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Conclusion

John Miller

in Cities Divided: Politics and Religion in English Provincial Towns 1660-1722

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. The period 1660-1722 saw political debate and discord become a normal part of English urban life. National politics impinged far more ... More

This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. The period 1660-1722 saw political debate and discord become a normal part of English urban life. National politics impinged far more on townspeople's lives than in the 16th century, when few parliamentary elections were contested, so there was no need to place issues before the electors. The clear-cut division between Tories and Whigs was thrown into turmoil by James II, but it reappeared in late 1688 as Whigs and Tories jostled for power under the new king. During the 18th century, some corporations became notorious for self-seeking oligarchy and corruption but such vices were less apparent in the early part of the century.Less

The King as the Embodiment of Egotism

Karen C. Lang

in Four Illusions: Candrakirti's Advice to Travelers on the Bodhisattva Path

The Mahābharata and the Rāmāyaṇa, as well as Indian legal and political treatises, support belief in the king's divinity. Buddhists regard kingship not as divinely inspired, but as an elective ... More

The Mahābharata and the Rāmāyaṇa, as well as Indian legal and political treatises, support belief in the king's divinity. Buddhists regard kingship not as divinely inspired, but as an elective process. Legitimate moral authority and the right to govern belong only to righteous kings, who govern with generosity and compassion. Unrighteous kings, ruling in the age of discord (kali yuga), allow passion to dominate their behavior. They devastate the world through their exercise of war. Candrakiriti rejects both divine origins of kings and the notion that heaven is the reward for a royal warrior who dies in battle.Less

What Concord Requires

Daniel Schwartz

in Aquinas on Friendship

Aquinas has written that ‘Concord is a union of wills, not of opinions’. This dictum is problematic because one would think that without some union of opinions, union of wills cannot be obtained. ... More

Aquinas has written that ‘Concord is a union of wills, not of opinions’. This dictum is problematic because one would think that without some union of opinions, union of wills cannot be obtained. This chapter seeks to clarify the meaning of this dictum and to show that it does not imply that shared opinions are unnecessary for concord. It is argued that working behind Aquinas's dictum is his theory about love and what love does. The proper effect of love is to unite persons. Love unites them formally: the lover aims to resemble (participate in the form) of the beloved. The lover's movement toward resemblance involves a movement toward resemblance as to his acts of will.Less

Dividual Advocacy

Joy Connolly

in The Life of Roman Republicanism

This chapter works toward a clearer normative but non-prescriptive, non-telic account of the play of concord and discord in the politics of a democratic republic, and an account of being a citizen ... More

This chapter works toward a clearer normative but non-prescriptive, non-telic account of the play of concord and discord in the politics of a democratic republic, and an account of being a citizen that incorporates both the will to harmony ostensibly adopted by much classical writing and the presence of experiment and self-division that characterizes all our lives. Building from the argument made in Chapter 1 about Cicero's dialogues and speeches, it sketches out the kind of citizen who can live in a world where the drive to achieve concordia or consensus thrives within a framing of politics as conflict. This citizen is a virtuosic speaker of and to an acknowledged multiplicity, and the patterns of thought and action modeled by oratory have consequences for deliberative and judicial political institutions.Less

The Political Stage and the Problem of Reform

David Blackbourn

in The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany

This chapter examines the political stage and the problem of reform during the bourgeois revolution in Germany during the nineteenth century. It explains that the there were major divisions with the ... More

This chapter examines the political stage and the problem of reform during the bourgeois revolution in Germany during the nineteenth century. It explains that the there were major divisions with the bourgeoisie and that the chief victim of political discord within the bourgeoisie was that part of the class that thought of itself as both liberal and national. It suggests that open political action exposed the divisions within the bourgeoisie and revealed its vulnerability in political relations with subaltern social groups.Less

Revulsions of Capital: Virginia, 1829–32

Christopher Tomlins

in In the Matter of Nat Turner: A Speculative History

This chapter argues that Virginia was not the “calm and peaceful” world prior to Turner's Rebellion as Gray claimed. Turner's rebellion, in fact, took place amidst regional black restlessness at the ... More

This chapter argues that Virginia was not the “calm and peaceful” world prior to Turner's Rebellion as Gray claimed. Turner's rebellion, in fact, took place amidst regional black restlessness at the prospect of seemingly endless enslavement, and regional white discord over the relationship between land, labor, and political representation. In the rebellion's aftermath, that white discord became a more profound rupture in the politics of slavery itself, driving a bitterly divided House of Delegates to entertain the possibility of gradual emancipation. From that rupture there emerged a new political and economic equilibrium, centered not on propertied hierarchy but on property's commoditization, notably, commodified labor.Less

Trying Conclusions

William N. West

in Common Understandings, Poetic Confusion: Playhouses and Playgoers in Elizabethan England

The conclusion takes up the difficulty and uncertainty with which plays determined their ends and established their own conclusions. Its example is a scene from Twelfth Night that never mentions ... More

The conclusion takes up the difficulty and uncertainty with which plays determined their ends and established their own conclusions. Its example is a scene from Twelfth Night that never mentions playing specifically and yet is woven of almost every figure the book discusses. In it, characters drinking all night in a buttery sing a round. Its refrain is “Hold thy peace!” so the longer the characters sing together, the more discordant the song grows and the more they vie to demand each other's silence. Their singing grows louder and wakes other characters, who in turn come down to shut the singers up. These encounters transform in what had seemed the direction of the plot, introduce a second line of action, and shape the rest of the play in an unanticipated way. Out of these discordant pieces emerges a new, differently organized form and the promise of a different conclusion (ultimately unfulfilled, protended but intimated). The scene can be understood as an unarticulated emblem of playing.Less

The Case Of Earnst

Henry A. Murray

in Explorations in Personality

This chapter begins by describing Earnst’s physical appearance. It then tells about his family and educational background. It also explains that Earnst’s exposure to the presses like Frequent ... More

This chapter begins by describing Earnst’s physical appearance. It then tells about his family and educational background. It also explains that Earnst’s exposure to the presses like Frequent Illness, Family Poverty, and Family Discord had an effect of special significance, as shown by the reports that this study had gathered. It adds that his experiences manifested in his personality; he was outstandingly low in all affiliative variables and in the socially directed needs for Dominance and Exhibition. It discusses that Earnst, at present, is completely severed from his early life and from his family. It discusses four themas that may have affected Earnst’s manifested personality. It tells of the tests that Earnst took and his reponses to them.Less

Friends and Enemies, Slaves and Masters: Fanaticism, Wendell Phillips and the Limits of Agonism

Joel Olson

in The Politics of Radical Democracy

This chapter explores fanaticism from the perspective of radical (or agonistic) democracy. Despite its accent on conflict, radical democracy, the chapter contends, struggles to understand fanaticism ... More

This chapter explores fanaticism from the perspective of radical (or agonistic) democracy. Despite its accent on conflict, radical democracy, the chapter contends, struggles to understand fanaticism because it operates with too narrow a conception of agonism, namely as contestation within a shared liberal framework. As such it cannot see struggles over the framework itself as democratic struggles. To rectify this shortcoming, the chapter turns to the work of nineteenth-century orator and abolitionist Wendell Phillips and the latter's idea of ‘talk’. Here Phillips deploys a friend/enemy distinction, similar to that used by Mouffe. The chapter concludes that in conditions of irreconcilable discord, fanaticism may aid democratisation.Less

Introduction “Rien Faire Comme Une Bête”: Of Anonymity and Obligation

in Anonymous Life: Romanticism and Dispossession

This introductory chapter lays out the theoretical foundations of the present study, which reconsiders romanticism through the concept of anonymity in order to claim that, not only have we yet to ... More

This introductory chapter lays out the theoretical foundations of the present study, which reconsiders romanticism through the concept of anonymity in order to claim that, not only have we yet to fully account for the theoretical complexity of the period's explorations of subjectivity, but the notion of anonymity is a pervasive topic of romanticism: it provokes profound engagements with the ethics and aesthetics of alterity; it rethinks political questions and theories of action which emerge once the romantic subject loses its privileged locus as a “will to power”; and it becomes a site of discord and difference.Less

Original Sin: “The Only Empirically Verifiable Doctrine of the Christian Faith”

Andrew S. Finstuen

in Original Sin and Everyday Protestants: The Theology of Reinhold Niebuhr, Billy Graham, and Paul Tillich in an Age of Anxiety

This chapter discusses the shared conviction of Niebuhr, Graham, and Tillich regarding the empirical truth of the doctrine of original sin. For all three, the long history of humanity's inhumanity ... More

This chapter discusses the shared conviction of Niebuhr, Graham, and Tillich regarding the empirical truth of the doctrine of original sin. For all three, the long history of humanity's inhumanity supported the truth of original sin. For them, the record of human discord, while tragic, was not surprising, having arisen from a common origin. The myriad evils of the world and of history emerged from a fundamental disharmony within human beings. In short, particular evils or sins were but expressions of original sin. Beyond this shared belief, the three's interpretations of original sin both diverged and converged. Their understandings of the Genesis account of Adam and Eve, their philosophies of man, and their explanations of the chief symptoms of original sin differed in several ways. Yet their differences on these points were more in degree than in kind.Less

Wives, Wages, and Regulating Breadwinners

Nimisha Barton

in Reproductive Citizens: Gender, Immigration, and the State in Modern France, 1880-1945

This chapter cites Yolanda Foldes's 1937 novel about a Hungarian family in interwar Paris, in which the character Klari Barabas stumbles into the middle of a lovers' quarrel involving Greek Christos ... More

This chapter cites Yolanda Foldes's 1937 novel about a Hungarian family in interwar Paris, in which the character Klari Barabas stumbles into the middle of a lovers' quarrel involving Greek Christos and his French wife. It analyses the misfortunes of fictional Christos and his French wife, which suggest men's work, missing wages, and marital discord that were intertwined in the mixed and immigrant working-class households sprouting up throughout France after the Great War. It also discusses the twin middle-class ideals of the male breadwinner and the femme au foyer that governed early twentieth century economic and social life. The chapter recounts how marriage became the most reliable legal means of securing access to a male breadwinner and his wages by the early twentieth century, especially in the event of the union's demise. It talks about alimentary pensions that were paid regularly by estranged husbands and were enforced by officials at the behest of French and foreign wives themselves.Less

Oxford, 1577 The Ice

Peter C. Mancall

in Hakluyt's Promise: An Elizabethan's Obsession for an English America

This chapter discusses Hakluyt's obsession with America, nurtured during his student days, which he tried to transform into a passion that would consume his nation. Ever keen to promote the ... More

This chapter discusses Hakluyt's obsession with America, nurtured during his student days, which he tried to transform into a passion that would consume his nation. Ever keen to promote the Protestant cause, Hakluyt would have been pleased that a survey in Oxford in 1577 revealed that virtually all Catholics, under pressure from a university still grappling with the legacy of the Protestant Reformation, had left the colleges. With religious discord at least nominally suppressed, the attention of Oxford's residents focused now instead on quotidian affairs. In the summer of 1577, shortly after Hakluyt's installation, an outbreak of a lethal epidemic rapidly killed hundreds in the town. Those deaths signaled the start of a three-year period that propelled Hakluyt from an observer of events to someone who tried to shape his nation's future.Less

“Ensemble Discords”: Translating the Music of Maurice Scève's Délie

Richard Sieburth

in The Sound of Poetry / The Poetry of Sound

This chapter elaborates the music of Maurice Scève's Délie (and the possibilities of its translation) in terms of this tripartite Boethian model, still very influential in mid-sixteenth-century Lyon ... More

This chapter elaborates the music of Maurice Scève's Délie (and the possibilities of its translation) in terms of this tripartite Boethian model, still very influential in mid-sixteenth-century Lyon through its more recent reformulation by Ficino. The chapter presents few examples of how Scève attunes the music of the spheres to the private tempers of the scorned lover's febrile body and soul. According to Scève, translation, like love (or music) involves being apart together, mutually ingathered by an interval or caesura renders “ensemble discords.” The chapter provides typographical feature of the original printing of Scève's Délie, a feature that only I. D. Mac-Farlane's 1966 edition of the poem retains, but that every single subsequent French edition omits.Less

The Problem of Description

Barbara Lounsberry

in Becoming Virginia Woolf: Her Early Diaries and the Diaries She Read

The many paths to apt description occupy Virginia Woolf’s mind across her 7th and 8th diary books. These diaries mark her determined march to a view, voice, and form of her own. She seeks to avoid ... More

The many paths to apt description occupy Virginia Woolf’s mind across her 7th and 8th diary books. These diaries mark her determined march to a view, voice, and form of her own. She seeks to avoid “guide book prose” in her Continental Travel Diary from 1906 to 1909 and to rid herself of Western notions of the East. She starts to “distrust description” in her 1908 Italian diary and seeks to write “not only with the eye, but with the mind; & discover real things beneath the show.” She defines herself against the still, silent beauty of a Perugino fresco, declaring that she seeks the beauty of life in motion; a world composed of “infinite discords” and “shivering fragments”; she likewise rejects the “simple truths” of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s early journals, preferring complexity and multiplicity instead. She begins to seek more subtlety in her descriptions and less “definiteness” in her 1909 Florence diary—and throughout this time the diaries of Lady Elizabeth Holland, Lady Hester Stanhope’s physician (Dr. Charles Meryon), and Mary Coleridge aid her.Less

The Relation between Political and Moral Philosophy

Charles Larmore

in What Is Political Philosophy?

This chapter talks about the pervasive conflict on what should count as the terms of social cooperation, such as the need for authoritative, enforceable rules that constitute the elementary facts of ... More

This chapter talks about the pervasive conflict on what should count as the terms of social cooperation, such as the need for authoritative, enforceable rules that constitute the elementary facts of political life. It discusses the disagreement about the nature of right and good, specific moral questions, and features of the good or just society as the most enduring and polarizing sources of social discord. It also characterizes one of the roles of a conception of justice that shows how to adjudicate conflicts among the members of society. The chapter also explains disagreements that often consist of one person merely holding different views. It illustrates a common experience in some parts of the world in which people enjoy freedom of thought and expression and reasoning about ethical matters that goes beyond platitudes.Less

Introduction

Barbara Lounsberry

in Virginia Woolf's Modernist Path: Her Middle Diaries and the Diaries She Read

Virginia Woolf's diary is her longest, her longest sustained, and her last work to reach the public. The Introduction presents the book’s main argument, the new view that Woolf entered a secondstage ... More

Virginia Woolf's diary is her longest, her longest sustained, and her last work to reach the public. The Introduction presents the book’s main argument, the new view that Woolf entered a secondstage as a diarist (after her first experimental stage)—that of her mature, spare, modernist diaries of 1918 to 1929. Woolf deliberately curbs her number of diary entries per year in this second stage, pushing the periodic diary about as far as it can go and still convey a life. The Introduction also documents Woolf’s increasingly inward turn across the 1920s and her continued modernist experiments with form, especially with the fragment. A diary’s inherent oppositions, its “symmetry … of discords” (Woolf’s diary phrase) allowed Woolf to explore a string of paradoxes: continuity and discontinuity, motion and stasis, impersonal and personal time. The insights of the great French diary theorist Philippe Lejeune are used to undergird the book’s argument that diary-writing now becomes a way of life for Virginia Woolf, “life insurance” that brings high returns. The Introduction also previews the book’s second major insight: the heretofore unexplored role of other diaries in Woolf’s revered modernist works.Less

Paramilitary Groups of Chiapas Targets, Triad, Foot Soldiers

Julie Mazzei

in Death Squads or Self-Defense Forces?: How Paramilitary Groups Emerge and Challenge Democracy in Latin America

Paramilitary groups started emerging during a period of intense political discord within the PRI. As early as 1995, those who feared their interests would be marginalized or ignored by the party ... More

Paramilitary groups started emerging during a period of intense political discord within the PRI. As early as 1995, those who feared their interests would be marginalized or ignored by the party began pulling together the resources necessary to launch their own attack against the reform advocates in Chiapas. Over the decade, at least nine paramilitary groups operated in various communities of Chiapas. Desarrollo, Paz y Justicia was perhaps the largest and most influential of the groups. Others included Los Chinchulines, which also went by the names “United Front of Ejido Members” or the “Luis Donaldo Colosio Civic Front;” The MIRA, the Anti-Zapatista Revolutionary Indigenous Movement, a highly connected paramilitary that organized in 1997; and La Mascara Roja, believed to have perpetrated the attack at Acteal.Less

Apolitics and Politics¹

Laurent Dubreuil

in The Refusal of Politics

As long as social discontent exists, the most immediate, the most reasonable solution is to change certain causes, certain effects, certain agents. In the most acute cases, the recommended therapy ... More

As long as social discontent exists, the most immediate, the most reasonable solution is to change certain causes, certain effects, certain agents. In the most acute cases, the recommended therapy consists in a gigantic reorganisation of forces, a metabole of powers. ‘The world is about to change its foundation’, promises The Internationale, and, following the tradition begun by the Abbe Sieyes, the choir sings, ‘we are nothing, let us be everything’.2 However violent the alteration – and the last century has given us nearly everything, from the colonial yoke to its soft alternative, from banana dictatorship to the dictatorship of the bureaucratic proletariat, from change in continuity to fully policed societies – the foundation of the foundation remains the same, rarely questioned. That is to say: all metamorphosis remains squarely on the plane of politics; only the way we define this plane varies, ranging from popular government and representation to the insurrectionary battle, from the nation, race to lifestyles and on to revolution.Less