to the many ‘social questions’ raised by rapid industrialization and urbanization in Germany in the 1860s. These reform efforts were novel in that they put forth the idea that inequality and poverty were ills emerging from the division of labour which society had an obligation to remedy. As a result, an awareness of the social implications of individual economic action emerged which proved remarkably useful for the development of social policy. Although the dissemination of this reform message influenced public opinion and put social reform on the political agenda, this book shows that Schmoller and his colleagues remained a beleaguered group, attacked from all political directions. It brings the fissures within German liberalism into sharp relief, revealing the persistence of a potent ideal of classlessness that fundamentally shaped German social policy. The author makes a unique and much-needed contribution to our understanding of the thought and milieu of Gustav Schmoller, the origins of social reform, and the development of the social sciences in Germany. The resulting volume addresses central questions in the historiography of the German Empire.
