Ashwani Deshpande
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198072034
- eISBN:
- 9780199081028
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072034.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book examines the contemporary nature of caste disparities in India by using a framework that integrates discussions on caste from other social science disciplines with those from within ...
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This book examines the contemporary nature of caste disparities in India by using a framework that integrates discussions on caste from other social science disciplines with those from within economics. It brings together quantitative evidence on different dimensions of caste disparities based on two large national-level data sets, in order to analyse the degree of change in the caste system over the last two decades. Offering evidence based on economic analysis, it questions commonly-held views and challenges traditional wisdom. The chapter uses the latest methods that allow researchers to gauge discrimination and shows how some of these methods have been used in the Indian context and what the quest has yielded. The chapter constructs a multifaceted ‘Caste Development Index’ that allows a broader assessment and comparison of the standard of living of caste groups across states and time. Finally, the book also discusses policy responses to disparities and discrimination by reviewing the existing quota system.Less
This book examines the contemporary nature of caste disparities in India by using a framework that integrates discussions on caste from other social science disciplines with those from within economics. It brings together quantitative evidence on different dimensions of caste disparities based on two large national-level data sets, in order to analyse the degree of change in the caste system over the last two decades. Offering evidence based on economic analysis, it questions commonly-held views and challenges traditional wisdom. The chapter uses the latest methods that allow researchers to gauge discrimination and shows how some of these methods have been used in the Indian context and what the quest has yielded. The chapter constructs a multifaceted ‘Caste Development Index’ that allows a broader assessment and comparison of the standard of living of caste groups across states and time. Finally, the book also discusses policy responses to disparities and discrimination by reviewing the existing quota system.
Sanjeer Alam
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198076940
- eISBN:
- 9780199080946
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198076940.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sociology of Religion
The debate over educational disparities across religious communities in India, especially those concerning the Muslims, is as old as the history of the modern education system in the country. This ...
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The debate over educational disparities across religious communities in India, especially those concerning the Muslims, is as old as the history of the modern education system in the country. This debate has yielded several explanations for educational backwardness among the Muslims which evoke a supposedly low value placed on modern education by Islamic theology, the status of Indian Muslims as a minority, and invidious discrimination against the Muslims in India. Largely cast in a polemical and impressionistic mode, this debate has long awaited empirical underpinnings. The recent upsurge in empirical studies on the topic requires an explanatory frame that admits of precision and complexity. Despite the renewed interest in this subject following the Sachar Committee Report, considerable knowledge gaps continue to exist in our understanding of the dynamics between religion and access to education. The present work brings to fore the spatially contextualized historical trajectories that have shaped educational development and various forms of disparities therein. It argues that religious communities, such as the Muslims, have to be seen as spatially and economically differentiated across regions rather than as homogeneous socio-cultural aggregates. This argument draws upon disaggregation of national-level secondary data and is supplemented by a primary fieldwork-based comparison of the educational status of Muslims in Patna and Purnia districts of Bihar. The relative educational backwardness of the Muslim community is thus seen to have underlying spatial and class patterns that are often overlooked.Less
The debate over educational disparities across religious communities in India, especially those concerning the Muslims, is as old as the history of the modern education system in the country. This debate has yielded several explanations for educational backwardness among the Muslims which evoke a supposedly low value placed on modern education by Islamic theology, the status of Indian Muslims as a minority, and invidious discrimination against the Muslims in India. Largely cast in a polemical and impressionistic mode, this debate has long awaited empirical underpinnings. The recent upsurge in empirical studies on the topic requires an explanatory frame that admits of precision and complexity. Despite the renewed interest in this subject following the Sachar Committee Report, considerable knowledge gaps continue to exist in our understanding of the dynamics between religion and access to education. The present work brings to fore the spatially contextualized historical trajectories that have shaped educational development and various forms of disparities therein. It argues that religious communities, such as the Muslims, have to be seen as spatially and economically differentiated across regions rather than as homogeneous socio-cultural aggregates. This argument draws upon disaggregation of national-level secondary data and is supplemented by a primary fieldwork-based comparison of the educational status of Muslims in Patna and Purnia districts of Bihar. The relative educational backwardness of the Muslim community is thus seen to have underlying spatial and class patterns that are often overlooked.
Steven Whitman, Ami M. Shah, and Maureen R. Benjamins
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199731190
- eISBN:
- 9780199866465
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731190.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter describes the events and lessons that led to the development of the Sinai Model for Reducing Health Disparities and Improving Health. The methods and experiences described in this book ...
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This chapter describes the events and lessons that led to the development of the Sinai Model for Reducing Health Disparities and Improving Health. The methods and experiences described in this book provide a useful model for how to systematically pursue health improvements in vulnerable communities and simultaneously achieve greater health equity.Less
This chapter describes the events and lessons that led to the development of the Sinai Model for Reducing Health Disparities and Improving Health. The methods and experiences described in this book provide a useful model for how to systematically pursue health improvements in vulnerable communities and simultaneously achieve greater health equity.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0020
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter begins by describing coordinate systems that can be used to measure visual directions from a single eye. It considers how interocular differences in direction of a single point can be ...
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This chapter begins by describing coordinate systems that can be used to measure visual directions from a single eye. It considers how interocular differences in direction of a single point can be measured when the retinal coordinates of the eyes are either aligned or not aligned. It then shows how the shape of the retinas affects the pattern of binocular disparities. The absolute disparity of a single point is distinguished from the relative disparity of two or more points. Horizontal and vertical disparities are examined.Less
This chapter begins by describing coordinate systems that can be used to measure visual directions from a single eye. It considers how interocular differences in direction of a single point can be measured when the retinal coordinates of the eyes are either aligned or not aligned. It then shows how the shape of the retinas affects the pattern of binocular disparities. The absolute disparity of a single point is distinguished from the relative disparity of two or more points. Horizontal and vertical disparities are examined.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews the physiology of processes devoted to the detection of binocular disparity. The discussions cover disparity detectors; disparity detectors in cats; disparity detectors in ...
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This chapter reviews the physiology of processes devoted to the detection of binocular disparity. The discussions cover disparity detectors; disparity detectors in cats; disparity detectors in primates; subcortical disparity-tuned cells; disparity-detector properties; coding higher-order disparities; visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and binocular vision; and models of disparity processing.Less
This chapter reviews the physiology of processes devoted to the detection of binocular disparity. The discussions cover disparity detectors; disparity detectors in cats; disparity detectors in primates; subcortical disparity-tuned cells; disparity-detector properties; coding higher-order disparities; visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and binocular vision; and models of disparity processing.
Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195144260
- eISBN:
- 9780199833931
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195144260.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Malaysia and Pakistan were created from the rump of British colonialism in India and Southeast Asia. Both states lacked national identity or a unified polity that preceded independence. Both ...
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Malaysia and Pakistan were created from the rump of British colonialism in India and Southeast Asia. Both states lacked national identity or a unified polity that preceded independence. Both confronted social divisions that were the legacy of the colonial era. In fact, in both countries the struggle for independence was not directed against the British, but was a competition of racial, religious, and ethnic rivals. As weak states, they were unable to proceed with effective state formation. Economic Disparities in Malaysia led to racial and ethnic tensions. Weak state institutions and constitutional crises led to ethnic tensions in Pakistan.Less
Malaysia and Pakistan were created from the rump of British colonialism in India and Southeast Asia. Both states lacked national identity or a unified polity that preceded independence. Both confronted social divisions that were the legacy of the colonial era. In fact, in both countries the struggle for independence was not directed against the British, but was a competition of racial, religious, and ethnic rivals. As weak states, they were unable to proceed with effective state formation. Economic Disparities in Malaysia led to racial and ethnic tensions. Weak state institutions and constitutional crises led to ethnic tensions in Pakistan.
Barak Richman, Daniel Grossman, and Frank Sloan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390131
- eISBN:
- 9780199775934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390131.003.012
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter discusses consumption disparities in outpatient mental health services among a diverse insured working population. It first observes that despite paying equal insurance premiums and ...
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This chapter discusses consumption disparities in outpatient mental health services among a diverse insured working population. It first observes that despite paying equal insurance premiums and enjoying equal insurance coverage, lower-income and non-white workers consume fewer insurance benefits than their white and higher-income coworkers. It finds no evidence, however, that this disparity leads to adverse health outcomes. It additionally finds that non-whites and low-income individuals are more likely than their white and high-income counterparts to obtain mental health care from general practitioners rather than mental healthcare providers, and nearly twice as likely not to follow up with a mental health provider after hospitalization with a mental health diagnosis. These findings suggest that low-income and non-white individuals might be paying for health services that primarily benefit their white and more affluent coworkers. Many of these regressive consequences can be attributed to mental health insurance carve-outs, which are a product of the fragmented delivery of health care.Less
This chapter discusses consumption disparities in outpatient mental health services among a diverse insured working population. It first observes that despite paying equal insurance premiums and enjoying equal insurance coverage, lower-income and non-white workers consume fewer insurance benefits than their white and higher-income coworkers. It finds no evidence, however, that this disparity leads to adverse health outcomes. It additionally finds that non-whites and low-income individuals are more likely than their white and high-income counterparts to obtain mental health care from general practitioners rather than mental healthcare providers, and nearly twice as likely not to follow up with a mental health provider after hospitalization with a mental health diagnosis. These findings suggest that low-income and non-white individuals might be paying for health services that primarily benefit their white and more affluent coworkers. Many of these regressive consequences can be attributed to mental health insurance carve-outs, which are a product of the fragmented delivery of health care.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195084764
- eISBN:
- 9780199871049
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195084764.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter begins with a discussion of the eye and visual pathways, the visual cortex, and midline interactions. It then covers disparity detectors, disparity tuning functions, types of disparity ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the eye and visual pathways, the visual cortex, and midline interactions. It then covers disparity detectors, disparity tuning functions, types of disparity coding, disparity coding in parvo- and magnocellular channels, and visual evoked potentials (VEPs).Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the eye and visual pathways, the visual cortex, and midline interactions. It then covers disparity detectors, disparity tuning functions, types of disparity coding, disparity coding in parvo- and magnocellular channels, and visual evoked potentials (VEPs).
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0019
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews methods for measuring stereoacuity and the factors that influence it. Topics covered include tests of stereoscopic vision, stereoacuity-basic concepts, the upper disparity limit; ...
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This chapter reviews methods for measuring stereoacuity and the factors that influence it. Topics covered include tests of stereoscopic vision, stereoacuity-basic concepts, the upper disparity limit; luminance, contrast, and stereopsis; spatial factors in stereoacuity; disparity and spatial scale; disparity pooling; temporal factors in stereopsis; and experiential and practice effects.Less
This chapter reviews methods for measuring stereoacuity and the factors that influence it. Topics covered include tests of stereoscopic vision, stereoacuity-basic concepts, the upper disparity limit; luminance, contrast, and stereopsis; spatial factors in stereoacuity; disparity and spatial scale; disparity pooling; temporal factors in stereopsis; and experiential and practice effects.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0022
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
An object in one location can influence the perceived spatial disposition of an object in a neighbouring location or of an object seen successively in the same location. This chapter discusses these ...
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An object in one location can influence the perceived spatial disposition of an object in a neighbouring location or of an object seen successively in the same location. This chapter discusses these effects, which are referred to as depth contrast. Topics covered include types of depth contrast, depth attraction and repulsion, depth contrast with point and lines, depth contrast between surfaces, disparity contrast mechanisms, successive depth contrast, and contrast and deformation disparities.Less
An object in one location can influence the perceived spatial disposition of an object in a neighbouring location or of an object seen successively in the same location. This chapter discusses these effects, which are referred to as depth contrast. Topics covered include types of depth contrast, depth attraction and repulsion, depth contrast with point and lines, depth contrast between surfaces, disparity contrast mechanisms, successive depth contrast, and contrast and deformation disparities.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0028
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
The processing of binocular disparity has temporal as well as spatial characteristics. This chapter discusses the question of how the visual system processes signals that arrive both at different ...
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The processing of binocular disparity has temporal as well as spatial characteristics. This chapter discusses the question of how the visual system processes signals that arrive both at different times and in different locations. Topics covered include the Pulfrich effect, visual-latency spatial-disparity hypothesis, temporal-disparities, effects of luminance and contrast, eye movements and the Pulfrich effect, dynamic visual noise Pulfrich effect, and clinical aspects of the Pulfrich effect.Less
The processing of binocular disparity has temporal as well as spatial characteristics. This chapter discusses the question of how the visual system processes signals that arrive both at different times and in different locations. Topics covered include the Pulfrich effect, visual-latency spatial-disparity hypothesis, temporal-disparities, effects of luminance and contrast, eye movements and the Pulfrich effect, dynamic visual noise Pulfrich effect, and clinical aspects of the Pulfrich effect.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199764150
- eISBN:
- 9780199949366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764150.003.0322
- Subject:
- Psychology, Vision, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter deals with the geometry of different types of binocular disparity. Binocular disparities can be considered on a point-for-point basis, and there is evidence that the visual system ...
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This chapter deals with the geometry of different types of binocular disparity. Binocular disparities can be considered on a point-for-point basis, and there is evidence that the visual system initially registers local point disparities. However, higher levels of the visual system process relative disparities produced by two or more stimuli, and disparities arising from differences in the orientation, size, and shear of the images in the two eyes. The visual system also registers spatial gradients of disparity, including linear gradients that specify flat surfaces inclined in depth, and higher-order spatial derivatives of disparity that specify curvature in depth. The chapter also describes how images produced by large stimuli contain gradients of vertical disparities that depend on the eccentricity and distance of the stimulus.Less
This chapter deals with the geometry of different types of binocular disparity. Binocular disparities can be considered on a point-for-point basis, and there is evidence that the visual system initially registers local point disparities. However, higher levels of the visual system process relative disparities produced by two or more stimuli, and disparities arising from differences in the orientation, size, and shear of the images in the two eyes. The visual system also registers spatial gradients of disparity, including linear gradients that specify flat surfaces inclined in depth, and higher-order spatial derivatives of disparity that specify curvature in depth. The chapter also describes how images produced by large stimuli contain gradients of vertical disparities that depend on the eccentricity and distance of the stimulus.
Isra Sarntisart
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271412
- eISBN:
- 9780191601255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271410.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This is the last of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of Thailand. Following on from a number of other studies, the study attempts to re‐examine the relationships ...
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This is the last of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of Thailand. Following on from a number of other studies, the study attempts to re‐examine the relationships between economic growth, structural change, and income inequality in Thailand. After an introduction, the second section, Economic Growth and Structural Change, provides a broad picture of the Thai economy, and the third, Trends in Income Inequality, reviews studies on the changes in income inequality from the 1960s through to the beginning of the 1990s. The fourth section, Factors Related to Income Distribution, examines industrialization planning, industrial protection policies, regional income disparities, and the minimum wage bill over the past four decades. The fifth section, Analysis of Income Inequality in 1988, 1992, and 1996, presents an analysis income inequality in those years according to the subgroups and source decompositions of income; the final section summarizes.Less
This is the last of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of Thailand. Following on from a number of other studies, the study attempts to re‐examine the relationships between economic growth, structural change, and income inequality in Thailand. After an introduction, the second section, Economic Growth and Structural Change, provides a broad picture of the Thai economy, and the third, Trends in Income Inequality, reviews studies on the changes in income inequality from the 1960s through to the beginning of the 1990s. The fourth section, Factors Related to Income Distribution, examines industrialization planning, industrial protection policies, regional income disparities, and the minimum wage bill over the past four decades. The fifth section, Analysis of Income Inequality in 1988, 1992, and 1996, presents an analysis income inequality in those years according to the subgroups and source decompositions of income; the final section summarizes.
Zhicheng Liang
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199535194
- eISBN:
- 9780191715730
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535194.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Deepening financial development and rapid economic growth in China have been accompanied by widening income disparity between the coastal and inland regions. This chapter examines the impacts of ...
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Deepening financial development and rapid economic growth in China have been accompanied by widening income disparity between the coastal and inland regions. This chapter examines the impacts of financial development on China's growth performance by employing panel data covering twenty-nine Chinese provinces over the period of 1990-2001 and applying the generalized method of moment (GMM) techniques. The empirical results show that financial development significantly promotes economic growth in coastal regions but not in the inland regions; the weak finance-growth nexus in inland provinces may help aggravate China's regional disparities.Less
Deepening financial development and rapid economic growth in China have been accompanied by widening income disparity between the coastal and inland regions. This chapter examines the impacts of financial development on China's growth performance by employing panel data covering twenty-nine Chinese provinces over the period of 1990-2001 and applying the generalized method of moment (GMM) techniques. The empirical results show that financial development significantly promotes economic growth in coastal regions but not in the inland regions; the weak finance-growth nexus in inland provinces may help aggravate China's regional disparities.
David W. Johnson and Nancy M. Kane
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390131
- eISBN:
- 9780199775934
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390131.003.014
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
The U.S. health care system reflects deep-rooted preferences for individualism, health crisis management, faith in markets, competition, and strong community involvement at the expense of solidarity, ...
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The U.S. health care system reflects deep-rooted preferences for individualism, health crisis management, faith in markets, competition, and strong community involvement at the expense of solidarity, prevention of illness, strong government, collaboration, and public accountability. As a result it has the most technologically advanced health care that money can buy, a strong for-profit sector, and unmatched philanthropic support, while consuming a record percentage of our economy, and generating huge disparities in access to health resources and health outcomes. This chapter argues that health reformers must accommodate this value system, not confront it head-on, while looking for opportunities to encourage a slow cultural shift that recognizes the need for collaboration, collective action, accountability, and trust in government. Failure to address our values will contribute to a decline in America's global competitiveness and our national standard of living.Less
The U.S. health care system reflects deep-rooted preferences for individualism, health crisis management, faith in markets, competition, and strong community involvement at the expense of solidarity, prevention of illness, strong government, collaboration, and public accountability. As a result it has the most technologically advanced health care that money can buy, a strong for-profit sector, and unmatched philanthropic support, while consuming a record percentage of our economy, and generating huge disparities in access to health resources and health outcomes. This chapter argues that health reformers must accommodate this value system, not confront it head-on, while looking for opportunities to encourage a slow cultural shift that recognizes the need for collaboration, collective action, accountability, and trust in government. Failure to address our values will contribute to a decline in America's global competitiveness and our national standard of living.
W. Michael Hanemann
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199248919
- eISBN:
- 9780191595950
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199248915.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The aim of this chapter is to examine the properties of welfare measures under alternative preference structures for q (the item being valued) and to identify the observable implications for measured ...
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The aim of this chapter is to examine the properties of welfare measures under alternative preference structures for q (the item being valued) and to identify the observable implications for measured WTA (willingness to accept) or WTP (willingness to pay), whether measured through indirect methods based on revealed preference or direct methods such as contingent valuation. Section 3.2 sets out the basic economic model of individual utility, Sect. 3.3 then reviews how WTP or WTA vary with the magnitude of the perceived change in the item being valued, and Sects. 3.4 and 3.5 deal with how WTP and WTA vary with the individual's income. Sect 3.6 deals with the theory of the disparity between WTP and WTA, and Sect. 3.7 considers a related phenomenon – the disparity between values for gains and losses. Section 3.8 reviews some other explanations of the gain/loss disparity that have appeared in the literature, including prospect theory and the concept of loss aversion, and Sect. 3.9 reviews explanations based on models of individual behaviour under uncertainty, including uncertainty about preferences or what the item might be worth. Section 3.10 touches on substitution and complementarity among alternative qs and how this affects WTP and WTA, and conclusions are summarized in Sect. 3.11.Less
The aim of this chapter is to examine the properties of welfare measures under alternative preference structures for q (the item being valued) and to identify the observable implications for measured WTA (willingness to accept) or WTP (willingness to pay), whether measured through indirect methods based on revealed preference or direct methods such as contingent valuation. Section 3.2 sets out the basic economic model of individual utility, Sect. 3.3 then reviews how WTP or WTA vary with the magnitude of the perceived change in the item being valued, and Sects. 3.4 and 3.5 deal with how WTP and WTA vary with the individual's income. Sect 3.6 deals with the theory of the disparity between WTP and WTA, and Sect. 3.7 considers a related phenomenon – the disparity between values for gains and losses. Section 3.8 reviews some other explanations of the gain/loss disparity that have appeared in the literature, including prospect theory and the concept of loss aversion, and Sect. 3.9 reviews explanations based on models of individual behaviour under uncertainty, including uncertainty about preferences or what the item might be worth. Section 3.10 touches on substitution and complementarity among alternative qs and how this affects WTP and WTA, and conclusions are summarized in Sect. 3.11.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0021
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
The horizontal separation of the eyes introduces disparities along the horizontal dimension. It has been generally assumed that only horizontal disparities are used to code depth. However, the images ...
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The horizontal separation of the eyes introduces disparities along the horizontal dimension. It has been generally assumed that only horizontal disparities are used to code depth. However, the images from an extended surface also possess vertical disparities and it is now known that the visual system uses vertical disparities in a variety of ways, including the perception of absolute distance, depth scaling of horizontal disparities, and the perception of 3-D shape. This chapter discusses these issues. Topics covered include perception of slant, perception of inclination, stereoscopic anisotropies, disparities and distance scaling, and disparity-defined shape.Less
The horizontal separation of the eyes introduces disparities along the horizontal dimension. It has been generally assumed that only horizontal disparities are used to code depth. However, the images from an extended surface also possess vertical disparities and it is now known that the visual system uses vertical disparities in a variety of ways, including the perception of absolute distance, depth scaling of horizontal disparities, and the perception of 3-D shape. This chapter discusses these issues. Topics covered include perception of slant, perception of inclination, stereoscopic anisotropies, disparities and distance scaling, and disparity-defined shape.
Ian P. Howard and Brian J. Rogers
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195367607
- eISBN:
- 9780199867264
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.003.0027
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
Depth cue refers to information about depth arising from a specified visual feature. Depth cues interact in many ways. Information provided by two different cues may be added or averaged or one cue ...
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Depth cue refers to information about depth arising from a specified visual feature. Depth cues interact in many ways. Information provided by two different cues may be added or averaged or one cue may resolve the ambiguity of another cue. When information from one cue conflicts with that from another, the conflict may be resolved by weighting the cues or one cue may be ignored. This chapter reviews these and other ways in which depth information is combined. Topics covered include types of cue interaction, disparity and motion parallax, disparity and perspective, disparity and interposition, disparity and transparency, disparity and shading, disparity and accommodation, and cognition and depth-cue interactions.Less
Depth cue refers to information about depth arising from a specified visual feature. Depth cues interact in many ways. Information provided by two different cues may be added or averaged or one cue may resolve the ambiguity of another cue. When information from one cue conflicts with that from another, the conflict may be resolved by weighting the cues or one cue may be ignored. This chapter reviews these and other ways in which depth information is combined. Topics covered include types of cue interaction, disparity and motion parallax, disparity and perspective, disparity and interposition, disparity and transparency, disparity and shading, disparity and accommodation, and cognition and depth-cue interactions.
Lynn Bye, Michelle E. Alvarez, Janet Haynes, and Cindy E. Sweigart
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398496
- eISBN:
- 9780199777402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398496.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
Truancy negatively impacts students in several ways. Students who are truant are more likely to fall behind academically, drop out of school, use drugs and alcohol, and be involved with the criminal ...
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Truancy negatively impacts students in several ways. Students who are truant are more likely to fall behind academically, drop out of school, use drugs and alcohol, and be involved with the criminal justice system. This chapter begins by examining school discipline in relation to truancy and school dropout. In discussing school discipline, it looks at the unequal application of discipline in schools, and existing racial disparities in school discipline. In addition, it explores the ways truancy impacts individual students, the school system, and society. All three of these levels pay a high price for truancy.Less
Truancy negatively impacts students in several ways. Students who are truant are more likely to fall behind academically, drop out of school, use drugs and alcohol, and be involved with the criminal justice system. This chapter begins by examining school discipline in relation to truancy and school dropout. In discussing school discipline, it looks at the unequal application of discipline in schools, and existing racial disparities in school discipline. In addition, it explores the ways truancy impacts individual students, the school system, and society. All three of these levels pay a high price for truancy.
Ashwani Deshpande
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198072034
- eISBN:
- 9780199081028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198072034.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter outlines contours of caste disparity in modern contemporary India, evidence that seriously questions the belief that caste is irrelevant in globalizing India. It presents evidence spread ...
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This chapter outlines contours of caste disparity in modern contemporary India, evidence that seriously questions the belief that caste is irrelevant in globalizing India. It presents evidence spread over the last 20 years, using the largest two data sets after the national census, on various indicators of material well-being. Some of these indicators have been aggregated by the author into a Caste Development Index (CDI). This index, as well as other indicators, clearly shows substantial regional variation, but no reversal of traditional caste hierarchies. The relationship between the regional distribution of the CDI and the rate of growth of state domestic product is also examined, to address whether disparities are lower in richer or faster-growing states.Less
This chapter outlines contours of caste disparity in modern contemporary India, evidence that seriously questions the belief that caste is irrelevant in globalizing India. It presents evidence spread over the last 20 years, using the largest two data sets after the national census, on various indicators of material well-being. Some of these indicators have been aggregated by the author into a Caste Development Index (CDI). This index, as well as other indicators, clearly shows substantial regional variation, but no reversal of traditional caste hierarchies. The relationship between the regional distribution of the CDI and the rate of growth of state domestic product is also examined, to address whether disparities are lower in richer or faster-growing states.
