Margaret P. Battin, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, and Charles B. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335842
- eISBN:
- 9780199868926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335842.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Infectious diseases and genetic conditions are both transmitted “vertically” from a pregnant woman to the child she bears. Most U.S. states require routine screening of women for syphilis during ...
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Infectious diseases and genetic conditions are both transmitted “vertically” from a pregnant woman to the child she bears. Most U.S. states require routine screening of women for syphilis during pregnancy, and cases of congenital syphilis now number less than about 400 per year. In contrast, although a blood test can diagnose up to 90% of cystic fibrosis carriers and affected individuals, no states require premarital or prenatal screening for CF. These two vertically transmitted disorders are similar in potential incidence, detectability, and the absence of curative treatments after vertical transmission occurs. Past and present screening policies for syphilis can be characterized as preconception, prenatal, paternalistic, state mandated, universal, with presumed consent for tests and treatment, widely practiced, and effective. Screening policies for cystic fibrosis can, in contrast, be characterized as prenatal, postnatal, selective, and voluntary—except, most recently, for newborn testing. While differences between these policies may rest partly on historical or other factors, the chapter argues that there are moral differences, too. Recent emphasis on individual rights and choice may be more important in explaining different strategies than the fact that one type of vertical transmission is infectious and the other is genetic. Neither is “exceptional”; rather, both the historical and the ethical explanations of difference relate to other factors, particularly ready access to treatment and the availability of methods for preventing transmission.Less
Infectious diseases and genetic conditions are both transmitted “vertically” from a pregnant woman to the child she bears. Most U.S. states require routine screening of women for syphilis during pregnancy, and cases of congenital syphilis now number less than about 400 per year. In contrast, although a blood test can diagnose up to 90% of cystic fibrosis carriers and affected individuals, no states require premarital or prenatal screening for CF. These two vertically transmitted disorders are similar in potential incidence, detectability, and the absence of curative treatments after vertical transmission occurs. Past and present screening policies for syphilis can be characterized as preconception, prenatal, paternalistic, state mandated, universal, with presumed consent for tests and treatment, widely practiced, and effective. Screening policies for cystic fibrosis can, in contrast, be characterized as prenatal, postnatal, selective, and voluntary—except, most recently, for newborn testing. While differences between these policies may rest partly on historical or other factors, the chapter argues that there are moral differences, too. Recent emphasis on individual rights and choice may be more important in explaining different strategies than the fact that one type of vertical transmission is infectious and the other is genetic. Neither is “exceptional”; rather, both the historical and the ethical explanations of difference relate to other factors, particularly ready access to treatment and the availability of methods for preventing transmission.
M. Brinton Lykes and Marcie Mersky
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199291922
- eISBN:
- 9780191603716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199291926.003.0018
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This paper provides an overview of psychosocial and mental health theory and practice as it has emerged in contexts of war, post-war, and transitional situations. It identifies several models that ...
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This paper provides an overview of psychosocial and mental health theory and practice as it has emerged in contexts of war, post-war, and transitional situations. It identifies several models that have guided much of this work until now, critically examines their underlying assumptions, and posits a series of limitations inherent in the dominant paradigm of post-traumatic stress disorder, especially as applied in the aftermath of political violence. It argues that psychosocial work as part of reparations processes must be designed and enacted within specific historical, cultural, sociopolitical contexts, with singular individuals and their particular communities. This perspective permits more effective ways of responding to and working within the diversity of challenges facing societies seeking to reconstruct in the wake of war and other forms of organized political violence. An alternative framework for this work is proposed, which must be articulated and shaped in practice by individuals, families, and groups in their neighborhoods, communities, and societies. Exhumations and reburials, in two distinct contexts, are examined as sites for psychosocial work within reparation processes. The paper concludes by describing ongoing questions that challenge psychosocial workers hoping to contribute to reparations work.Less
This paper provides an overview of psychosocial and mental health theory and practice as it has emerged in contexts of war, post-war, and transitional situations. It identifies several models that have guided much of this work until now, critically examines their underlying assumptions, and posits a series of limitations inherent in the dominant paradigm of post-traumatic stress disorder, especially as applied in the aftermath of political violence. It argues that psychosocial work as part of reparations processes must be designed and enacted within specific historical, cultural, sociopolitical contexts, with singular individuals and their particular communities. This perspective permits more effective ways of responding to and working within the diversity of challenges facing societies seeking to reconstruct in the wake of war and other forms of organized political violence. An alternative framework for this work is proposed, which must be articulated and shaped in practice by individuals, families, and groups in their neighborhoods, communities, and societies. Exhumations and reburials, in two distinct contexts, are examined as sites for psychosocial work within reparation processes. The paper concludes by describing ongoing questions that challenge psychosocial workers hoping to contribute to reparations work.
Kenneth M. Heilman
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195144901
- eISBN:
- 9780199865642
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195144901.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
There are many ways to study the brain. Although anatomical and physiological studies can help us understand the substrates of behavior, most of what we have learned about how the brain mediates ...
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There are many ways to study the brain. Although anatomical and physiological studies can help us understand the substrates of behavior, most of what we have learned about how the brain mediates behavior comes from experiments of nature in which focal brain injuries induced by diseases, such as stroke, produce behavioral changes. This book focuses on what the lesion method has taught us about how the brain works. In this book a renowned neurologist recounts his experiences seeing patients with behavioral deficits caused by various brain disease and injuries, cognitive disorders, and memory disorders (such as aphasia, alexia, agraphia, agnosia, apraxia, and dementia), and explains what they have taught him about brain function and dysfunction. The book discusses brain behavior relationships, particularly issues related to neurological patients and their families.Less
There are many ways to study the brain. Although anatomical and physiological studies can help us understand the substrates of behavior, most of what we have learned about how the brain mediates behavior comes from experiments of nature in which focal brain injuries induced by diseases, such as stroke, produce behavioral changes. This book focuses on what the lesion method has taught us about how the brain works. In this book a renowned neurologist recounts his experiences seeing patients with behavioral deficits caused by various brain disease and injuries, cognitive disorders, and memory disorders (such as aphasia, alexia, agraphia, agnosia, apraxia, and dementia), and explains what they have taught him about brain function and dysfunction. The book discusses brain behavior relationships, particularly issues related to neurological patients and their families.
Barbara J. Burns and Kimberly Hoagwood (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195134575
- eISBN:
- 9780199864065
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134575.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health, Communities and Organizations
This book presents innovative interventions for youth with severe emotional and behavioral disorders. The book is designed to fill a gap between the knowledge base and clinical practice through its ...
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This book presents innovative interventions for youth with severe emotional and behavioral disorders. The book is designed to fill a gap between the knowledge base and clinical practice through its presentation of theory, practice parameters, training requirements, and research evidence. Featuring community-based and state-of-the-art services for youth with severe emotional and behavioral disorders and their families, this book describes each intervention in depth, along with the supporting evidence for its utility. Most chapters present a single intervention as an alternative to institutional care. Shared characteristics of these interventions include delivery of services in the community (homes, schools, and neighborhoods) provided largely by parents and paraprofessional staff. The interventions are appropriate to use in any of the child human services sectors and have been developed in the field with real-world child and family clients. In addition, they offer a reduced cost in comparison to institutional care. Several chapters address diagnostic-specific psychosocial and psychopharmacological treatments, which are likely to be provided as adjunctive treatment in a clinical setting.Less
This book presents innovative interventions for youth with severe emotional and behavioral disorders. The book is designed to fill a gap between the knowledge base and clinical practice through its presentation of theory, practice parameters, training requirements, and research evidence. Featuring community-based and state-of-the-art services for youth with severe emotional and behavioral disorders and their families, this book describes each intervention in depth, along with the supporting evidence for its utility. Most chapters present a single intervention as an alternative to institutional care. Shared characteristics of these interventions include delivery of services in the community (homes, schools, and neighborhoods) provided largely by parents and paraprofessional staff. The interventions are appropriate to use in any of the child human services sectors and have been developed in the field with real-world child and family clients. In addition, they offer a reduced cost in comparison to institutional care. Several chapters address diagnostic-specific psychosocial and psychopharmacological treatments, which are likely to be provided as adjunctive treatment in a clinical setting.
Jacqueline Corcoran
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195375718
- eISBN:
- 9780199865529
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375718.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Health and Mental Health
This book reviews the evidence basis for the treatment of mental health disorders that present in children and adolescents, using both the American Psychological Association Division 12 Task Force ...
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This book reviews the evidence basis for the treatment of mental health disorders that present in children and adolescents, using both the American Psychological Association Division 12 Task Force Criteria for empirically supported treatment and the results of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The context of the child and its influence on the development of the mental health disorder, as well as treatment and recovery, is appraised through the risk and resilience framework. Barriers, facilitators, and recommendations for the practice and research of evidence-based treatment for child and adolescent mental health disorders are advanced.Less
This book reviews the evidence basis for the treatment of mental health disorders that present in children and adolescents, using both the American Psychological Association Division 12 Task Force Criteria for empirically supported treatment and the results of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The context of the child and its influence on the development of the mental health disorder, as well as treatment and recovery, is appraised through the risk and resilience framework. Barriers, facilitators, and recommendations for the practice and research of evidence-based treatment for child and adolescent mental health disorders are advanced.
Reinhard B. Neder and Thomas Proffen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233694
- eISBN:
- 9780191715563
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233694.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
In recent years it has become apparent that merely knowing and understanding the average atomic structure is insufficient for comprehending material properties fully. Deviations from this average ...
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In recent years it has become apparent that merely knowing and understanding the average atomic structure is insufficient for comprehending material properties fully. Deviations from this average structure play an important role regarding these properties. To understand the defect or local structure one has to study diffuse scattering and go beyond the classic interpretation of Bragg intensities. Although there is an increasing interest in analysing disordered materials, as expressed by a number of recent text books, the practical aspects of this analysis are not yet widely known. A detailed step-by-step guide that explains how to simulate disordered materials has been missing. This book covers the full range; from basic steps such as how to build a computer model of the crystal to complex disorder models such as domains, stacking faults, and nanoparticles. It also explains how to use advanced refinement techniques to determine the parameters of a disordered structure. This book provides many examples of the simulation of disordered materials including the input files for DISCUS and explains the concepts and pitfalls encountered when simulating disordered materials.Less
In recent years it has become apparent that merely knowing and understanding the average atomic structure is insufficient for comprehending material properties fully. Deviations from this average structure play an important role regarding these properties. To understand the defect or local structure one has to study diffuse scattering and go beyond the classic interpretation of Bragg intensities. Although there is an increasing interest in analysing disordered materials, as expressed by a number of recent text books, the practical aspects of this analysis are not yet widely known. A detailed step-by-step guide that explains how to simulate disordered materials has been missing. This book covers the full range; from basic steps such as how to build a computer model of the crystal to complex disorder models such as domains, stacking faults, and nanoparticles. It also explains how to use advanced refinement techniques to determine the parameters of a disordered structure. This book provides many examples of the simulation of disordered materials including the input files for DISCUS and explains the concepts and pitfalls encountered when simulating disordered materials.
William J. Koch, Kevin S. Douglas, Tonia L. Nicholls, and Melanie L. O'Neill
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195188288
- eISBN:
- 9780199870486
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188288.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Human emotional suffering has been studied for centuries, but the significance of psychological injuries within legal contexts has only recently been recognized. As the public becomes increasingly ...
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Human emotional suffering has been studied for centuries, but the significance of psychological injuries within legal contexts has only recently been recognized. As the public becomes increasingly aware of the ways in which mental health affects physical—and financial—well-being, psychological injuries comprise a rapidly growing set of personal injury insurance claims. Although the problems that people claim to suffer from are serious and often genuine, the largely subjective and unobservable nature of psychological conditions has led to much skepticism about the authenticity of psychological injury claims. Improved assessment methods and research on the economic and physical health consequences of psychological distress has resulted in exponential growth in the litigation related to such conditions. Integrating the history of psychological injuries both from legal and mental health perspectives, this book offers discussions of relevant statutory and case law. Focusing especially on post-traumatic stress disorder, it addresses the current status and empirical limitations of forensic assessments of psychological injuries and alerts to common vulnerabilities in expert evidence from mental health professionals. In addition, it also uses empirical research to provide the best forensic methods for assessing both clinical conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder and for alternative explanations such as malingering.Less
Human emotional suffering has been studied for centuries, but the significance of psychological injuries within legal contexts has only recently been recognized. As the public becomes increasingly aware of the ways in which mental health affects physical—and financial—well-being, psychological injuries comprise a rapidly growing set of personal injury insurance claims. Although the problems that people claim to suffer from are serious and often genuine, the largely subjective and unobservable nature of psychological conditions has led to much skepticism about the authenticity of psychological injury claims. Improved assessment methods and research on the economic and physical health consequences of psychological distress has resulted in exponential growth in the litigation related to such conditions. Integrating the history of psychological injuries both from legal and mental health perspectives, this book offers discussions of relevant statutory and case law. Focusing especially on post-traumatic stress disorder, it addresses the current status and empirical limitations of forensic assessments of psychological injuries and alerts to common vulnerabilities in expert evidence from mental health professionals. In addition, it also uses empirical research to provide the best forensic methods for assessing both clinical conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder and for alternative explanations such as malingering.
Tim Bayne
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199215386
- eISBN:
- 9780191594786
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215386.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, General
One of the features of consciousness that has been largely overlooked in recent treatments of the topic is its unity. What is the unity of consciousness? To what degree might consciousness be ...
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One of the features of consciousness that has been largely overlooked in recent treatments of the topic is its unity. What is the unity of consciousness? To what degree might consciousness be unified? And what implications might the unity of consciousness have for our conception of consciousness and the self? Drawing on philosophy, psychology and neuroscience, this book presents answers to these questions. The first part of the book develops a conception of the unity of consciousness according to which a subject has a unified conscious if and only if it has a single conscious state that subsumes each and every one of its conscious states. This conception of the unity of consciousness gives rise to the unity thesis—the claim that consciousness in human beings is necessarily unified. The second part of the volume examines the plausibility of the unity thesis. The book develops a model for evaluating the unity thesis and then goes on to apply this model to a wide range of syndromes—such as anosognosia, the hidden observer in hypnosis, and the split‐brain syndrome—in which the unity of consciousness is often said to breakdown. In each case the evidence in favour of disunity models is found wanting. The final third of the volume examines points of contact between the unity of consciousness on the one hand and theories of theories of consciousness, the sense of embodiment, and accounts of the self on the other.Less
One of the features of consciousness that has been largely overlooked in recent treatments of the topic is its unity. What is the unity of consciousness? To what degree might consciousness be unified? And what implications might the unity of consciousness have for our conception of consciousness and the self? Drawing on philosophy, psychology and neuroscience, this book presents answers to these questions. The first part of the book develops a conception of the unity of consciousness according to which a subject has a unified conscious if and only if it has a single conscious state that subsumes each and every one of its conscious states. This conception of the unity of consciousness gives rise to the unity thesis—the claim that consciousness in human beings is necessarily unified. The second part of the volume examines the plausibility of the unity thesis. The book develops a model for evaluating the unity thesis and then goes on to apply this model to a wide range of syndromes—such as anosognosia, the hidden observer in hypnosis, and the split‐brain syndrome—in which the unity of consciousness is often said to breakdown. In each case the evidence in favour of disunity models is found wanting. The final third of the volume examines points of contact between the unity of consciousness on the one hand and theories of theories of consciousness, the sense of embodiment, and accounts of the self on the other.
Pier A. Mello and Narendra Kumar
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198525820
- eISBN:
- 9780191712234
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198525820.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This book presents a statistical theory of complex wave scattering and quantum transport in a class of physical systems of current interest having chaotic classical dynamics (e.g., microwave cavities ...
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This book presents a statistical theory of complex wave scattering and quantum transport in a class of physical systems of current interest having chaotic classical dynamics (e.g., microwave cavities and quantum dots) or possessing quenched randomness (e.g., disordered conductors). The emphasis here is on mesoscopic fluctuations of the sample-specific transport. The universal character of the statistical behaviour of these phenomena is revealed in a natural way through a novel maximum-entropy approach (MEA). The latter leads to the most probable distribution for the set of random matrices that describe the ensemble of disordered/chaotic samples, which are macroscopically identical but differ in microscopic details. Here, the Shannon information entropy associated with these random matrices is maximized subject to the symmetries and the constraints which are physically relevant. This non-perturbative information-theoretic approach is reminiscent of, but distinct from, the standard random-matrix theory, and indeed forms the most distinctive feature of the book.Less
This book presents a statistical theory of complex wave scattering and quantum transport in a class of physical systems of current interest having chaotic classical dynamics (e.g., microwave cavities and quantum dots) or possessing quenched randomness (e.g., disordered conductors). The emphasis here is on mesoscopic fluctuations of the sample-specific transport. The universal character of the statistical behaviour of these phenomena is revealed in a natural way through a novel maximum-entropy approach (MEA). The latter leads to the most probable distribution for the set of random matrices that describe the ensemble of disordered/chaotic samples, which are macroscopically identical but differ in microscopic details. Here, the Shannon information entropy associated with these random matrices is maximized subject to the symmetries and the constraints which are physically relevant. This non-perturbative information-theoretic approach is reminiscent of, but distinct from, the standard random-matrix theory, and indeed forms the most distinctive feature of the book.
Avner Offer
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199216628
- eISBN:
- 9780191696015
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216628.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Economic History
Since the 1940s Americans and Britons have come to enjoy an era of rising material abundance. Yet this has been accompanied by a range of social and personal disorders, including family breakdown, ...
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Since the 1940s Americans and Britons have come to enjoy an era of rising material abundance. Yet this has been accompanied by a range of social and personal disorders, including family breakdown, addiction, mental instability, crime, obesity, inequality, economic insecurity, and declining trust. This book argues that well-being has lagged behind affluence in these societies, because they present an environment in which consistent choices are difficult to achieve over different time ranges and in which the capacity for personal and social commitment is undermined by the flow of novelty. The book's approach draws on economics and social science, makes use of the latest cognitive research, and provides a detailed and reasoned critique of modern consumer society, especially the assumption that freedom of choice necessarily maximizes individual and social well-being. The book falls into three parts. Part one analyzes the ways in which economic resources map on to human welfare, why choice is so intractable, and how commitment to people and institutions is sustained. It argues that choice is constrained by prior obligation and reciprocity. The second section then applies these conceptual arguments to comparative empirical studies of advertising, of eating and obesity, and of the production and acquisition of appliances and automobiles. Finally, in part three, the book investigates social and personal relations in the USA and Britain, including inter-personal regard, the rewards and reversals of status, the social and psychological costs of inequality, and the challenges posed to heterosexual love and to parenthood by the rise of affluence.Less
Since the 1940s Americans and Britons have come to enjoy an era of rising material abundance. Yet this has been accompanied by a range of social and personal disorders, including family breakdown, addiction, mental instability, crime, obesity, inequality, economic insecurity, and declining trust. This book argues that well-being has lagged behind affluence in these societies, because they present an environment in which consistent choices are difficult to achieve over different time ranges and in which the capacity for personal and social commitment is undermined by the flow of novelty. The book's approach draws on economics and social science, makes use of the latest cognitive research, and provides a detailed and reasoned critique of modern consumer society, especially the assumption that freedom of choice necessarily maximizes individual and social well-being. The book falls into three parts. Part one analyzes the ways in which economic resources map on to human welfare, why choice is so intractable, and how commitment to people and institutions is sustained. It argues that choice is constrained by prior obligation and reciprocity. The second section then applies these conceptual arguments to comparative empirical studies of advertising, of eating and obesity, and of the production and acquisition of appliances and automobiles. Finally, in part three, the book investigates social and personal relations in the USA and Britain, including inter-personal regard, the rewards and reversals of status, the social and psychological costs of inequality, and the challenges posed to heterosexual love and to parenthood by the rise of affluence.
Reinhard B. Neder and Thomas Proffen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233694
- eISBN:
- 9780191715563
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233694.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This chapter gives a brief introduction into diffuse scattering and provides a discussion of disordered materials within the scope of this book.
This chapter gives a brief introduction into diffuse scattering and provides a discussion of disordered materials within the scope of this book.
Bernard Gert, Charles M. Culver, and K. Danner Clouser
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195159066
- eISBN:
- 9780199786466
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195159063.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter shows that the book’s account of malady generates the objective account of mental disorders that has been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) from ...
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This chapter shows that the book’s account of malady generates the objective account of mental disorders that has been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) from DSM III R to DSM IV TR. It defends this definition from the criticisms of Jerome Wakefield and others, and explains why the DSM account of the paraphilias continues to change from DSM III R to DSM IV TR. An account of volitional disabilities and a classification of actions that distinguishes between intentional, voluntary, and free actions are also provided.Less
This chapter shows that the book’s account of malady generates the objective account of mental disorders that has been included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) from DSM III R to DSM IV TR. It defends this definition from the criticisms of Jerome Wakefield and others, and explains why the DSM account of the paraphilias continues to change from DSM III R to DSM IV TR. An account of volitional disabilities and a classification of actions that distinguishes between intentional, voluntary, and free actions are also provided.
Walter Glannon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195307788
- eISBN:
- 9780199867431
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307788.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter examines different forms of neurosurgery, psychosurgery, and neurostimulation for neurological and psychiatric disorders. It discusses the weighing of benefits and risks in determining ...
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This chapter examines different forms of neurosurgery, psychosurgery, and neurostimulation for neurological and psychiatric disorders. It discusses the weighing of benefits and risks in determining whether neurosurgery or psychosurgery can be justified. The issue of consent from patients figures more importantly in brain surgery than in any other area of neuroethics because of the invasiveness of the procedure and the risk of significant neurological impairment following surgery. It is also because the competence necessary for consent may be impaired by dysfunction of the organ that is both the intended area of intervention and the basis for competence and consent. Different forms of neurostimulation are considered, from electrodes implanted inside the brain, as well as from devices outside the brain. Finally, the possible use of neurostimulation for managing pain is considered.Less
This chapter examines different forms of neurosurgery, psychosurgery, and neurostimulation for neurological and psychiatric disorders. It discusses the weighing of benefits and risks in determining whether neurosurgery or psychosurgery can be justified. The issue of consent from patients figures more importantly in brain surgery than in any other area of neuroethics because of the invasiveness of the procedure and the risk of significant neurological impairment following surgery. It is also because the competence necessary for consent may be impaired by dysfunction of the organ that is both the intended area of intervention and the basis for competence and consent. Different forms of neurostimulation are considered, from electrodes implanted inside the brain, as well as from devices outside the brain. Finally, the possible use of neurostimulation for managing pain is considered.
Jane Wood
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198187608
- eISBN:
- 9780191674723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187608.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This concluding chapter discusses criticisms of theories and modes of treatment of neuroses. Clifford Albutt expressed his intense disapproval on the way modern psychiatric therapy completely ignored ...
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This concluding chapter discusses criticisms of theories and modes of treatment of neuroses. Clifford Albutt expressed his intense disapproval on the way modern psychiatric therapy completely ignored the medical criteria in neurasthenia and other nervous disorders. He strenuously denounced the unprofessional way in which some so-called ‘analysts’ were colluding with their patients in unreliable fictions of neurosis.Less
This concluding chapter discusses criticisms of theories and modes of treatment of neuroses. Clifford Albutt expressed his intense disapproval on the way modern psychiatric therapy completely ignored the medical criteria in neurasthenia and other nervous disorders. He strenuously denounced the unprofessional way in which some so-called ‘analysts’ were colluding with their patients in unreliable fictions of neurosis.
Peter Müller, Regine Herbst-Irmer, Anthony L. Spek, Thomas R. Schneider, and Michael R. Sawaya
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198570769
- eISBN:
- 9780191718809
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570769.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This book covers advanced aspects of practical crystal structure refinement, focusing on practical problems in the everyday life of a crystallographer. After an introduction to SHELXL in the first ...
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This book covers advanced aspects of practical crystal structure refinement, focusing on practical problems in the everyday life of a crystallographer. After an introduction to SHELXL in the first chapter, the second chapter provides a brief survey of crystal structure refinement. The next few chapters address the various aspects of structure refinement, from the treatment of hydrogen atoms to the assignment of atom types, to disorder, to non-crystallographic symmetry and twinning. One chapter is dedicated to the refinement of macromolecular structures and two shorter chapters deal with structure validation. In most chapters, the book gives refinement examples, based on the program SHELXL, describing every problem in detail.Less
This book covers advanced aspects of practical crystal structure refinement, focusing on practical problems in the everyday life of a crystallographer. After an introduction to SHELXL in the first chapter, the second chapter provides a brief survey of crystal structure refinement. The next few chapters address the various aspects of structure refinement, from the treatment of hydrogen atoms to the assignment of atom types, to disorder, to non-crystallographic symmetry and twinning. One chapter is dedicated to the refinement of macromolecular structures and two shorter chapters deal with structure validation. In most chapters, the book gives refinement examples, based on the program SHELXL, describing every problem in detail.
Nikolas Rose and Joelle M. Abi-Rached
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691149608
- eISBN:
- 9781400846337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691149608.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
This chapter focuses on the question of diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and examines the relationship between neuroscience and psychiatry from this perspective. Despite the penetrating gaze of ...
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This chapter focuses on the question of diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and examines the relationship between neuroscience and psychiatry from this perspective. Despite the penetrating gaze of neuroscience, which has opened up the brain to vision in so many ways, psychiatric classification remains superficial. This neuromolecular vision seems incapable of grounding the clinical work of psychiatry in the way that has become routine in other areas of medicine. Despite the conviction of most practitioners that they deal with conditions that have a corporeal seat in the brain of the afflicted individual, psychiatry has failed to establish the bridge that, from the nineteenth century on, underpinned the epistemology of modern clinical medicine—the capacity to link the troubles of the troubled and troubling individuals who are its subjects with the vital anomalies that underpin them.Less
This chapter focuses on the question of diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and examines the relationship between neuroscience and psychiatry from this perspective. Despite the penetrating gaze of neuroscience, which has opened up the brain to vision in so many ways, psychiatric classification remains superficial. This neuromolecular vision seems incapable of grounding the clinical work of psychiatry in the way that has become routine in other areas of medicine. Despite the conviction of most practitioners that they deal with conditions that have a corporeal seat in the brain of the afflicted individual, psychiatry has failed to establish the bridge that, from the nineteenth century on, underpinned the epistemology of modern clinical medicine—the capacity to link the troubles of the troubled and troubling individuals who are its subjects with the vital anomalies that underpin them.
Thomas F. Torrance
- Published in print:
- 1981
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198266587
- eISBN:
- 9780191683053
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198266587.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
The aim of this book is to clarify the notions of contingence and contingent order in the context of modern thought, and thereby to carry forward the work of early Christian theology which first ...
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The aim of this book is to clarify the notions of contingence and contingent order in the context of modern thought, and thereby to carry forward the work of early Christian theology which first injected these revolutionary ideas into the foundations of Western culture. This book is an essay in the tradition of Scottish realist theological and epistemological thought which goes back at least to John Duns Scotus. It was he who more than any other in mediaeval times helped to recover the concepts of contingence and contingent intelligibility after Neoplatonic and Boethian thought had swamped them. It was Boethius who first introduced the term contingentia into Western vocabulary, but since it was his translation of an Aristotelian notion, it was that concept of contingence rather that the early Christian concept that prevailed in scholastic thought until towards the end of the Middle Ages and the Reformation. The first three chapters represent lectures given to scientists and theologians. The last chapter has been added in order to relate the whole discussion to the difficult question of evil or disorder, and to take up certain points that were omitted in the earlier discussion.Less
The aim of this book is to clarify the notions of contingence and contingent order in the context of modern thought, and thereby to carry forward the work of early Christian theology which first injected these revolutionary ideas into the foundations of Western culture. This book is an essay in the tradition of Scottish realist theological and epistemological thought which goes back at least to John Duns Scotus. It was he who more than any other in mediaeval times helped to recover the concepts of contingence and contingent intelligibility after Neoplatonic and Boethian thought had swamped them. It was Boethius who first introduced the term contingentia into Western vocabulary, but since it was his translation of an Aristotelian notion, it was that concept of contingence rather that the early Christian concept that prevailed in scholastic thought until towards the end of the Middle Ages and the Reformation. The first three chapters represent lectures given to scientists and theologians. The last chapter has been added in order to relate the whole discussion to the difficult question of evil or disorder, and to take up certain points that were omitted in the earlier discussion.
Mary Briody Mahowald
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195176179
- eISBN:
- 9780199786558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176170.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Cases illustrating variables relevant to decisions involving teenage pregnancy and motherhood, confidentiality, female genital surgery, and eating disorders are presented. For each topic, empirical ...
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Cases illustrating variables relevant to decisions involving teenage pregnancy and motherhood, confidentiality, female genital surgery, and eating disorders are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors relevant to the cases are discussed from an egalitarian perspective that addresses the nondominance of minors as well as their capacity for moral agency. A conception of parentalism as an antidote to paternalism and maternalism is proposed.Less
Cases illustrating variables relevant to decisions involving teenage pregnancy and motherhood, confidentiality, female genital surgery, and eating disorders are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors relevant to the cases are discussed from an egalitarian perspective that addresses the nondominance of minors as well as their capacity for moral agency. A conception of parentalism as an antidote to paternalism and maternalism is proposed.
Mike W. Martin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195304718
- eISBN:
- 9780199786572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195304713.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter presents an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective on violence. It explores how violence — in the sense of cruel and unjustified physical injury — can be both pathological and evil. ...
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This chapter presents an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective on violence. It explores how violence — in the sense of cruel and unjustified physical injury — can be both pathological and evil. It begins by rejecting James Gilligan's attempt to replace morality with therapy. It then turns sociopaths as paradigms of simultaneous moral and mental disorder, then discusses collective violence. The chapter concludes with comments on attempts to abandon blame toward violent individuals.Less
This chapter presents an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective on violence. It explores how violence — in the sense of cruel and unjustified physical injury — can be both pathological and evil. It begins by rejecting James Gilligan's attempt to replace morality with therapy. It then turns sociopaths as paradigms of simultaneous moral and mental disorder, then discusses collective violence. The chapter concludes with comments on attempts to abandon blame toward violent individuals.
Ann E. Cudd
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195187434
- eISBN:
- 9780199786213
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195187431.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter examines the use of the concept of oppression in political and philosophical discussions, and theories that attempt to explain it. From the genealogy of the concept, a general ...
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This chapter examines the use of the concept of oppression in political and philosophical discussions, and theories that attempt to explain it. From the genealogy of the concept, a general description of the harm of oppression and a set of paradigm cases are formulated. From a survey of theories that attempt to explain oppression, a set of questions that should be answered by a theory of oppression, and a survey of possible methodologies to employ in answering those questions are developed. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.Less
This chapter examines the use of the concept of oppression in political and philosophical discussions, and theories that attempt to explain it. From the genealogy of the concept, a general description of the harm of oppression and a set of paradigm cases are formulated. From a survey of theories that attempt to explain oppression, a set of questions that should be answered by a theory of oppression, and a survey of possible methodologies to employ in answering those questions are developed. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
