Neil Weinstock Netanel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195137620
- eISBN:
- 9780199871629
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195137620.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Copyright is at once an engine of free expression and impediment to free expression. Copyright law underwrites much literature, journalism, music, art, and film. Yet copyright often stands in the way ...
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Copyright is at once an engine of free expression and impediment to free expression. Copyright law underwrites much literature, journalism, music, art, and film. Yet copyright often stands in the way of speech that would build upon existing expression to convey new messages and artistic perspectives.In a seminal 1970 article, Melville Nimmer, the leading copyright and First Amendment scholar of his day, aptly termed the copyright‐free speech conflict a “largely ignored paradox.” Yet today that conflict has come virulently to the fore, and copyright is increasingly chastised as a tool of private censorship.Why has that happened? What values and practices does the copyright‐free speech conflict put at stake? How should the conflict be resolved?These are the principal questions this book seeks to answer. This book explores the copyright‐free speech conflict as it cuts across traditional and digital media alike. In so doing, it juxtaposes the dramatic expansion of copyright holders' proprietary control against individuals' newly found ability to digitally cut, paste, edit, remix, and distribute popular sound recordings, movies, TV programs, graphics, and texts the world over. It tests whether, in light of these developments and others, copyright still serves as a vital engine of free expression and assesses how copyright does—and does not—burden speech. Taking First Amendment values as its lodestar, the book argues that copyright should be delimited by how it can best promote robust debate and expressive diversity, and it presents a blueprint for how that can be accomplished.Less
Copyright is at once an engine of free expression and impediment to free expression. Copyright law underwrites much literature, journalism, music, art, and film. Yet copyright often stands in the way of speech that would build upon existing expression to convey new messages and artistic perspectives.
In a seminal 1970 article, Melville Nimmer, the leading copyright and First Amendment scholar of his day, aptly termed the copyright‐free speech conflict a “largely ignored paradox.” Yet today that conflict has come virulently to the fore, and copyright is increasingly chastised as a tool of private censorship.
Why has that happened? What values and practices does the copyright‐free speech conflict put at stake? How should the conflict be resolved?
These are the principal questions this book seeks to answer. This book explores the copyright‐free speech conflict as it cuts across traditional and digital media alike. In so doing, it juxtaposes the dramatic expansion of copyright holders' proprietary control against individuals' newly found ability to digitally cut, paste, edit, remix, and distribute popular sound recordings, movies, TV programs, graphics, and texts the world over. It tests whether, in light of these developments and others, copyright still serves as a vital engine of free expression and assesses how copyright does—and does not—burden speech. Taking First Amendment values as its lodestar, the book argues that copyright should be delimited by how it can best promote robust debate and expressive diversity, and it presents a blueprint for how that can be accomplished.
Melissa Terras
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199204557
- eISBN:
- 9780191708121
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204557.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, British and Irish History: BCE to 500CE
The ink and stylus tablets discovered at the Roman fort of Vindolanda are a unique resource for scholars of ancient history. However, the stylus tablets in particular are extremely difficult to read. ...
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The ink and stylus tablets discovered at the Roman fort of Vindolanda are a unique resource for scholars of ancient history. However, the stylus tablets in particular are extremely difficult to read. This book details the development of what appears to be the first system constructed to aid experts in the process of reading an ancient document, exploring the extent to which techniques from artificial intelligence can be used to develop a system that could aid historians in reading the stylus texts. Using knowledge elicitation techniques (borrowed from artificial intelligence and engineering science), a model is proposed for how experts construct a reading of a text. A prototype system is presented that can read in image data and produce realistic and plausible textual interpretations of the writing that appears on the documents. Incorporating knowledge elicited from experts working on the texts, and utilizing image processing techniques developed in engineering science to analyze the stylus tablets, the book includes a corpora of letter forms generated from the Vindolanda text corpus, and a detailed description of the architecture of the system. This research presents the first stages towards developing a cognitive visual system that can propagate realistic interpretations from image data.Less
The ink and stylus tablets discovered at the Roman fort of Vindolanda are a unique resource for scholars of ancient history. However, the stylus tablets in particular are extremely difficult to read. This book details the development of what appears to be the first system constructed to aid experts in the process of reading an ancient document, exploring the extent to which techniques from artificial intelligence can be used to develop a system that could aid historians in reading the stylus texts. Using knowledge elicitation techniques (borrowed from artificial intelligence and engineering science), a model is proposed for how experts construct a reading of a text. A prototype system is presented that can read in image data and produce realistic and plausible textual interpretations of the writing that appears on the documents. Incorporating knowledge elicited from experts working on the texts, and utilizing image processing techniques developed in engineering science to analyze the stylus tablets, the book includes a corpora of letter forms generated from the Vindolanda text corpus, and a detailed description of the architecture of the system. This research presents the first stages towards developing a cognitive visual system that can propagate realistic interpretations from image data.
Helmuth Spieler
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527848
- eISBN:
- 9780191713248
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527848.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Semiconductor sensors patterned at the micron scale combined with custom-designed integrated circuits have revolutionized semiconductor radiation detector systems. Designs covering many square meters ...
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Semiconductor sensors patterned at the micron scale combined with custom-designed integrated circuits have revolutionized semiconductor radiation detector systems. Designs covering many square meters with millions of signal channels are now commonplace in high-energy physics and the technology is finding its way into many other fields, ranging from astrophysics to experiments at synchrotron light sources and medical imaging. This book presents a discussion of the many facets of highly integrated semiconductor detector systems, covering sensors, signal processing, transistors, circuits, low-noise electronics, and radiation effects. To lay a basis for the more detailed discussions in the book and aid in understanding how these different elements combine to form functional detector systems, the text includes introductions to semiconductor physics, diodes, detectors, signal formation, transistors, amplifier circuits, electronic noise mechanisms, and signal processing. A chapter on digital electronics includes key elements of analog-to-digital converters and an introduction to digital signal processing. The physics of radiation damage in semiconductor devices is discussed and applied to detectors and electronics. The diversity of design approaches is illustrated in a chapter describing systems in high-energy physics, astronomy, and astrophysics. Finally, a chapter ‘Why things don't work’, discusses common pitfalls, covering interference mechanisms such as power supply noise, microphonics, and shared current paths (‘ground loops’), together with mitigation techniques for pickup noise reduction, both at the circuit and system level. Beginning at a basic level, the book provides a unique introduction to a key area of modern science.Less
Semiconductor sensors patterned at the micron scale combined with custom-designed integrated circuits have revolutionized semiconductor radiation detector systems. Designs covering many square meters with millions of signal channels are now commonplace in high-energy physics and the technology is finding its way into many other fields, ranging from astrophysics to experiments at synchrotron light sources and medical imaging. This book presents a discussion of the many facets of highly integrated semiconductor detector systems, covering sensors, signal processing, transistors, circuits, low-noise electronics, and radiation effects. To lay a basis for the more detailed discussions in the book and aid in understanding how these different elements combine to form functional detector systems, the text includes introductions to semiconductor physics, diodes, detectors, signal formation, transistors, amplifier circuits, electronic noise mechanisms, and signal processing. A chapter on digital electronics includes key elements of analog-to-digital converters and an introduction to digital signal processing. The physics of radiation damage in semiconductor devices is discussed and applied to detectors and electronics. The diversity of design approaches is illustrated in a chapter describing systems in high-energy physics, astronomy, and astrophysics. Finally, a chapter ‘Why things don't work’, discusses common pitfalls, covering interference mechanisms such as power supply noise, microphonics, and shared current paths (‘ground loops’), together with mitigation techniques for pickup noise reduction, both at the circuit and system level. Beginning at a basic level, the book provides a unique introduction to a key area of modern science.
Lynn Schofield Clark
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199899616
- eISBN:
- 9780199980161
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199899616.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Marriage and the Family
How are families responding to the challenges of parenting young people in the digital age? This book draws on in-depth interviews with families from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds in order to ...
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How are families responding to the challenges of parenting young people in the digital age? This book draws on in-depth interviews with families from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds in order to trace the difference that social class makes in how families are making decisions about digital and mobile media use. This book finds that upper income families employ an ethic of expressive empowerment, in which parents encourage their children to use these media in relation to education and self-development and to avoid use that might distract them from goals of achievement. Lower income families, in contrast, embrace an ethic of respectful connectedness, in which family members are encouraged to use digital and mobile media in ways that are respectful, compliant toward parents, and family focused. Each approach has its own benefits and drawbacks, as upper income families are increasingly tempted to employ communication technologies in helicopter and surveillance parenting, and lower income families may use technologies in ways that strengthen interfamilial and neighborhood bonds while inadvertently reinforcing social isolation from other groups. The book challenges the hope that digital and mobile media might assist in bridging cultural and economic divides. It concludes that as U.S. families experience lives that are increasingly isolated from those whose economic circumstances differ from their own, the different roles that digital and mobile media are playing in family lives are reinforcing rather than alleviating what continues to be a troubling economic and social gap in U.S. society.Less
How are families responding to the challenges of parenting young people in the digital age? This book draws on in-depth interviews with families from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds in order to trace the difference that social class makes in how families are making decisions about digital and mobile media use. This book finds that upper income families employ an ethic of expressive empowerment, in which parents encourage their children to use these media in relation to education and self-development and to avoid use that might distract them from goals of achievement. Lower income families, in contrast, embrace an ethic of respectful connectedness, in which family members are encouraged to use digital and mobile media in ways that are respectful, compliant toward parents, and family focused. Each approach has its own benefits and drawbacks, as upper income families are increasingly tempted to employ communication technologies in helicopter and surveillance parenting, and lower income families may use technologies in ways that strengthen interfamilial and neighborhood bonds while inadvertently reinforcing social isolation from other groups. The book challenges the hope that digital and mobile media might assist in bridging cultural and economic divides. It concludes that as U.S. families experience lives that are increasingly isolated from those whose economic circumstances differ from their own, the different roles that digital and mobile media are playing in family lives are reinforcing rather than alleviating what continues to be a troubling economic and social gap in U.S. society.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0021
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B ...
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This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.Less
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.
John V. Kulvicki
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290758
- eISBN:
- 9780191604010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019929075X.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
This chapter reviews Nelson Goodman’s proposals concerning depiction, identifies problems with them, and suggests how they can be overcome without appealing to a perceptual account of pictorial ...
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This chapter reviews Nelson Goodman’s proposals concerning depiction, identifies problems with them, and suggests how they can be overcome without appealing to a perceptual account of pictorial representation. Goodman’s proposal is that all pictorial systems are relatively replete, syntactically dense, and semantically dense. This is problematic because repleteness is not as well-defined as it should be, and density requires that pictures be analog representations, while many seem to be digital. These conditions were never meant to be sufficient for a system to be pictorial, but the problem is that they seem to be unnecessary as well.Less
This chapter reviews Nelson Goodman’s proposals concerning depiction, identifies problems with them, and suggests how they can be overcome without appealing to a perceptual account of pictorial representation. Goodman’s proposal is that all pictorial systems are relatively replete, syntactically dense, and semantically dense. This is problematic because repleteness is not as well-defined as it should be, and density requires that pictures be analog representations, while many seem to be digital. These conditions were never meant to be sufficient for a system to be pictorial, but the problem is that they seem to be unnecessary as well.
John V. Kulvicki
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290758
- eISBN:
- 9780191604010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019929075X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Aesthetics
With the worries about Goodman on the table, this chapter introduces an alternative set of conditions: a modified form of Goodman’s relative repleteness, syntactic sensitivity, and semantic richness. ...
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With the worries about Goodman on the table, this chapter introduces an alternative set of conditions: a modified form of Goodman’s relative repleteness, syntactic sensitivity, and semantic richness. These three are necessary for a representational system to be pictorial and they make no reference to the perception of pictures, but they are not sufficient for a representational system to be pictorial. They accommodate digital pictures comfortably, but are much too broad to capture what makes pictures pictures.Less
With the worries about Goodman on the table, this chapter introduces an alternative set of conditions: a modified form of Goodman’s relative repleteness, syntactic sensitivity, and semantic richness. These three are necessary for a representational system to be pictorial and they make no reference to the perception of pictures, but they are not sufficient for a representational system to be pictorial. They accommodate digital pictures comfortably, but are much too broad to capture what makes pictures pictures.
Kiri Miller
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199753451
- eISBN:
- 9780199932979
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753451.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, American, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This book is about play, performance, and participatory culture in the digital age. It shows how music, video games, and social media are bridging virtual and visceral experience, creating dispersed ...
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This book is about play, performance, and participatory culture in the digital age. It shows how music, video games, and social media are bridging virtual and visceral experience, creating dispersed communities who forge meaningful connections by “playing along” with popular culture. Miller reveals how digital media are brought to bear in the transmission of embodied knowledge: how a Grand Theft Auto player uses a virtual radio to hear with her avatar’s ears; how a Guitar Hero player channels the experience of a live rock performer; and how an amateur guitar student translates a two-dimensional, pre-recorded online music lesson into three-dimensional physical practice and an intimate relationship with a distant teacher. Through ethnographic case studies, Miller demonstrates that our everyday experiences with interactive digital media are gradually transforming our understanding of musicality, creativity, play, and participation.Less
This book is about play, performance, and participatory culture in the digital age. It shows how music, video games, and social media are bridging virtual and visceral experience, creating dispersed communities who forge meaningful connections by “playing along” with popular culture. Miller reveals how digital media are brought to bear in the transmission of embodied knowledge: how a Grand Theft Auto player uses a virtual radio to hear with her avatar’s ears; how a Guitar Hero player channels the experience of a live rock performer; and how an amateur guitar student translates a two-dimensional, pre-recorded online music lesson into three-dimensional physical practice and an intimate relationship with a distant teacher. Through ethnographic case studies, Miller demonstrates that our everyday experiences with interactive digital media are gradually transforming our understanding of musicality, creativity, play, and participation.
Stefan Helmreich
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164809
- eISBN:
- 9781400873869
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164809.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
What is life? What is water? What is sound? This book investigates how contemporary scientists—biologists, oceanographers, and audio engineers—are redefining these crucial concepts. Life, water, and ...
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What is life? What is water? What is sound? This book investigates how contemporary scientists—biologists, oceanographers, and audio engineers—are redefining these crucial concepts. Life, water, and sound are phenomena at once empirical and abstract, material and formal, scientific and social. In the age of synthetic biology, rising sea levels, and new technologies of listening, these phenomena stretch toward their conceptual snapping points, breaching the boundaries between the natural, cultural, and virtual. Through examinations of the computational life sciences, marine biology, astrobiology, acoustics, and more, the book follows scientists to the limits of these categories. Along the way, it offers critical accounts of such other-than-human entities as digital life forms, microbes, coral reefs, whales, seawater, extraterrestrials, tsunamis, seashells, and bionic cochlea. It develops a new notion of “sounding”—as investigating, fathoming, listening—to describe the form of inquiry appropriate for tracking meanings and practices of the biological, aquatic, and sonic in a time of global change and climate crisis. The book shows that life, water, and sound no longer mean what they once did, and that what count as their essential natures are under dynamic revision.Less
What is life? What is water? What is sound? This book investigates how contemporary scientists—biologists, oceanographers, and audio engineers—are redefining these crucial concepts. Life, water, and sound are phenomena at once empirical and abstract, material and formal, scientific and social. In the age of synthetic biology, rising sea levels, and new technologies of listening, these phenomena stretch toward their conceptual snapping points, breaching the boundaries between the natural, cultural, and virtual. Through examinations of the computational life sciences, marine biology, astrobiology, acoustics, and more, the book follows scientists to the limits of these categories. Along the way, it offers critical accounts of such other-than-human entities as digital life forms, microbes, coral reefs, whales, seawater, extraterrestrials, tsunamis, seashells, and bionic cochlea. It develops a new notion of “sounding”—as investigating, fathoming, listening—to describe the form of inquiry appropriate for tracking meanings and practices of the biological, aquatic, and sonic in a time of global change and climate crisis. The book shows that life, water, and sound no longer mean what they once did, and that what count as their essential natures are under dynamic revision.
Neil Weinstock Netanel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195137620
- eISBN:
- 9780199871629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195137620.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The United States Supreme Court has famously labeled copyright “the engine of free expression.” Copyright, indeed, both spurs creative production and underwrites a community of authors and publishers ...
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The United States Supreme Court has famously labeled copyright “the engine of free expression.” Copyright, indeed, both spurs creative production and underwrites a community of authors and publishers who are not beholden to government officials for financial support. But copyright has strayed from its traditional, speech‐enhancing core, so much so that copyright now imposes an unacceptable burden on the values that underlie First Amendment guarantees of free speech. Copyright has come increasingly to resemble and be thought of as a full‐fledged property right rather than a limited federal grant designed to further a particular public purpose. The copyright‐free speech conflict cuts across traditional and digital media alike. Yet digital technology adds a vast new dimension, pitting entertainment media bent on stamping out massive “digital piracy” against individuals who increasingly perceive copyright as an undue and unworthy impingement on their liberty and expressive autonomy.Less
The United States Supreme Court has famously labeled copyright “the engine of free expression.” Copyright, indeed, both spurs creative production and underwrites a community of authors and publishers who are not beholden to government officials for financial support. But copyright has strayed from its traditional, speech‐enhancing core, so much so that copyright now imposes an unacceptable burden on the values that underlie First Amendment guarantees of free speech. Copyright has come increasingly to resemble and be thought of as a full‐fledged property right rather than a limited federal grant designed to further a particular public purpose. The copyright‐free speech conflict cuts across traditional and digital media alike. Yet digital technology adds a vast new dimension, pitting entertainment media bent on stamping out massive “digital piracy” against individuals who increasingly perceive copyright as an undue and unworthy impingement on their liberty and expressive autonomy.
Neil Weinstock Netanel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195137620
- eISBN:
- 9780199871629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195137620.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
For some, copyright's speech burdens are painfully obvious. But many others do not perceive that copyright poses any serious conflict with freedom of speech.This Chapter presents some illustrative ...
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For some, copyright's speech burdens are painfully obvious. But many others do not perceive that copyright poses any serious conflict with freedom of speech.This Chapter presents some illustrative examples that ought to at least give doubters some pause. They range from speech that is overtly political to purely artistic, from fantasy to documentary, from discrete cases to entire expressive genres, from religious tracts to counterculture comics, from analog to digital, from out‐and‐out copying to highly creative recasting, from new creation to Google search tool, and from copyright holders' calculated suppression of unwanted expression to speakers' inability to pay the copyright license fee that was offered. They demonstrate that copyright may indeed prevent us from effectively conveying a message, pursuing deeply held beliefs, expressing artistic inspiration, participating in a cultural tradition, or, for that matter, promoting “the progress of science.”Less
For some, copyright's speech burdens are painfully obvious. But many others do not perceive that copyright poses any serious conflict with freedom of speech.
This Chapter presents some illustrative examples that ought to at least give doubters some pause. They range from speech that is overtly political to purely artistic, from fantasy to documentary, from discrete cases to entire expressive genres, from religious tracts to counterculture comics, from analog to digital, from out‐and‐out copying to highly creative recasting, from new creation to Google search tool, and from copyright holders' calculated suppression of unwanted expression to speakers' inability to pay the copyright license fee that was offered. They demonstrate that copyright may indeed prevent us from effectively conveying a message, pursuing deeply held beliefs, expressing artistic inspiration, participating in a cultural tradition, or, for that matter, promoting “the progress of science.”
Neil Weinstock Netanel
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195137620
- eISBN:
- 9780199871629
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195137620.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Some scholars and policy makers claim that an expansive, proprietary copyright not only imposes merely trivial speech burdens but, indeed, represents the best means for resolving ...
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Some scholars and policy makers claim that an expansive, proprietary copyright not only imposes merely trivial speech burdens but, indeed, represents the best means for resolving the tension between copyright and free speech. As Paul Goldstein forcefully puts it: to extend copyright “into every corner where consumers derive value from literary and artistic works” is the “best prescription for connecting authors to their audiences.”A broad, proprietary copyright, Goldstein argues, would thus “promote political as well as cultural diversity, ensuring a plenitude of voices, all with the chance to be heard.” This chapter takes on that “propertarian” counter‐argument. It demonstrates that broad copyrights do not, in fact, facilitate expressive diversity. It does so on the basis of copyright economics and by distinguishing between product differentiation and expressive diversity.Less
Some scholars and policy makers claim that an expansive, proprietary copyright not only imposes merely trivial speech burdens but, indeed, represents the best means for resolving the tension between copyright and free speech. As Paul Goldstein forcefully puts it: to extend copyright “into every corner where consumers derive value from literary and artistic works” is the “best prescription for connecting authors to their audiences.”A broad, proprietary copyright, Goldstein argues, would thus “promote political as well as cultural diversity, ensuring a plenitude of voices, all with the chance to be heard.” This chapter takes on that “propertarian” counter‐argument. It demonstrates that broad copyrights do not, in fact, facilitate expressive diversity. It does so on the basis of copyright economics and by distinguishing between product differentiation and expressive diversity.
Matthew Hindman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691159263
- eISBN:
- 9780691184074
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159263.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The Internet was supposed to fragment audiences and make media monopolies impossible. Instead, behemoths like Google and Facebook now dominate the time we spend online—and grab all the profits from ...
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The Internet was supposed to fragment audiences and make media monopolies impossible. Instead, behemoths like Google and Facebook now dominate the time we spend online—and grab all the profits from the attention economy. This book explains how this happened. It sheds light on the stunning rise of the digital giants and the online struggles of nearly everyone else—and reveals what small players can do to survive in a game that is rigged against them. The book shows how seemingly tiny advantages in attracting users can snowball over time. The Internet has not reduced the cost of reaching audiences—it has merely shifted who pays and how. Challenging some of the most enduring myths of digital life, the book explains why the Internet is not the postindustrial technology that has been sold to the public, how it has become mathematically impossible for grad students in a garage to beat Google, and why net neutrality alone is no guarantee of an open Internet. It also explains why the challenges for local digital news outlets and other small players are worse than they appear and demonstrates what it really takes to grow a digital audience and stay alive in today's online economy. The book shows why, even on the Internet, there is still no such thing as a free audience.Less
The Internet was supposed to fragment audiences and make media monopolies impossible. Instead, behemoths like Google and Facebook now dominate the time we spend online—and grab all the profits from the attention economy. This book explains how this happened. It sheds light on the stunning rise of the digital giants and the online struggles of nearly everyone else—and reveals what small players can do to survive in a game that is rigged against them. The book shows how seemingly tiny advantages in attracting users can snowball over time. The Internet has not reduced the cost of reaching audiences—it has merely shifted who pays and how. Challenging some of the most enduring myths of digital life, the book explains why the Internet is not the postindustrial technology that has been sold to the public, how it has become mathematically impossible for grad students in a garage to beat Google, and why net neutrality alone is no guarantee of an open Internet. It also explains why the challenges for local digital news outlets and other small players are worse than they appear and demonstrates what it really takes to grow a digital audience and stay alive in today's online economy. The book shows why, even on the Internet, there is still no such thing as a free audience.
Tarek El-Ariss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780691181936
- eISBN:
- 9780691184913
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691181936.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
In recent years, Arab activists have confronted authoritarian regimes both on the street and online, leaking videos and exposing atrocities, and demanding political rights. This book situates these ...
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In recent years, Arab activists have confronted authoritarian regimes both on the street and online, leaking videos and exposing atrocities, and demanding political rights. This book situates these critiques of power within a pervasive culture of scandal and leaks and shows how cultural production and political change in the contemporary Arab world are enabled by digital technology, yet emerge from traditional cultural models. Focusing on a new generation of activists and authors from Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula, the book connects WikiLeaks to The Arabian Nights, Twitter to mystical revelation, cyberattacks to pre-Islamic tribal raids, and digital activism to the affective scene-making of Arab popular culture. It shifts the epistemological and historical frameworks from the postcolonial condition to the digital condition and shows how new media challenge the novel as the traditional vehicle for political consciousness and intellectual debate. Theorizing the rise of “the leaking subject” who reveals, contests, and writes through chaotic yet highly political means, the book investigates the digital consciousness, virality, and affective forms of knowledge that jolt and inform the public and that draw readers in to the unfolding fiction of scandal. The book maps the changing landscape of Arab modernity, or Nahda, in the digital age and traces how concepts such as the nation, community, power, the intellectual, the author, and the novel are hacked and recoded through new modes of confrontation, circulation, and dissent.Less
In recent years, Arab activists have confronted authoritarian regimes both on the street and online, leaking videos and exposing atrocities, and demanding political rights. This book situates these critiques of power within a pervasive culture of scandal and leaks and shows how cultural production and political change in the contemporary Arab world are enabled by digital technology, yet emerge from traditional cultural models. Focusing on a new generation of activists and authors from Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula, the book connects WikiLeaks to The Arabian Nights, Twitter to mystical revelation, cyberattacks to pre-Islamic tribal raids, and digital activism to the affective scene-making of Arab popular culture. It shifts the epistemological and historical frameworks from the postcolonial condition to the digital condition and shows how new media challenge the novel as the traditional vehicle for political consciousness and intellectual debate. Theorizing the rise of “the leaking subject” who reveals, contests, and writes through chaotic yet highly political means, the book investigates the digital consciousness, virality, and affective forms of knowledge that jolt and inform the public and that draw readers in to the unfolding fiction of scandal. The book maps the changing landscape of Arab modernity, or Nahda, in the digital age and traces how concepts such as the nation, community, power, the intellectual, the author, and the novel are hacked and recoded through new modes of confrontation, circulation, and dissent.
Andrew W. Fitzgibbon, Geoff Cross, and Andrew Zisserman
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262962
- eISBN:
- 9780191734533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262962.003.0007
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
Digital representation of an artefact is necessary in order to measure, admire and analyse such ancient pieces. For the purpose of storing, recoding and transmitting information, digital photographs ...
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Digital representation of an artefact is necessary in order to measure, admire and analyse such ancient pieces. For the purpose of storing, recoding and transmitting information, digital photographs may be enough. However, in the examination purposes of an artefact, a 3D presentation is invaluable as it allows the object viewpoint to be modified freely and 3D measurements to be taken on object features. This chapter describes the system by which 3D models from photographs can be acquired, without the need for the calibration of system geometry such as the camera focal length, relative motion of the camera and object, and the relative positions of the camera and object. This system instead computes the representation of all possible objects and camera configurations which are consistent with the given image. The first section discusses how tracking points observed in 2D images allows for the computation of the relative camera and object geometry. The second section discusses the construction of a triangulated 3D model from the object projections. The third section discusses the refinement of the model based on surface texture.Less
Digital representation of an artefact is necessary in order to measure, admire and analyse such ancient pieces. For the purpose of storing, recoding and transmitting information, digital photographs may be enough. However, in the examination purposes of an artefact, a 3D presentation is invaluable as it allows the object viewpoint to be modified freely and 3D measurements to be taken on object features. This chapter describes the system by which 3D models from photographs can be acquired, without the need for the calibration of system geometry such as the camera focal length, relative motion of the camera and object, and the relative positions of the camera and object. This system instead computes the representation of all possible objects and camera configurations which are consistent with the given image. The first section discusses how tracking points observed in 2D images allows for the computation of the relative camera and object geometry. The second section discusses the construction of a triangulated 3D model from the object projections. The third section discusses the refinement of the model based on surface texture.
Hugh Denard
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262962
- eISBN:
- 9780191734533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262962.003.0008
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
This chapter discusses the emergence of virtual reality (VR) technologies which have advanced the understanding of ancient structures. In 1998, through the funding of the British Academy and the ...
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This chapter discusses the emergence of virtual reality (VR) technologies which have advanced the understanding of ancient structures. In 1998, through the funding of the British Academy and the Leverhulme Trust, a project on determining the structure of Rome's theatre Theatrum Lapideum was started. This Pompey Project benefited as well as contributed to a wider programme of digital research through the application of virtual reality. The VR-enhanced research project contributed to the understanding of the parts of the structure and the aspects of the post-antique history of the Roman theatre. Through VR technology, a graphic reconstruction of the site, 3and D computer models, the digital modelling of the structure and its artefacts were attained. In addition to developing research processes, virtual reality technology has revolutionized the ways in which knowledge is produced. It enables the formation of new knowledge and information by making the knowledge visible.Less
This chapter discusses the emergence of virtual reality (VR) technologies which have advanced the understanding of ancient structures. In 1998, through the funding of the British Academy and the Leverhulme Trust, a project on determining the structure of Rome's theatre Theatrum Lapideum was started. This Pompey Project benefited as well as contributed to a wider programme of digital research through the application of virtual reality. The VR-enhanced research project contributed to the understanding of the parts of the structure and the aspects of the post-antique history of the Roman theatre. Through VR technology, a graphic reconstruction of the site, 3and D computer models, the digital modelling of the structure and its artefacts were attained. In addition to developing research processes, virtual reality technology has revolutionized the ways in which knowledge is produced. It enables the formation of new knowledge and information by making the knowledge visible.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165876
- eISBN:
- 9780199789689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165876.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes the use of information technologies in two entertainment industries: video games and photography. It describes how the technology is used in the work of these industries ...
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This chapter describes the use of information technologies in two entertainment industries: video games and photography. It describes how the technology is used in the work of these industries (applications), development, and manufacture of its products, and in the digital goods sold to the public. These are characterized as part of the New Economy.Less
This chapter describes the use of information technologies in two entertainment industries: video games and photography. It describes how the technology is used in the work of these industries (applications), development, and manufacture of its products, and in the digital goods sold to the public. These are characterized as part of the New Economy.
William Cornish
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199263073
- eISBN:
- 9780191718694
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263073.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are increasingly significant elements of economic policy: they are vital to developed countries in an age of global trade. Today's astounding new technologies, ...
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Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are increasingly significant elements of economic policy: they are vital to developed countries in an age of global trade. Today's astounding new technologies, stemming from the digital and biotechnological revolutions are creating new problems. This book examines the major dilemmas that currently enmesh the subject: the omnipresent spread of IPRs across some recent technologies, the distraction caused by rights that achieve little of their intended purpose, and the seeming irrelevance of IPRs in the face of new technologies such as the internet. What IPRs are good for, and what they should achieve depends upon the law which defines them. There is great international, as well as national pressure for new laws, and in Europe, the EU is now the dominant force in shaping intellectual property policy. Against this background, this book surveys current arguments over legal policy in this field.Less
Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are increasingly significant elements of economic policy: they are vital to developed countries in an age of global trade. Today's astounding new technologies, stemming from the digital and biotechnological revolutions are creating new problems. This book examines the major dilemmas that currently enmesh the subject: the omnipresent spread of IPRs across some recent technologies, the distraction caused by rights that achieve little of their intended purpose, and the seeming irrelevance of IPRs in the face of new technologies such as the internet. What IPRs are good for, and what they should achieve depends upon the law which defines them. There is great international, as well as national pressure for new laws, and in Europe, the EU is now the dominant force in shaping intellectual property policy. Against this background, this book surveys current arguments over legal policy in this field.
Lee A. Bygrave and Terje Michaelsen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199561131
- eISBN:
- 9780191721199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561131.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology, Political Economy
This chapter describes the main organizations that are concerned directly with Internet governance. It outlines the relevant responsibilities and agendas of the respective organizations, together ...
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This chapter describes the main organizations that are concerned directly with Internet governance. It outlines the relevant responsibilities and agendas of the respective organizations, together with their sources of funding and their relationships with each other. Attention is directed mainly at transnational bodies. These include the Internet Society, Internet Architecture Board, Internet Engineering Task Force, World Wide Web Consortium, and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. The remainder of the chapter describes the various roles played by national governments, alone and in concert, in Internet governance. Using the self-governance ideals of ‘digital libertarianism’ as foil, it delineates the growing influence of governments in the field.Less
This chapter describes the main organizations that are concerned directly with Internet governance. It outlines the relevant responsibilities and agendas of the respective organizations, together with their sources of funding and their relationships with each other. Attention is directed mainly at transnational bodies. These include the Internet Society, Internet Architecture Board, Internet Engineering Task Force, World Wide Web Consortium, and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. The remainder of the chapter describes the various roles played by national governments, alone and in concert, in Internet governance. Using the self-governance ideals of ‘digital libertarianism’ as foil, it delineates the growing influence of governments in the field.
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165883
- eISBN:
- 9780199789672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165883.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes the size and nature of manufacturing industries in the American economy during the second half of the 20th century, providing data on size of GDP, number of employees, and key ...
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This chapter describes the size and nature of manufacturing industries in the American economy during the second half of the 20th century, providing data on size of GDP, number of employees, and key industries and how those changed over the half century. It discusses the evolution of the Fordist style to a Digital style of work, and patterns in the adoption and deployment of computers across the entire sector.Less
This chapter describes the size and nature of manufacturing industries in the American economy during the second half of the 20th century, providing data on size of GDP, number of employees, and key industries and how those changed over the half century. It discusses the evolution of the Fordist style to a Digital style of work, and patterns in the adoption and deployment of computers across the entire sector.
