J. Eduardo P. W. Bicudo, William A. Buttemer, Mark A. Chappell, James T. Pearson, and Claus Bech
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228447
- eISBN:
- 9780191711305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228447.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
This chapter reviews the diversity of feeding habits among birds and the consequences for their nutritional ecology. Different digestion strategies are also emphasized. Food selection is often ...
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This chapter reviews the diversity of feeding habits among birds and the consequences for their nutritional ecology. Different digestion strategies are also emphasized. Food selection is often treated as a challenge of acquisition, but it is also a problem of utilization, processing and digestion of food. What animals eat and excrete shapes their role in ecological communities and determines their contribution to the flux of energy and materials in ecosystems. The balance between energy acquisition and expenditure is critical for survival and reproductive success. Because energy intake and expenditure integrate all aspects of an individual's life, changes in energy management are closely tied to all aspects of its life-history, including diet quality, nutritional requirements, allocation of time, and body plan.Less
This chapter reviews the diversity of feeding habits among birds and the consequences for their nutritional ecology. Different digestion strategies are also emphasized. Food selection is often treated as a challenge of acquisition, but it is also a problem of utilization, processing and digestion of food. What animals eat and excrete shapes their role in ecological communities and determines their contribution to the flux of energy and materials in ecosystems. The balance between energy acquisition and expenditure is critical for survival and reproductive success. Because energy intake and expenditure integrate all aspects of an individual's life, changes in energy management are closely tied to all aspects of its life-history, including diet quality, nutritional requirements, allocation of time, and body plan.
Steven L. Chown and Sue W. Nicolson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515494
- eISBN:
- 9780191705649
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515494.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Nutritional ecology covers the behavioural, physiological, and ecological aspects of nutrition. As in many areas of insect physiology, most information is available for caterpillars and locusts, ...
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Nutritional ecology covers the behavioural, physiological, and ecological aspects of nutrition. As in many areas of insect physiology, most information is available for caterpillars and locusts, which are continuous feeders. Locusts have been used as a model system in showing how animals eating unbalanced foods must compromise between the intakes of different nutrients. At the cellular level, advances in digestion and absorption, including the ways in which insects deal with plant secondary compounds, are reviewed. The gut is the major interface between the insect and its environment and knowledge of its physiology is important in the development of new control methods. This chapter also forms a natural choice for placement of a discussion of growth rate and development because these parameters are ultimately dependent on food quantity and quality, strongly modified by environmental temperature.Less
Nutritional ecology covers the behavioural, physiological, and ecological aspects of nutrition. As in many areas of insect physiology, most information is available for caterpillars and locusts, which are continuous feeders. Locusts have been used as a model system in showing how animals eating unbalanced foods must compromise between the intakes of different nutrients. At the cellular level, advances in digestion and absorption, including the ways in which insects deal with plant secondary compounds, are reviewed. The gut is the major interface between the insect and its environment and knowledge of its physiology is important in the development of new control methods. This chapter also forms a natural choice for placement of a discussion of growth rate and development because these parameters are ultimately dependent on food quantity and quality, strongly modified by environmental temperature.
Mark Harrison
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199577736
- eISBN:
- 9780191595196
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199577736.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter examines some of the themes arising from earlier chapters through the career of James Johnson, one of the most influential practitioners of his day. After his retirement from the Royal ...
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This chapter examines some of the themes arising from earlier chapters through the career of James Johnson, one of the most influential practitioners of his day. After his retirement from the Royal Navy, Johnson began to write not only about tropical invalids but about degeneration in Britain, particularly among the inhabitants of large commercial towns. Johnson believed that imperial commerce had brought great benefits but that civilization had its down‐side, including a host of new ailments linked to over‐stimulation of the nervous system. These tended to manifest themselves in hypochondria and digestive disorders, and Johnson made a good living by offering homely advice about managing these disorders through diet and changes to lifestyle. The great popularity of Johnson's work shows that former colonial practitioners could use their experience of digestive disorders to good effect in the medical marketplace.Less
This chapter examines some of the themes arising from earlier chapters through the career of James Johnson, one of the most influential practitioners of his day. After his retirement from the Royal Navy, Johnson began to write not only about tropical invalids but about degeneration in Britain, particularly among the inhabitants of large commercial towns. Johnson believed that imperial commerce had brought great benefits but that civilization had its down‐side, including a host of new ailments linked to over‐stimulation of the nervous system. These tended to manifest themselves in hypochondria and digestive disorders, and Johnson made a good living by offering homely advice about managing these disorders through diet and changes to lifestyle. The great popularity of Johnson's work shows that former colonial practitioners could use their experience of digestive disorders to good effect in the medical marketplace.
Shadi Bartsch
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226241845
- eISBN:
- 9780226241982
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226241982.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Persius’ Satires have long resisted interpretation. A curious amalgam of satire and philosophy, they are couched in bizarre and violent metaphorical language and unpleasant imagery. They show little ...
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Persius’ Satires have long resisted interpretation. A curious amalgam of satire and philosophy, they are couched in bizarre and violent metaphorical language and unpleasant imagery. They show little concern for the pleasure and understanding of the reader, instead attacking all humans for falling short of Stoic moral standards and depicting their values and behaviour in mocking terms. This short study investigates the function of Persius’ primary metaphors, showing how he turns to digestion, cannibalism, and pederasty to formulate his critique of men, mores, and contemporary poetry as part of the same corrupt framework. Developing elements taken from the poetic tradition and from philosophy, he opposes his own metaphors to those that give pleasure, casting the latter, and the poetry that uses them, as unable to teach or heal the audience. It is only Persius’ own poetry, a bitter and boiled-down brew, that can make us healthier, better and more Stoic, as if it were a form of poetic medicine, a healing draught with no honey on the rim. Ultimately, however, Persius encourages us to leave behind the world of metaphor altogether, even if his metaphors are salutary and not pleasing; instead, we should concentrate on the non-emotive abstract truths of Stoic philosophy and live in a world where neither poetry, nor rich food, nor sexual charm, are put to use in the service of philosophical teaching.Less
Persius’ Satires have long resisted interpretation. A curious amalgam of satire and philosophy, they are couched in bizarre and violent metaphorical language and unpleasant imagery. They show little concern for the pleasure and understanding of the reader, instead attacking all humans for falling short of Stoic moral standards and depicting their values and behaviour in mocking terms. This short study investigates the function of Persius’ primary metaphors, showing how he turns to digestion, cannibalism, and pederasty to formulate his critique of men, mores, and contemporary poetry as part of the same corrupt framework. Developing elements taken from the poetic tradition and from philosophy, he opposes his own metaphors to those that give pleasure, casting the latter, and the poetry that uses them, as unable to teach or heal the audience. It is only Persius’ own poetry, a bitter and boiled-down brew, that can make us healthier, better and more Stoic, as if it were a form of poetic medicine, a healing draught with no honey on the rim. Ultimately, however, Persius encourages us to leave behind the world of metaphor altogether, even if his metaphors are salutary and not pleasing; instead, we should concentrate on the non-emotive abstract truths of Stoic philosophy and live in a world where neither poetry, nor rich food, nor sexual charm, are put to use in the service of philosophical teaching.
Ida J. Llewellyn-Smith and Anthony J. M. Verberne (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195306637
- eISBN:
- 9780199894130
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306637.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
Central autonomic circuits in the brain and spinal cord are essential to vertebrate life. They control all basic bodily functions, including blood pressure, body temperature regulation, digestion, ...
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Central autonomic circuits in the brain and spinal cord are essential to vertebrate life. They control all basic bodily functions, including blood pressure, body temperature regulation, digestion, and reproduction. This book presents the extraordinary advances that have been made over the last twenty years in the understanding of how our central nervous system controls autonomic function. The first nine chapters describe central autonomic circuits from the cerebral cortex to the periphery. Eight additional chapters address specific bodily functions and their control by central autonomic circuits. Two additional chapters discuss cardio-respiratory integration and regulation of autonomic function by visceral and somatic afferents. All of the chapters are up-to-date and cover topics such as the central autonomic regulation of airways, gastrointestinal function, energy homeostasis, body temperature, and sexual function, reflecting the latest research.Less
Central autonomic circuits in the brain and spinal cord are essential to vertebrate life. They control all basic bodily functions, including blood pressure, body temperature regulation, digestion, and reproduction. This book presents the extraordinary advances that have been made over the last twenty years in the understanding of how our central nervous system controls autonomic function. The first nine chapters describe central autonomic circuits from the cerebral cortex to the periphery. Eight additional chapters address specific bodily functions and their control by central autonomic circuits. Two additional chapters discuss cardio-respiratory integration and regulation of autonomic function by visceral and somatic afferents. All of the chapters are up-to-date and cover topics such as the central autonomic regulation of airways, gastrointestinal function, energy homeostasis, body temperature, and sexual function, reflecting the latest research.
Raymond Joad
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199560509
- eISBN:
- 9780191701801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560509.003.0011
- Subject:
- Literature, Milton Studies, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
This chapter discusses the impact of natural philosophy on views of angels, and the ways in which angels constituted thought experiments in natural philosophy. Milton's angels are objects of ...
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This chapter discusses the impact of natural philosophy on views of angels, and the ways in which angels constituted thought experiments in natural philosophy. Milton's angels are objects of natural-philosophical knowledge. There was no divorce between mechanical and occult or spiritual philosophy; rather, it was the opponents of the Society, such as Hobbes, who doubted that spiritual beings were reliable evidence. Increasingly the ‘proof’ of the spirit world lay in descriptions and explanations of apparitions, such as those compiled by Robert Boyle, Glanvill, and More. The spirits concerned were predominantly demons because the age of miracles and angels was over. Still, there is no real division between the philosopher, theologian, and poet, because the story is ‘a complex narrative organism’ and the part and whole must be understood together.Less
This chapter discusses the impact of natural philosophy on views of angels, and the ways in which angels constituted thought experiments in natural philosophy. Milton's angels are objects of natural-philosophical knowledge. There was no divorce between mechanical and occult or spiritual philosophy; rather, it was the opponents of the Society, such as Hobbes, who doubted that spiritual beings were reliable evidence. Increasingly the ‘proof’ of the spirit world lay in descriptions and explanations of apparitions, such as those compiled by Robert Boyle, Glanvill, and More. The spirits concerned were predominantly demons because the age of miracles and angels was over. Still, there is no real division between the philosopher, theologian, and poet, because the story is ‘a complex narrative organism’ and the part and whole must be understood together.
Njeri Githire
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252038785
- eISBN:
- 9780252096747
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252038785.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
Postcolonial and diaspora studies scholars and critics have paid increasing attention to the use of metaphors of food, eating, digestion, and various affiliated actions such as loss of appetite, ...
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Postcolonial and diaspora studies scholars and critics have paid increasing attention to the use of metaphors of food, eating, digestion, and various affiliated actions such as loss of appetite, indigestion, and regurgitation. As such stylistic devices proliferated in the works of non-Western women writers, scholars connected metaphors of eating and consumption to colonial and imperial domination. This book concentrates on the gendered and sexualized dimensions of these visceral metaphors of consumption in works by women writers from Haiti, Jamaica, Mauritius, and elsewhere. Employing theoretical analysis and insightful readings of English- and French-language texts, the book explores the prominence of alimentary-related tropes and their relationship to sexual consumption, writing, global geopolitics and economic dynamics, and migration. As the book shows, the use of cannibalism in particular as a central motif opens up privileged modes for mediating historical and sociopolitical issues. Ambitiously comparative, the book ranges across the works of well-known and lesser-known writers to tie together two geographic and cultural spaces that have much in common but are seldom studied in parallel.Less
Postcolonial and diaspora studies scholars and critics have paid increasing attention to the use of metaphors of food, eating, digestion, and various affiliated actions such as loss of appetite, indigestion, and regurgitation. As such stylistic devices proliferated in the works of non-Western women writers, scholars connected metaphors of eating and consumption to colonial and imperial domination. This book concentrates on the gendered and sexualized dimensions of these visceral metaphors of consumption in works by women writers from Haiti, Jamaica, Mauritius, and elsewhere. Employing theoretical analysis and insightful readings of English- and French-language texts, the book explores the prominence of alimentary-related tropes and their relationship to sexual consumption, writing, global geopolitics and economic dynamics, and migration. As the book shows, the use of cannibalism in particular as a central motif opens up privileged modes for mediating historical and sociopolitical issues. Ambitiously comparative, the book ranges across the works of well-known and lesser-known writers to tie together two geographic and cultural spaces that have much in common but are seldom studied in parallel.
E. Melanie DuPuis
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520275478
- eISBN:
- 9780520962132
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520275478.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
Throughout American history, ingestion (eating) has functioned as a metaphor for interpreting and imagining this society and its political systems. Discussions of American freedom itself are pervaded ...
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Throughout American history, ingestion (eating) has functioned as a metaphor for interpreting and imagining this society and its political systems. Discussions of American freedom itself are pervaded with ingestive metaphors of choice (what to put in) and control (what to keep out). From the country's founders to the abolitionists to the social activists of today, those seeking to form and reform American society have cast their social-change goals in ingestive terms of choice and control. But they have realized their metaphors in concrete terms as well, purveying specific advice to the public about what to eat or not. These conversations about “social change as eating” reflect American ideals of freedom, purity, and virtue. Drawing on social and political history as well as the history of science and popular culture, this book examines how American ideas about dietary reform mirror broader thinking about social reform. Inspired by new scientific studies of the human body as a metabiome—a collaboration of species rather than an isolated, intact, protected, and bounded individual—the author invokes a new metaphor—digestion—to reimagine the American body politic, opening social transformations to ideas of mixing, fermentation, and collaboration. In doing so, the author explores how social activists can rethink politics as inclusive processes that involve the inherently risky mixing of cultures, standpoints, and ideas.Less
Throughout American history, ingestion (eating) has functioned as a metaphor for interpreting and imagining this society and its political systems. Discussions of American freedom itself are pervaded with ingestive metaphors of choice (what to put in) and control (what to keep out). From the country's founders to the abolitionists to the social activists of today, those seeking to form and reform American society have cast their social-change goals in ingestive terms of choice and control. But they have realized their metaphors in concrete terms as well, purveying specific advice to the public about what to eat or not. These conversations about “social change as eating” reflect American ideals of freedom, purity, and virtue. Drawing on social and political history as well as the history of science and popular culture, this book examines how American ideas about dietary reform mirror broader thinking about social reform. Inspired by new scientific studies of the human body as a metabiome—a collaboration of species rather than an isolated, intact, protected, and bounded individual—the author invokes a new metaphor—digestion—to reimagine the American body politic, opening social transformations to ideas of mixing, fermentation, and collaboration. In doing so, the author explores how social activists can rethink politics as inclusive processes that involve the inherently risky mixing of cultures, standpoints, and ideas.
C. Suzane Ware and Elaine Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520240827
- eISBN:
- 9780520930858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520240827.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter discusses the paleopathology and taphonomic modifications evident in several specimens recovered from the Porcupine Cave deposits. It also provides background information about bone ...
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This chapter discusses the paleopathology and taphonomic modifications evident in several specimens recovered from the Porcupine Cave deposits. It also provides background information about bone accumulation in a cave setting. More than a hundred specimens from Porcupine Cave show signs of disease and trauma, and many more have been gnawed by rodents. In this chapter, the following categories of bone modification are discussed: carnivore digestion; raptor digestion; disease, injury, or trauma; and rodent gnawing.Less
This chapter discusses the paleopathology and taphonomic modifications evident in several specimens recovered from the Porcupine Cave deposits. It also provides background information about bone accumulation in a cave setting. More than a hundred specimens from Porcupine Cave show signs of disease and trauma, and many more have been gnawed by rodents. In this chapter, the following categories of bone modification are discussed: carnivore digestion; raptor digestion; disease, injury, or trauma; and rodent gnawing.
Carl Gans
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195068207
- eISBN:
- 9780199847198
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195068207.003.0002
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
The Random House Dictionary defines the word “neck” as “the part of the body of an animal or man that connects the head and the trunk.” Therefore, in classical terms, the neck would only be expected ...
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The Random House Dictionary defines the word “neck” as “the part of the body of an animal or man that connects the head and the trunk.” Therefore, in classical terms, the neck would only be expected to happen in animals that have heads different from their trunks. Heads are expected to serve the organism in roles such as ingestion, mating, sensation, and defense. Trunks are expected to have roles in visceral function such as reproduction, digestion, circulation, and respiration. Other significant roles of trunks are transport, maintenance of posture, as well as attachment.Less
The Random House Dictionary defines the word “neck” as “the part of the body of an animal or man that connects the head and the trunk.” Therefore, in classical terms, the neck would only be expected to happen in animals that have heads different from their trunks. Heads are expected to serve the organism in roles such as ingestion, mating, sensation, and defense. Trunks are expected to have roles in visceral function such as reproduction, digestion, circulation, and respiration. Other significant roles of trunks are transport, maintenance of posture, as well as attachment.
Ian Miller
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526127051
- eISBN:
- 9781526138682
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526127051.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This essay investigates the emergence and evolution of philosophical and scientific inquiries into the nature of human digestion in the long eighteenth century. It suggests that shifting perspectives ...
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This essay investigates the emergence and evolution of philosophical and scientific inquiries into the nature of human digestion in the long eighteenth century. It suggests that shifting perspectives on digestion encouraged deep anxieties to form around the gut. Ultimately, these concerns underpinned a new set of therapeutic regimes designed to safeguard both dietary and bodily health.Less
This essay investigates the emergence and evolution of philosophical and scientific inquiries into the nature of human digestion in the long eighteenth century. It suggests that shifting perspectives on digestion encouraged deep anxieties to form around the gut. Ultimately, these concerns underpinned a new set of therapeutic regimes designed to safeguard both dietary and bodily health.
Judith S. Weis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450501
- eISBN:
- 9780801466045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450501.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter looks at basic crab anatomy. It examines the biological aspects common to many crabs, such as their digestive processes, respiration, metabolic rates, biological rhythms, excretion, ...
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This chapter looks at basic crab anatomy. It examines the biological aspects common to many crabs, such as their digestive processes, respiration, metabolic rates, biological rhythms, excretion, osmoregulation, their five senses, their nervous system, and even their pigmentation. A crab’s major anatomical features are the boundary between the head and thorax, as well as the segments of the thorax and the attachment of the legs to the thorax. Furthermore, the chapter notes that while many aspects of crab anatomy and physiology are similar to those of other animals, some may come as a surprise, such as their blue blood, the taste buds on their toes, or even the kidneys in their head.Less
This chapter looks at basic crab anatomy. It examines the biological aspects common to many crabs, such as their digestive processes, respiration, metabolic rates, biological rhythms, excretion, osmoregulation, their five senses, their nervous system, and even their pigmentation. A crab’s major anatomical features are the boundary between the head and thorax, as well as the segments of the thorax and the attachment of the legs to the thorax. Furthermore, the chapter notes that while many aspects of crab anatomy and physiology are similar to those of other animals, some may come as a surprise, such as their blue blood, the taste buds on their toes, or even the kidneys in their head.
Dale F. Lott
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233386
- eISBN:
- 9780520930742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233386.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
A grassland's plants combine the energy from the sun with water and nutrients from the soil to grow and reproduce. These plants produce the stuff of life and growth for grass eaters. There are ...
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A grassland's plants combine the energy from the sun with water and nutrients from the soil to grow and reproduce. These plants produce the stuff of life and growth for grass eaters. There are carbohydrates for energy and protein for growth and repairing body parts. Digesting anything is a strictly chemical matter of subjecting it to an enzyme that breaks certain molecular bonds. Bison don't secrete an enzyme that digests cellulose either, but they enlist colonies of bacteria. The front part of their stomach is segmented off by a fold (the rumen) in which newly swallowed food is kept for a while. It serves as a place where some very helpful bacteria put their enzymes to work digesting the cellulose. The ruminants have enlisted a powerful ally in their arms race with grass.Less
A grassland's plants combine the energy from the sun with water and nutrients from the soil to grow and reproduce. These plants produce the stuff of life and growth for grass eaters. There are carbohydrates for energy and protein for growth and repairing body parts. Digesting anything is a strictly chemical matter of subjecting it to an enzyme that breaks certain molecular bonds. Bison don't secrete an enzyme that digests cellulose either, but they enlist colonies of bacteria. The front part of their stomach is segmented off by a fold (the rumen) in which newly swallowed food is kept for a while. It serves as a place where some very helpful bacteria put their enzymes to work digesting the cellulose. The ruminants have enlisted a powerful ally in their arms race with grass.
E. Melanie DuPuis
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520275478
- eISBN:
- 9780520962132
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520275478.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter explains how new ideas of the body can help in showing the possibilities of social change beyond the system of purity and order. Particularly, fermentive imaginaries represent a set of ...
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This chapter explains how new ideas of the body can help in showing the possibilities of social change beyond the system of purity and order. Particularly, fermentive imaginaries represent a set of alternatives that is occasionally resistant to both exalted and degenerated ways of life. It is necessary to move beyond ideas of ingestion and control to more complex and process-based ideas of digestion and fermentation. This kind of politics requires a different relationship to both the bodies and to political society. The idea of the body being made up of microbial ferments materializes new ideas about social justice and ways of knowing that perceives difference as potential, and breaking down borders as the best form of protection.Less
This chapter explains how new ideas of the body can help in showing the possibilities of social change beyond the system of purity and order. Particularly, fermentive imaginaries represent a set of alternatives that is occasionally resistant to both exalted and degenerated ways of life. It is necessary to move beyond ideas of ingestion and control to more complex and process-based ideas of digestion and fermentation. This kind of politics requires a different relationship to both the bodies and to political society. The idea of the body being made up of microbial ferments materializes new ideas about social justice and ways of knowing that perceives difference as potential, and breaking down borders as the best form of protection.
Jill Lancaster and Barbara J. Downes
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199573219
- eISBN:
- 9780191774850
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573219.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter begins with a general description of the structure and functions of the main parts of the insect alimentary system, and how they differ among taxa according to their diet. The alimentary ...
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This chapter begins with a general description of the structure and functions of the main parts of the insect alimentary system, and how they differ among taxa according to their diet. The alimentary system of most aquatic grazers and shredders is more similar to the relatively simple gut found in generalist terrestrial insects (e.g., cockroaches), than to the gut of terrestrial insects that consume solid plant tissues (e.g., lepidopteran larvae). This is related to the structural and nutritional differences between freshwater algae and terrestrial plants, and to the added nutrition from the microfauna and flora that is often with detritus in aquatic systems. Larvae and adults of the same species often have different diets and their guts differ morphologically and functionally. These differences are often extreme where adults are short-lived and do not feed, e.g. mayflies. Whether the guts served any function in non-feeding adults is unclear. Not all the food consumed by an insect is digested or absorbed and the undigested material is excreted, along with wastes of various metabolic processes. The final section considers the digestive processes and how these differ with the nutritional quality of food, the roles of microorganism in digestion, and the impacts of secondary plant compounds.Less
This chapter begins with a general description of the structure and functions of the main parts of the insect alimentary system, and how they differ among taxa according to their diet. The alimentary system of most aquatic grazers and shredders is more similar to the relatively simple gut found in generalist terrestrial insects (e.g., cockroaches), than to the gut of terrestrial insects that consume solid plant tissues (e.g., lepidopteran larvae). This is related to the structural and nutritional differences between freshwater algae and terrestrial plants, and to the added nutrition from the microfauna and flora that is often with detritus in aquatic systems. Larvae and adults of the same species often have different diets and their guts differ morphologically and functionally. These differences are often extreme where adults are short-lived and do not feed, e.g. mayflies. Whether the guts served any function in non-feeding adults is unclear. Not all the food consumed by an insect is digested or absorbed and the undigested material is excreted, along with wastes of various metabolic processes. The final section considers the digestive processes and how these differ with the nutritional quality of food, the roles of microorganism in digestion, and the impacts of secondary plant compounds.
A. Peter Klimley
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226442495
- eISBN:
- 9780226923086
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226923086.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
This chapter discusses what cartilaginous fishes eat, their frequency of feeding, their rates of digestion and growth, and to what age they live. The composition of the diet of the cartilaginous ...
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This chapter discusses what cartilaginous fishes eat, their frequency of feeding, their rates of digestion and growth, and to what age they live. The composition of the diet of the cartilaginous fishes often changes as they grow larger and migrate from one geographical region to another. The diet can also differ among males and females because in many cartilaginous fishes, the sexes segregate from each other and occupy separate feeding grounds. The cartilaginous fishes are unique in their possession of spiral and scrolled intestines, which confers both advantages and disadvantages. Their compactness affords more space in the peritoneum to accommodate a larger liver and uterus. Yet the economy in mucosal surface results in a slower digestion rate and prolongs the interval between foraging bouts.Less
This chapter discusses what cartilaginous fishes eat, their frequency of feeding, their rates of digestion and growth, and to what age they live. The composition of the diet of the cartilaginous fishes often changes as they grow larger and migrate from one geographical region to another. The diet can also differ among males and females because in many cartilaginous fishes, the sexes segregate from each other and occupy separate feeding grounds. The cartilaginous fishes are unique in their possession of spiral and scrolled intestines, which confers both advantages and disadvantages. Their compactness affords more space in the peritoneum to accommodate a larger liver and uterus. Yet the economy in mucosal surface results in a slower digestion rate and prolongs the interval between foraging bouts.
Rebecca Anne Barr, Sylvie Kleiman-Lafon, and Sophie Vasset
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526127051
- eISBN:
- 9781526138682
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526127051.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter discusses the ideas and themes underpinning the volume, contextualizing the importance of the gastric area in literary and medical culture, and more widely in the cultural imaginary of ...
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This chapter discusses the ideas and themes underpinning the volume, contextualizing the importance of the gastric area in literary and medical culture, and more widely in the cultural imaginary of the eighteenth-century. It discusses the various ways in which stomach disorders, digestive motions, and belly-centred conceptions of the self and society complicate notions of the Enlightenment. Using examples from artisanal diaries, from scientific experiments, and from eighteenth-century novels, the chapter contextualizes and introduces the main themes of the volume: from revolutionary art’s visualizations of the viscera, to carnivalesque scatologies, to medical conceptions of the function of the stomach, and the city as bodily organism.Less
This chapter discusses the ideas and themes underpinning the volume, contextualizing the importance of the gastric area in literary and medical culture, and more widely in the cultural imaginary of the eighteenth-century. It discusses the various ways in which stomach disorders, digestive motions, and belly-centred conceptions of the self and society complicate notions of the Enlightenment. Using examples from artisanal diaries, from scientific experiments, and from eighteenth-century novels, the chapter contextualizes and introduces the main themes of the volume: from revolutionary art’s visualizations of the viscera, to carnivalesque scatologies, to medical conceptions of the function of the stomach, and the city as bodily organism.
Sabine Barles and André Guillerme
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526127051
- eISBN:
- 9781526138682
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526127051.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter focuses on the treatment of waste and sewage in eighteenth-century Paris and on the numerous small manufactures that flourished around the cesspits of the French capital and produced ...
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This chapter focuses on the treatment of waste and sewage in eighteenth-century Paris and on the numerous small manufactures that flourished around the cesspits of the French capital and produced saltpeter for the conservation of dried meat, gut for musical instruments or for Spain’s chorizo factories, lime from the hides coming from the butcher’s shops… It also focuses on life underground, in the cellars, and on the extreme urban mortality due to the pervasive insalubrity generated by the digestive process at work in the city.Less
This chapter focuses on the treatment of waste and sewage in eighteenth-century Paris and on the numerous small manufactures that flourished around the cesspits of the French capital and produced saltpeter for the conservation of dried meat, gut for musical instruments or for Spain’s chorizo factories, lime from the hides coming from the butcher’s shops… It also focuses on life underground, in the cellars, and on the extreme urban mortality due to the pervasive insalubrity generated by the digestive process at work in the city.
Stefan Ecks
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814724767
- eISBN:
- 9780814760307
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814724767.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter analyzes Ayurvedic practices in Calcutta and shows how, in traditional Indian medicine, food is medicine and medicine is food. Ayurvedic knowledge used to be passed down from one ...
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This chapter analyzes Ayurvedic practices in Calcutta and shows how, in traditional Indian medicine, food is medicine and medicine is food. Ayurvedic knowledge used to be passed down from one generation to the next, though nowadays Ayurvedic remedies are mass-marketed—via schools, etc.—and this is reflective of a continuing shift toward capitalist commodification through pharmaceuticalization. To diagnose illness, classic Ayurveda draws evidence from different sources: direct perception of the patient with all bodily senses (sight, touch, smell, hearing, taste), logical inference, analogical reasoning, and recourse to authoritative texts. Ayurveda has undergone many transformations over the years, but the centrality of food and digestion remains a constant. Questions about digestion are a routine part of the diagnostic process, and recommendations about diet and the maintenance of daily routines are part of the therapy.Less
This chapter analyzes Ayurvedic practices in Calcutta and shows how, in traditional Indian medicine, food is medicine and medicine is food. Ayurvedic knowledge used to be passed down from one generation to the next, though nowadays Ayurvedic remedies are mass-marketed—via schools, etc.—and this is reflective of a continuing shift toward capitalist commodification through pharmaceuticalization. To diagnose illness, classic Ayurveda draws evidence from different sources: direct perception of the patient with all bodily senses (sight, touch, smell, hearing, taste), logical inference, analogical reasoning, and recourse to authoritative texts. Ayurveda has undergone many transformations over the years, but the centrality of food and digestion remains a constant. Questions about digestion are a routine part of the diagnostic process, and recommendations about diet and the maintenance of daily routines are part of the therapy.
Stefan Ecks
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814724767
- eISBN:
- 9780814760307
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814724767.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter shows how Calcutta psychiatrists position themselves vis-á-vis popular “superstitions” about psychopharmaceuticals, general physicians, practitioners of nonbiomedical treatments, and the ...
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This chapter shows how Calcutta psychiatrists position themselves vis-á-vis popular “superstitions” about psychopharmaceuticals, general physicians, practitioners of nonbiomedical treatments, and the pharmaceutical industry. Psychiatrists have shared the notion that Bengalis are too focused on their digestion, with the general opinion being that Bengalis take this concern to the extreme. For the doctors—almost all of whom are Bengalis themselves—“bowel obsession” is a cluster of ideas and practices that are centered on the fixed notion that if the belly is healthy, the whole body will be healthy, too. In that vein, the chapter reveals how psychiatrists try to manage “doctor-shopping” and overcome nonadherence to treatments, and focuses on how neurochemical imbalances are likened to humoral imbalances.Less
This chapter shows how Calcutta psychiatrists position themselves vis-á-vis popular “superstitions” about psychopharmaceuticals, general physicians, practitioners of nonbiomedical treatments, and the pharmaceutical industry. Psychiatrists have shared the notion that Bengalis are too focused on their digestion, with the general opinion being that Bengalis take this concern to the extreme. For the doctors—almost all of whom are Bengalis themselves—“bowel obsession” is a cluster of ideas and practices that are centered on the fixed notion that if the belly is healthy, the whole body will be healthy, too. In that vein, the chapter reveals how psychiatrists try to manage “doctor-shopping” and overcome nonadherence to treatments, and focuses on how neurochemical imbalances are likened to humoral imbalances.
