Raj S. Bhopal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199543144
- eISBN:
- 9780191723995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543144.003.0007
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the concept of risk in epidemiology. Topics covered include quantifying disease frequency, risk factors, and their relationships; incidence and incidence rate; prevalence and ...
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This chapter discusses the concept of risk in epidemiology. Topics covered include quantifying disease frequency, risk factors, and their relationships; incidence and incidence rate; prevalence and prevalence rate; relationship of incidence and prevalence; and choice of incidence or prevalence measures.Less
This chapter discusses the concept of risk in epidemiology. Topics covered include quantifying disease frequency, risk factors, and their relationships; incidence and incidence rate; prevalence and prevalence rate; relationship of incidence and prevalence; and choice of incidence or prevalence measures.
Raj S. Bhopal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199543144
- eISBN:
- 9780191723995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543144.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter emphasizes a systematic framework of analysis of disease variations, particularly to ensure that observations of variation are real, and not products of data errors and artifacts. The ...
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This chapter emphasizes a systematic framework of analysis of disease variations, particularly to ensure that observations of variation are real, and not products of data errors and artifacts. The framework applies to all measures of disease frequency. Topics discussed include reasons for analysing disease variations: environment and genetics; introducing human genetic variation and genetic epidemiology; disease clustering and clusters in epidemiology; and applications of observations of disease variation.Less
This chapter emphasizes a systematic framework of analysis of disease variations, particularly to ensure that observations of variation are real, and not products of data errors and artifacts. The framework applies to all measures of disease frequency. Topics discussed include reasons for analysing disease variations: environment and genetics; introducing human genetic variation and genetic epidemiology; disease clustering and clusters in epidemiology; and applications of observations of disease variation.
John Wright
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199238934
- eISBN:
- 9780191716621
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238934.003.03
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the following topics: What is epidemiology? How do we measure disease? using rates in measuring disease; describing disease in terms of time, place, and person; defining cases ...
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This chapter discusses the following topics: What is epidemiology? How do we measure disease? using rates in measuring disease; describing disease in terms of time, place, and person; defining cases and populations; and undertaking health surveys. It also discusses randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews.Less
This chapter discusses the following topics: What is epidemiology? How do we measure disease? using rates in measuring disease; describing disease in terms of time, place, and person; defining cases and populations; and undertaking health surveys. It also discusses randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews.
Thomas D. Koepsell and Noel S. Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150780
- eISBN:
- 9780199865161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150780.003.0009
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter focuses on associations, describing several quantitative measures of excess risk that can be calculated from epidemiologic data. Estimating the relative risk when incidence rates cannot ...
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This chapter focuses on associations, describing several quantitative measures of excess risk that can be calculated from epidemiologic data. Estimating the relative risk when incidence rates cannot be calculated and estimating excess risk from results of case-control studies are discussed. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.Less
This chapter focuses on associations, describing several quantitative measures of excess risk that can be calculated from epidemiologic data. Estimating the relative risk when incidence rates cannot be calculated and estimating excess risk from results of case-control studies are discussed. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.
Aneel A. Ashrani and John A. Heit
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199232048
- eISBN:
- 9780191730337
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232048.003.0002
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter looks at the epidemiology or health-event patterns associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE). It explains that VTE, comprising deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), ...
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This chapter looks at the epidemiology or health-event patterns associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE). It explains that VTE, comprising deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a multifactorial disease, involving interactions between environmental exposures and genetic predispositions. It investigates the disease burden or incidence, outcomes, and risk factors of VTE in the community, the elderly population, and in individuals with advanced diseases.Less
This chapter looks at the epidemiology or health-event patterns associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE). It explains that VTE, comprising deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a multifactorial disease, involving interactions between environmental exposures and genetic predispositions. It investigates the disease burden or incidence, outcomes, and risk factors of VTE in the community, the elderly population, and in individuals with advanced diseases.
Steve Selvin
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195146189
- eISBN:
- 9780199864720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195146189.003.0015
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter examines the incidence and mortality patterns of Hodgkin's disease among African-Americans during the period 1973 to 1990. The male and female mortality risk from 1973 to 1990 decreased ...
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This chapter examines the incidence and mortality patterns of Hodgkin's disease among African-Americans during the period 1973 to 1990. The male and female mortality risk from 1973 to 1990 decreased at essentially constant rates. The males rate declined by about 4% per year and the female rate declined by about 3% per year. The widening differences between incidence and mortality rates is, at least in part, because of better treatment strategies for Hodgkin's disease that have emerged in the last twenty years.Less
This chapter examines the incidence and mortality patterns of Hodgkin's disease among African-Americans during the period 1973 to 1990. The male and female mortality risk from 1973 to 1990 decreased at essentially constant rates. The males rate declined by about 4% per year and the female rate declined by about 3% per year. The widening differences between incidence and mortality rates is, at least in part, because of better treatment strategies for Hodgkin's disease that have emerged in the last twenty years.
P. Elliott, J. Cuzick, D. English, and R. Stern (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622358
- eISBN:
- 9780191723636
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622358.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book addresses both the theoretical and practical issues which arise when describing the geographical distribution of disease and investigating apparent disease clusters. Requirements in terms ...
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This book addresses both the theoretical and practical issues which arise when describing the geographical distribution of disease and investigating apparent disease clusters. Requirements in terms of population data, disease incidence, and mortality are considered and related to the scale at which a study is being carried out. Statistical methods are reviewed for large scale correlation studies, intermediate scale map smoothing exercises, and small scale clustering investigations. Problems of measuring environmental exposures at different scales are also reviewed. These issues are then related to current practice via a comprehensive set of case studies which include a large correlation study in China, clustering of asthma attacks, the Sellafield-leukaemia cluster, environmental clusters of mesothelioma in Turkey, and a multi-source study of cancer incidence around an incinerator.Less
This book addresses both the theoretical and practical issues which arise when describing the geographical distribution of disease and investigating apparent disease clusters. Requirements in terms of population data, disease incidence, and mortality are considered and related to the scale at which a study is being carried out. Statistical methods are reviewed for large scale correlation studies, intermediate scale map smoothing exercises, and small scale clustering investigations. Problems of measuring environmental exposures at different scales are also reviewed. These issues are then related to current practice via a comprehensive set of case studies which include a large correlation study in China, clustering of asthma attacks, the Sellafield-leukaemia cluster, environmental clusters of mesothelioma in Turkey, and a multi-source study of cancer incidence around an incinerator.
J. Urquhart
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622358
- eISBN:
- 9780191723636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622358.003.0024
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
In previous chapters, a distinction was made between the investigation of specific clusters of disease around a putative point source, and geographical surveillance, which involves the identification ...
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In previous chapters, a distinction was made between the investigation of specific clusters of disease around a putative point source, and geographical surveillance, which involves the identification of areas of high disease incidence or mortality. Both approaches present difficulties for interpretation. This chapter discusses issues related to interpretation.Less
In previous chapters, a distinction was made between the investigation of specific clusters of disease around a putative point source, and geographical surveillance, which involves the identification of areas of high disease incidence or mortality. Both approaches present difficulties for interpretation. This chapter discusses issues related to interpretation.
Richard C. Dicker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195313802
- eISBN:
- 9780199863952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313802.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The two most common types of observational studies conducted by field epidemiologists are cohort studies and case control studies. Conceptually, a cohort study, like an experimental study, begins ...
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The two most common types of observational studies conducted by field epidemiologists are cohort studies and case control studies. Conceptually, a cohort study, like an experimental study, begins with exposure and looks for differences in disease incidence among different exposure groups. In a case control study, enrollment is based on the presence (“case”) or absence (“control”) of disease, and the frequency of exposures is compared between the cases and controls. Each type of study has its strengths and limitations, but each has an important place in field investigations. This chapter provides an overview of these two study designs, emphasizing methodological considerations in the field.Less
The two most common types of observational studies conducted by field epidemiologists are cohort studies and case control studies. Conceptually, a cohort study, like an experimental study, begins with exposure and looks for differences in disease incidence among different exposure groups. In a case control study, enrollment is based on the presence (“case”) or absence (“control”) of disease, and the frequency of exposures is compared between the cases and controls. Each type of study has its strengths and limitations, but each has an important place in field investigations. This chapter provides an overview of these two study designs, emphasizing methodological considerations in the field.
Anne Hardy
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203773
- eISBN:
- 9780191675966
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203773.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The epidemic streets haunted nineteenth-century Britain. From them, the Victorians feared, epidemic diseases would escape to ravage the rest of society. The contributions of epidemiology, and of the ...
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The epidemic streets haunted nineteenth-century Britain. From them, the Victorians feared, epidemic diseases would escape to ravage the rest of society. The contributions of epidemiology, and of the public-health administration, have received little direct attention, while the diseases themselves, which constituted the core of the public-health problem, have for the most part been ignored. The aim of this book is to redress the balance; to describe the historical behaviour of the most important nineteenth-century infectious diseases, to assess the relative contribution of different factors to their prevalence and fatality, and to lay a foundation-stone for more detailed investigations of local patterns of disease-incidence and behaviour in the years between 1850 and 1914. In this story sanitary reform has a role, but the characteristics of the different diseases and the administrative measures that were taken against them play the greater part.Less
The epidemic streets haunted nineteenth-century Britain. From them, the Victorians feared, epidemic diseases would escape to ravage the rest of society. The contributions of epidemiology, and of the public-health administration, have received little direct attention, while the diseases themselves, which constituted the core of the public-health problem, have for the most part been ignored. The aim of this book is to redress the balance; to describe the historical behaviour of the most important nineteenth-century infectious diseases, to assess the relative contribution of different factors to their prevalence and fatality, and to lay a foundation-stone for more detailed investigations of local patterns of disease-incidence and behaviour in the years between 1850 and 1914. In this story sanitary reform has a role, but the characteristics of the different diseases and the administrative measures that were taken against them play the greater part.
Raj S. Bhopal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199543144
- eISBN:
- 9780191723995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543144.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the concept of epidemiology. Topics covered include definition of epidemiology and a statement of its central paradigm; directions in epidemiology and its uses; epidemiology as ...
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This chapter discusses the concept of epidemiology. Topics covered include definition of epidemiology and a statement of its central paradigm; directions in epidemiology and its uses; epidemiology as a science, practice, and craft; the nature of epidemiological variables; and the basic tools of epidemiology.Less
This chapter discusses the concept of epidemiology. Topics covered include definition of epidemiology and a statement of its central paradigm; directions in epidemiology and its uses; epidemiology as a science, practice, and craft; the nature of epidemiological variables; and the basic tools of epidemiology.
Andrew B. Lawson
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195146493
- eISBN:
- 9780199864928
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195146493.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter deals with the development and use of statistical methods for geographic disease surveillance. The second section discusses some ideas that are commonly used in statistical process ...
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This chapter deals with the development and use of statistical methods for geographic disease surveillance. The second section discusses some ideas that are commonly used in statistical process control (SPC) and considers their relevance to disease surveillance. The third section addresses the three areas to which the study of the distribution of disease can be applied: disease mapping, disease clustering, and ecological analysis. The fourth section presents models for spatial surveillance of disease maps and considers disease clustering. The fifth section describes monitoring in a fixed time period and in an evolving time frame. The sixth section reviews disease surveillance modeling and presents a simple example of a spatial temporal disease map analysis. Finally the software available for spatial temporal map surveillance is described.Less
This chapter deals with the development and use of statistical methods for geographic disease surveillance. The second section discusses some ideas that are commonly used in statistical process control (SPC) and considers their relevance to disease surveillance. The third section addresses the three areas to which the study of the distribution of disease can be applied: disease mapping, disease clustering, and ecological analysis. The fourth section presents models for spatial surveillance of disease maps and considers disease clustering. The fifth section describes monitoring in a fixed time period and in an evolving time frame. The sixth section reviews disease surveillance modeling and presents a simple example of a spatial temporal disease map analysis. Finally the software available for spatial temporal map surveillance is described.
A. Ahlbom and N. Hammar
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622358
- eISBN:
- 9780191723636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622358.003.0008
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
All epidemiological investigations require information on the number of cases of the health event under study and on the population and time period that generated the cases. In any country, data on ...
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All epidemiological investigations require information on the number of cases of the health event under study and on the population and time period that generated the cases. In any country, data on the number of incidence cases is only readily available for a limited number of diseases. Typically, cancer and some infectious diseases are registered, and in some countries birth defects are registered. For most diseases, incidence has to be studied via proxy variables or by information collected in an ad hoc fashion. Thus, there is a need for methods by which diseases that are not covered routinely can be investigated. This chapter evaluates some of the available options. These options vary depending on the disease, the country, and the aim of the specific study in which the disease information will be used. The setting up of a disease register for epidemiologic investigations of myocardial infarction is presented as an example.Less
All epidemiological investigations require information on the number of cases of the health event under study and on the population and time period that generated the cases. In any country, data on the number of incidence cases is only readily available for a limited number of diseases. Typically, cancer and some infectious diseases are registered, and in some countries birth defects are registered. For most diseases, incidence has to be studied via proxy variables or by information collected in an ad hoc fashion. Thus, there is a need for methods by which diseases that are not covered routinely can be investigated. This chapter evaluates some of the available options. These options vary depending on the disease, the country, and the aim of the specific study in which the disease information will be used. The setting up of a disease register for epidemiologic investigations of myocardial infarction is presented as an example.
J. Cuzick and P. Elliott
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192622358
- eISBN:
- 9780191723636
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192622358.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses types of small-area studies and some problems of interpretation. These include studies of reports of disease excess (clusters) in specific localities without a putative source; ...
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This chapter discusses types of small-area studies and some problems of interpretation. These include studies of reports of disease excess (clusters) in specific localities without a putative source; studies of point sources of industrial pollution; studies of clustering as a general phenomenon; ecological-correlation studies; descriptive studies of the distribution of disease in small areas; geographical surveillance to detect areas with high disease incidence; and studies following acute chemical or nuclear accidents.Less
This chapter discusses types of small-area studies and some problems of interpretation. These include studies of reports of disease excess (clusters) in specific localities without a putative source; studies of point sources of industrial pollution; studies of clustering as a general phenomenon; ecological-correlation studies; descriptive studies of the distribution of disease in small areas; geographical surveillance to detect areas with high disease incidence; and studies following acute chemical or nuclear accidents.
Raj S. Bhopal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199543144
- eISBN:
- 9780191723995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543144.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter argues that the concept of population drives epidemiology and its applications. Population thinking emphasizes that disease patterns are the outcome of the interaction between groups of ...
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This chapter argues that the concept of population drives epidemiology and its applications. Population thinking emphasizes that disease patterns are the outcome of the interaction between groups of individuals and their environment. It emphasizes that effective understanding of the causes and control of disease must be based on these interactions and not on an analysis of individuals in isolation. Topics discussed include harnessing variety in individual and group level disease and risk factor patterns; disease patterns as an outcome of individuals living in changing social groups; individual and population level epidemiological variables; and applications of the epidemiological population concept.Less
This chapter argues that the concept of population drives epidemiology and its applications. Population thinking emphasizes that disease patterns are the outcome of the interaction between groups of individuals and their environment. It emphasizes that effective understanding of the causes and control of disease must be based on these interactions and not on an analysis of individuals in isolation. Topics discussed include harnessing variety in individual and group level disease and risk factor patterns; disease patterns as an outcome of individuals living in changing social groups; individual and population level epidemiological variables; and applications of the epidemiological population concept.
L. W. Pickle
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198515326
- eISBN:
- 9780191723667
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515326.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the advantages of and disadvantages of mapping mortality data, methods used in producing mortality atlas, and recent research suggesting improvements in map design that can ...
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This chapter discusses the advantages of and disadvantages of mapping mortality data, methods used in producing mortality atlas, and recent research suggesting improvements in map design that can enhance the accurate communication of the underlying patterns. Experiences in mapping mortality data for the Atlas of United States Mortality is used to illustrate the general methods.Less
This chapter discusses the advantages of and disadvantages of mapping mortality data, methods used in producing mortality atlas, and recent research suggesting improvements in map design that can enhance the accurate communication of the underlying patterns. Experiences in mapping mortality data for the Atlas of United States Mortality is used to illustrate the general methods.
T. Alex Perkins, Guido España, Sean M. Moore, Rachel J. Oidtman, Swarnali Sharma, Brajendra Singh, Amir S. Siraj, K. James Soda, Morgan Smith, Magdalene K. Walters, and Edwin Michael
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- February 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198853244
- eISBN:
- 9780191887710
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198853244.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology, Ecology
Prediction of spatial heterogeneity in disease incidence based on measurable spatial factors is a major goal of spatial epidemiology. There are a number of applied goals of these predictions, ...
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Prediction of spatial heterogeneity in disease incidence based on measurable spatial factors is a major goal of spatial epidemiology. There are a number of applied goals of these predictions, including appropriately targeting resources for surveillance and intervention and accurately quantifying disease burden. Although spatial heterogeneity is evident in the epidemiology of many diseases, several aspects of the biology of vector-borne diseases amplify this form of heterogeneity. Here, we review several aspects of this biology, highlighting seven distinct ways in which the biology of vector-borne diseases impacts understanding spatial heterogeneity in disease incidence. Whereas traditional methods place emphasis on spatial regression and other forms of statistical analysis of empirical data, the goal here is to offer a perspective on potential pitfalls of analyses that take data at face value and do not acknowledge the complex, nonlinear, and dynamic relationships between spatial patterns of disease incidence and spatial heterogeneity in transmission.Less
Prediction of spatial heterogeneity in disease incidence based on measurable spatial factors is a major goal of spatial epidemiology. There are a number of applied goals of these predictions, including appropriately targeting resources for surveillance and intervention and accurately quantifying disease burden. Although spatial heterogeneity is evident in the epidemiology of many diseases, several aspects of the biology of vector-borne diseases amplify this form of heterogeneity. Here, we review several aspects of this biology, highlighting seven distinct ways in which the biology of vector-borne diseases impacts understanding spatial heterogeneity in disease incidence. Whereas traditional methods place emphasis on spatial regression and other forms of statistical analysis of empirical data, the goal here is to offer a perspective on potential pitfalls of analyses that take data at face value and do not acknowledge the complex, nonlinear, and dynamic relationships between spatial patterns of disease incidence and spatial heterogeneity in transmission.
Paul Heidenreich and Mark McClellan
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226132266
- eISBN:
- 9780226132303
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226132303.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
Age-adjusted mortality rates for ischemic heart disease have fallen for the last thirty years. The reasons for the decline — which include primary prevention of coronary events, secondary prevention, ...
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Age-adjusted mortality rates for ischemic heart disease have fallen for the last thirty years. The reasons for the decline — which include primary prevention of coronary events, secondary prevention, improved outcomes of the events themselves, and changes in event severity — have been the subject of considerable debate. Much of the debate centers on the relative importance of medical technology versus lifestyle changes or other sources of reductions in risk factors. The debate has important implications for priorities in health care research and policymaking: if medical interventions have been relatively unimportant, then the direction of more resources to research and education on preventive care may be worthwhile. Using evidence from the clinical literature and a range of empirical databases, this chapter looks at the impact of particular changes in medical treatment in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or heart attacks over the last two decades. It first discusses trends in disease incidence, medical treatments, and thirty-day mortality before estimating the overall cost-effectiveness of all AMI treatments combined.Less
Age-adjusted mortality rates for ischemic heart disease have fallen for the last thirty years. The reasons for the decline — which include primary prevention of coronary events, secondary prevention, improved outcomes of the events themselves, and changes in event severity — have been the subject of considerable debate. Much of the debate centers on the relative importance of medical technology versus lifestyle changes or other sources of reductions in risk factors. The debate has important implications for priorities in health care research and policymaking: if medical interventions have been relatively unimportant, then the direction of more resources to research and education on preventive care may be worthwhile. Using evidence from the clinical literature and a range of empirical databases, this chapter looks at the impact of particular changes in medical treatment in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or heart attacks over the last two decades. It first discusses trends in disease incidence, medical treatments, and thirty-day mortality before estimating the overall cost-effectiveness of all AMI treatments combined.
Thomas D. Koepsell and Noel S. Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195150780
- eISBN:
- 9780199865161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150780.003.0020
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The objective of epidemiology is to understand the determinants of disease occurrence in populations. One set of potentially important determinants includes the policies that societies and ...
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The objective of epidemiology is to understand the determinants of disease occurrence in populations. One set of potentially important determinants includes the policies that societies and organizations follow to achieve their goals. This chapter seeks to illustrate how epidemiologic study designs can be used to evaluate the health effects of such policies. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.Less
The objective of epidemiology is to understand the determinants of disease occurrence in populations. One set of potentially important determinants includes the policies that societies and organizations follow to achieve their goals. This chapter seeks to illustrate how epidemiologic study designs can be used to evaluate the health effects of such policies. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.
Molly Martin and Juana Ballesteros
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199731190
- eISBN:
- 9780199866465
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731190.003.0012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
The Sinai's Improving Community Health Survey found that Puerto Rican children had the highest asthma prevalence rate of all groups. Twenty-one percent of Puerto Rican children had diagnosed asthma ...
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The Sinai's Improving Community Health Survey found that Puerto Rican children had the highest asthma prevalence rate of all groups. Twenty-one percent of Puerto Rican children had diagnosed asthma while another 13% had a positive asthma screen for a potential total asthma burden of 34%. This chapter discusses the lack of specific interventions that target Puerto Rican children, establishment of the Greater Humboldt Park Community of Wellness, and the asthma experience in Humboldt Park as a model of community-based participatory research.Less
The Sinai's Improving Community Health Survey found that Puerto Rican children had the highest asthma prevalence rate of all groups. Twenty-one percent of Puerto Rican children had diagnosed asthma while another 13% had a positive asthma screen for a potential total asthma burden of 34%. This chapter discusses the lack of specific interventions that target Puerto Rican children, establishment of the Greater Humboldt Park Community of Wellness, and the asthma experience in Humboldt Park as a model of community-based participatory research.