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Conclusion

John Miller

in Cities Divided: Politics and Religion in English Provincial Towns 1660-1722

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. The period 1660-1722 saw political debate and discord become a normal part of English urban life. National politics impinged far more ... More

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. The period 1660-1722 saw political debate and discord become a normal part of English urban life. National politics impinged far more on townspeople's lives than in the 16th century, when few parliamentary elections were contested, so there was no need to place issues before the electors. The clear-cut division between Tories and Whigs was thrown into turmoil by James II, but it reappeared in late 1688 as Whigs and Tories jostled for power under the new king. During the 18th century, some corporations became notorious for self-seeking oligarchy and corruption but such vices were less apparent in the early part of the century.Less

The King as the Embodiment of Egotism

Karen C. Lang

in Four Illusions: Candrakirti's Advice to Travelers on the Bodhisattva Path

The Mahābharata and the Rāmāyaṇa, as well as Indian legal and political treatises, support belief in the king's divinity. Buddhists regard kingship not as divinely inspired, but as an elective ... More

The Mahābharata and the Rāmāyaṇa, as well as Indian legal and political treatises, support belief in the king's divinity. Buddhists regard kingship not as divinely inspired, but as an elective process. Legitimate moral authority and the right to govern belong only to righteous kings, who govern with generosity and compassion. Unrighteous kings, ruling in the age of discord (kali yuga), allow passion to dominate their behavior. They devastate the world through their exercise of war. Candrakiriti rejects both divine origins of kings and the notion that heaven is the reward for a royal warrior who dies in battle.Less

Dividual Advocacy

Joy Connolly

in The Life of Roman Republicanism

This chapter works toward a clearer normative but non-prescriptive, non-telic account of the play of concord and discord in the politics of a democratic republic, and an account of being a citizen ... More

This chapter works toward a clearer normative but non-prescriptive, non-telic account of the play of concord and discord in the politics of a democratic republic, and an account of being a citizen that incorporates both the will to harmony ostensibly adopted by much classical writing and the presence of experiment and self-division that characterizes all our lives. Building from the argument made in Chapter 1 about Cicero's dialogues and speeches, it sketches out the kind of citizen who can live in a world where the drive to achieve concordia or consensus thrives within a framing of politics as conflict. This citizen is a virtuosic speaker of and to an acknowledged multiplicity, and the patterns of thought and action modeled by oratory have consequences for deliberative and judicial political institutions.Less

What Concord Requires

Daniel Schwartz

in Aquinas on Friendship

Aquinas has written that ‘Concord is a union of wills, not of opinions’. This dictum is problematic because one would think that without some union of opinions, union of wills cannot be obtained. ... More

Aquinas has written that ‘Concord is a union of wills, not of opinions’. This dictum is problematic because one would think that without some union of opinions, union of wills cannot be obtained. This chapter seeks to clarify the meaning of this dictum and to show that it does not imply that shared opinions are unnecessary for concord. It is argued that working behind Aquinas's dictum is his theory about love and what love does. The proper effect of love is to unite persons. Love unites them formally: the lover aims to resemble (participate in the form) of the beloved. The lover's movement toward resemblance involves a movement toward resemblance as to his acts of will.Less

The Political Stage and the Problem of Reform

David Blackbourn

in The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany

This chapter examines the political stage and the problem of reform during the bourgeois revolution in Germany during the nineteenth century. It explains that the there were major divisions with the ... More

This chapter examines the political stage and the problem of reform during the bourgeois revolution in Germany during the nineteenth century. It explains that the there were major divisions with the bourgeoisie and that the chief victim of political discord within the bourgeoisie was that part of the class that thought of itself as both liberal and national. It suggests that open political action exposed the divisions within the bourgeoisie and revealed its vulnerability in political relations with subaltern social groups.Less

The Case Of Earnst

Henry A. Murray

in Explorations in Personality

This chapter begins by describing Earnst’s physical appearance. It then tells about his family and educational background. It also explains that Earnst’s exposure to the presses like Frequent ... More

This chapter begins by describing Earnst’s physical appearance. It then tells about his family and educational background. It also explains that Earnst’s exposure to the presses like Frequent Illness, Family Poverty, and Family Discord had an effect of special significance, as shown by the reports that this study had gathered. It adds that his experiences manifested in his personality; he was outstandingly low in all affiliative variables and in the socially directed needs for Dominance and Exhibition. It discusses that Earnst, at present, is completely severed from his early life and from his family. It discusses four themas that may have affected Earnst’s manifested personality. It tells of the tests that Earnst took and his reponses to them.Less

Friends and Enemies, Slaves and Masters: Fanaticism, Wendell Phillips and the Limits of Agonism

Joel Olson

in The Politics of Radical Democracy

This chapter explores fanaticism from the perspective of radical (or agonistic) democracy. Despite its accent on conflict, radical democracy, the chapter contends, struggles to understand fanaticism ... More

This chapter explores fanaticism from the perspective of radical (or agonistic) democracy. Despite its accent on conflict, radical democracy, the chapter contends, struggles to understand fanaticism because it operates with too narrow a conception of agonism, namely as contestation within a shared liberal framework. As such it cannot see struggles over the framework itself as democratic struggles. To rectify this shortcoming, the chapter turns to the work of nineteenth-century orator and abolitionist Wendell Phillips and the latter's idea of ‘talk’. Here Phillips deploys a friend/enemy distinction, similar to that used by Mouffe. The chapter concludes that in conditions of irreconcilable discord, fanaticism may aid democratisation.Less

Introduction “Rien Faire Comme Une Bête”: Of Anonymity and Obligation

in Anonymous Life: Romanticism and Dispossession

This introductory chapter lays out the theoretical foundations of the present study, which reconsiders romanticism through the concept of anonymity in order to claim that, not only have we yet to ... More

This introductory chapter lays out the theoretical foundations of the present study, which reconsiders romanticism through the concept of anonymity in order to claim that, not only have we yet to fully account for the theoretical complexity of the period's explorations of subjectivity, but the notion of anonymity is a pervasive topic of romanticism: it provokes profound engagements with the ethics and aesthetics of alterity; it rethinks political questions and theories of action which emerge once the romantic subject loses its privileged locus as a “will to power”; and it becomes a site of discord and difference.Less

Original Sin: “The Only Empirically Verifiable Doctrine of the Christian Faith”

Andrew S. Finstuen

in Original Sin and Everyday Protestants: The Theology of Reinhold Niebuhr, Billy Graham, and Paul Tillich in an Age of Anxiety

This chapter discusses the shared conviction of Niebuhr, Graham, and Tillich regarding the empirical truth of the doctrine of original sin. For all three, the long history of humanity's inhumanity ... More

This chapter discusses the shared conviction of Niebuhr, Graham, and Tillich regarding the empirical truth of the doctrine of original sin. For all three, the long history of humanity's inhumanity supported the truth of original sin. For them, the record of human discord, while tragic, was not surprising, having arisen from a common origin. The myriad evils of the world and of history emerged from a fundamental disharmony within human beings. In short, particular evils or sins were but expressions of original sin. Beyond this shared belief, the three's interpretations of original sin both diverged and converged. Their understandings of the Genesis account of Adam and Eve, their philosophies of man, and their explanations of the chief symptoms of original sin differed in several ways. Yet their differences on these points were more in degree than in kind.Less

Oxford, 1577 The Ice

Peter C. Mancall

in Hakluyt's Promise: An Elizabethan's Obsession for an English America

This chapter discusses Hakluyt's obsession with America, nurtured during his student days, which he tried to transform into a passion that would consume his nation. Ever keen to promote the ... More

This chapter discusses Hakluyt's obsession with America, nurtured during his student days, which he tried to transform into a passion that would consume his nation. Ever keen to promote the Protestant cause, Hakluyt would have been pleased that a survey in Oxford in 1577 revealed that virtually all Catholics, under pressure from a university still grappling with the legacy of the Protestant Reformation, had left the colleges. With religious discord at least nominally suppressed, the attention of Oxford's residents focused now instead on quotidian affairs. In the summer of 1577, shortly after Hakluyt's installation, an outbreak of a lethal epidemic rapidly killed hundreds in the town. Those deaths signaled the start of a three-year period that propelled Hakluyt from an observer of events to someone who tried to shape his nation's future.Less

“Ensemble Discords”: Translating the Music of Maurice Scève's Délie

Richard Sieburth

in The Sound of Poetry / The Poetry of Sound

This chapter elaborates the music of Maurice Scève's Délie (and the possibilities of its translation) in terms of this tripartite Boethian model, still very influential in mid-sixteenth-century Lyon ... More

This chapter elaborates the music of Maurice Scève's Délie (and the possibilities of its translation) in terms of this tripartite Boethian model, still very influential in mid-sixteenth-century Lyon through its more recent reformulation by Ficino. The chapter presents few examples of how Scève attunes the music of the spheres to the private tempers of the scorned lover's febrile body and soul. According to Scève, translation, like love (or music) involves being apart together, mutually ingathered by an interval or caesura renders “ensemble discords.” The chapter provides typographical feature of the original printing of Scève's Délie, a feature that only I. D. Mac-Farlane's 1966 edition of the poem retains, but that every single subsequent French edition omits.Less

The Problem of Description

Barbara Lounsberry

in Becoming Virginia Woolf: Her Early Diaries and the Diaries She Read

The many paths to apt description occupy Virginia Woolf’s mind across her 7th and 8th diary books. These diaries mark her determined march to a view, voice, and form of her own. She seeks to avoid ... More

The many paths to apt description occupy Virginia Woolf’s mind across her 7th and 8th diary books. These diaries mark her determined march to a view, voice, and form of her own. She seeks to avoid “guide book prose” in her Continental Travel Diary from 1906 to 1909 and to rid herself of Western notions of the East. She starts to “distrust description” in her 1908 Italian diary and seeks to write “not only with the eye, but with the mind; & discover real things beneath the show.” She defines herself against the still, silent beauty of a Perugino fresco, declaring that she seeks the beauty of life in motion; a world composed of “infinite discords” and “shivering fragments”; she likewise rejects the “simple truths” of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s early journals, preferring complexity and multiplicity instead. She begins to seek more subtlety in her descriptions and less “definiteness” in her 1909 Florence diary—and throughout this time the diaries of Lady Elizabeth Holland, Lady Hester Stanhope’s physician (Dr. Charles Meryon), and Mary Coleridge aid her.Less

Revulsions of Capital: Virginia, 1829–32

Christopher Tomlins

in In the Matter of Nat Turner: A Speculative History

This chapter argues that Virginia was not the “calm and peaceful” world prior to Turner's Rebellion as Gray claimed. Turner's rebellion, in fact, took place amidst regional black restlessness at the ... More

This chapter argues that Virginia was not the “calm and peaceful” world prior to Turner's Rebellion as Gray claimed. Turner's rebellion, in fact, took place amidst regional black restlessness at the prospect of seemingly endless enslavement, and regional white discord over the relationship between land, labor, and political representation. In the rebellion's aftermath, that white discord became a more profound rupture in the politics of slavery itself, driving a bitterly divided House of Delegates to entertain the possibility of gradual emancipation. From that rupture there emerged a new political and economic equilibrium, centered not on propertied hierarchy but on property's commoditization, notably, commodified labor.Less

Introduction

Barbara Lounsberry

in Virginia Woolf's Modernist Path: Her Middle Diaries and the Diaries She Read

Virginia Woolf's diary is her longest, her longest sustained, and her last work to reach the public. The Introduction presents the book’s main argument, the new view that Woolf entered a secondstage ... More

Virginia Woolf's diary is her longest, her longest sustained, and her last work to reach the public. The Introduction presents the book’s main argument, the new view that Woolf entered a secondstage as a diarist (after her first experimental stage)—that of her mature, spare, modernist diaries of 1918 to 1929. Woolf deliberately curbs her number of diary entries per year in this second stage, pushing the periodic diary about as far as it can go and still convey a life. The Introduction also documents Woolf’s increasingly inward turn across the 1920s and her continued modernist experiments with form, especially with the fragment. A diary’s inherent oppositions, its “symmetry … of discords” (Woolf’s diary phrase) allowed Woolf to explore a string of paradoxes: continuity and discontinuity, motion and stasis, impersonal and personal time. The insights of the great French diary theorist Philippe Lejeune are used to undergird the book’s argument that diary-writing now becomes a way of life for Virginia Woolf, “life insurance” that brings high returns. The Introduction also previews the book’s second major insight: the heretofore unexplored role of other diaries in Woolf’s revered modernist works.Less

Paramilitary Groups of Chiapas Targets, Triad, Foot Soldiers

Julie Mazzei

in Death Squads or Self-Defense Forces?: How Paramilitary Groups Emerge and Challenge Democracy in Latin America

Paramilitary groups started emerging during a period of intense political discord within the PRI. As early as 1995, those who feared their interests would be marginalized or ignored by the party ... More

Paramilitary groups started emerging during a period of intense political discord within the PRI. As early as 1995, those who feared their interests would be marginalized or ignored by the party began pulling together the resources necessary to launch their own attack against the reform advocates in Chiapas. Over the decade, at least nine paramilitary groups operated in various communities of Chiapas. Desarrollo, Paz y Justicia was perhaps the largest and most influential of the groups. Others included Los Chinchulines, which also went by the names “United Front of Ejido Members” or the “Luis Donaldo Colosio Civic Front;” The MIRA, the Anti-Zapatista Revolutionary Indigenous Movement, a highly connected paramilitary that organized in 1997; and La Mascara Roja, believed to have perpetrated the attack at Acteal.Less

Apolitics and Politics¹

Laurent Dubreuil

in The Refusal of Politics

As long as social discontent exists, the most immediate, the most reasonable solution is to change certain causes, certain effects, certain agents. In the most acute cases, the recommended therapy ... More

As long as social discontent exists, the most immediate, the most reasonable solution is to change certain causes, certain effects, certain agents. In the most acute cases, the recommended therapy consists in a gigantic reorganisation of forces, a metabole of powers. ‘The world is about to change its foundation’, promises The Internationale, and, following the tradition begun by the Abbe Sieyes, the choir sings, ‘we are nothing, let us be everything’.2 However violent the alteration – and the last century has given us nearly everything, from the colonial yoke to its soft alternative, from banana dictatorship to the dictatorship of the bureaucratic proletariat, from change in continuity to fully policed societies – the foundation of the foundation remains the same, rarely questioned. That is to say: all metamorphosis remains squarely on the plane of politics; only the way we define this plane varies, ranging from popular government and representation to the insurrectionary battle, from the nation, race to lifestyles and on to revolution.Less

Marriage Stories: Crossing the Boundaries of Nation, Gender, and Law

in The Culture of Islam: Changing Aspects of Contemporary Muslim Life

As Muslims move across national and cultural frontiers they bring the problems of their family lives with them. Whether accompanying the primary wage earner or remaining in the home country, the ... More

As Muslims move across national and cultural frontiers they bring the problems of their family lives with them. Whether accompanying the primary wage earner or remaining in the home country, the family unit is often placed under considerable strain. When the result is marital discord, the problem then arises as to whose law shall apply, that of the home country or the laws of a land so foreign in its views of the family, the individual, and the nature of property as seriously to undercut both the structure of ongoing relationships and the image the migrants. These issues, broadly grouped under the jurisprudential heading of “conflict of laws,” are also a conflict of cultures. To trace the specific form these problems take in the lives of contemporary Muslims is to see the meaning of borders in the lives of the migrant—and the realities that attend on the theories applied by different jurisdictions.Less

An Argument en famille

Randolph Paul Runyon

in The Mentelles: Mary Todd Lincoln, Henry Clay, and the Immigrant Family Who Educated Antebellum Kentucky

After the death in 1805 of Léone Mentelle, Waldemar's mother, hostility breaks out between him and his father. Edme bitterly complains of a letter from Waldemar and Charlotte he considers insulting; ... More

After the death in 1805 of Léone Mentelle, Waldemar's mother, hostility breaks out between him and his father. Edme bitterly complains of a letter from Waldemar and Charlotte he considers insulting; takes his son to task for having lacked ambition in his youth; and reveals that he has remarried, to a woman fifty years his junior. She is the illegitimate daughter of a Breton nobleman and thought Edme more wealthy than he was. In 1815, after years of silence, Edme writes his son and daughter-in-law, recounting a visit from Henry Clay, who was in Europe to negotiate the Treaty of Ghent. Having lost the financial assistance he had enjoyed from Napoleon, Edme solicits a post from Louis XVIII but does not receive it. He finally obtains the Legion of Honor he had long sought, shortly before his death on Dec. 29, 1815.Less

The Devil by the Tail

Randolph Paul Runyon

in The Mentelles: Mary Todd Lincoln, Henry Clay, and the Immigrant Family Who Educated Antebellum Kentucky

In January 1820 Charlotte writes Rosalie Saugrain of St. Louis, a friend since their years in Gallipolis, complaining of her unhappiness with a lifelong struggle "not just with fortune, but with ... More

In January 1820 Charlotte writes Rosalie Saugrain of St. Louis, a friend since their years in Gallipolis, complaining of her unhappiness with a lifelong struggle "not just with fortune, but with poverty." A visitor to Lexington in 1823 records a vivid description of the Mentelles. Charlotte "has a masculine, weather-beaten face," and dresses in the plainest fashion. He is impressed by her intelligence and knowledge, particularly of American and European politics. "She is a very fine Belles Lettres scholar and plays in a mastery manner on the violin." He finds her "gay and cheerful, sometimes playful," but far removed from normal womanly pursuits. She dresses like a man. Waldemar, "a lively little Frenchman," appears "as excessively effeminate as Madame is masculine." From 1832 to 1836, Mary Todd (born in 1818), resides at the Mentelle school except for weekends, later calling it "my early home." Her mother had died and she did not get along with her father's second wife. Charlotte Mentelle becomes a substitute mother for her, exerting a profound influence on the future Mrs. Lincoln, regaling her and other students with tales, not always true, of her escape from the French Revolution.Less

AIDS Memoirs Out of the City: Discordant Natures

Heather Houser

in Ecosickness in Contemporary U.S. Fiction: Environment and Affect

This chapter offers an account of an unanalyzed mode of writing about HIV/AIDS. Pushing against the metrocentricity of U.S. AIDS literature and scholarship, a body of nonurban AIDS memoirs took the ... More

This chapter offers an account of an unanalyzed mode of writing about HIV/AIDS. Pushing against the metrocentricity of U.S. AIDS literature and scholarship, a body of nonurban AIDS memoirs took the disease out of the city in the 1990s. These stories figure the disconnection between lived experience of AIDS and consensus knowledge about it, and show how affect produces irritations that unsettle conceptual categories. Specifically, David Wojnarowicz's Close to the Knives: A Memoir of Disintegration (1991) and Jan Zita Grover's North Enough: AIDS and Other Clear-Cuts (1997) stage unexpected environmental encounters that produce discord. These memoirs model how the irritations of discord generate a productive form of suspicion that confers experiential epistemic authority onto sick bodies enmeshed in their surroundings.Less