Laura Evans
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742745
- eISBN:
- 9780199895052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742745.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter considers the particular types of expertise that tribes have built as a result. Specifically, the chapter details how knowledge changes organizations and how it alters political ...
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This chapter considers the particular types of expertise that tribes have built as a result. Specifically, the chapter details how knowledge changes organizations and how it alters political strategies. When tribes develop specialized knowledge about problems, problem-solving routines, and environments, they are better positioned to envision and implement new strategies on their own. This chapter examines four critical expertise-centered behaviors. Two expertise-centered behaviors are manifestations of analytic capacity: diagnosing and anticipating. Two others are manifestations of capacity for action: initiating and partnering. Greater expertise increases all four behaviors. This chapter is of particular interest to scholars of public management and administration.Less
This chapter considers the particular types of expertise that tribes have built as a result. Specifically, the chapter details how knowledge changes organizations and how it alters political strategies. When tribes develop specialized knowledge about problems, problem-solving routines, and environments, they are better positioned to envision and implement new strategies on their own. This chapter examines four critical expertise-centered behaviors. Two expertise-centered behaviors are manifestations of analytic capacity: diagnosing and anticipating. Two others are manifestations of capacity for action: initiating and partnering. Greater expertise increases all four behaviors. This chapter is of particular interest to scholars of public management and administration.
Mo Yee Lee, John Sebold, and Adriana Uken
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195146776
- eISBN:
- 9780199864805
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195146776.003.0009
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
This chapter discusses common but challenging situations that have been encountered in providing group treatment for domestic violence offenders. It focuses on the special characteristics of the ...
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This chapter discusses common but challenging situations that have been encountered in providing group treatment for domestic violence offenders. It focuses on the special characteristics of the domestic violence group and how to deal with difficult situations that might arise. It addresses the issue of the non-voluntary client and how to use non-confrontational questions to help clients focus on what they want. The issue of aggressive clients is discussed and the difficult challenge of substance abusers and group members who have DSM:IV diagnoses. The chapter also addresses issues working with clients from diverse ethno-racial backgrounds, and discusses how language and literacy barriers could be overcome. Finally, it offers tangible solutions to working with difficult clients.Less
This chapter discusses common but challenging situations that have been encountered in providing group treatment for domestic violence offenders. It focuses on the special characteristics of the domestic violence group and how to deal with difficult situations that might arise. It addresses the issue of the non-voluntary client and how to use non-confrontational questions to help clients focus on what they want. The issue of aggressive clients is discussed and the difficult challenge of substance abusers and group members who have DSM:IV diagnoses. The chapter also addresses issues working with clients from diverse ethno-racial backgrounds, and discusses how language and literacy barriers could be overcome. Finally, it offers tangible solutions to working with difficult clients.
Carolyn M. King and Roger A. Powell
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195322712
- eISBN:
- 9780199894239
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322712.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Weasels are the most common and the least known of the world's carnivores. They are both valued as native predators of great beauty and traditional value in their own environments in the northern ...
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Weasels are the most common and the least known of the world's carnivores. They are both valued as native predators of great beauty and traditional value in their own environments in the northern hemisphere, and persecuted as pests on game estates and in New Zealand. This chapter introduces the three species of northern weasels, both as characters in literature and folklore, and in taxonomic context as members of the Family Mustelidae. Potential confusion over names is explained upfront (Americans use the word “weasel” to include all three species found there, whereas in Britain and Europe that name is reserved for only one of their two species). The evolutionary origins of weasels and their post-glacial recolonization of the northern lands are described, and the distinguishing characters and distributions of the three species are summarised and illustrated.Less
Weasels are the most common and the least known of the world's carnivores. They are both valued as native predators of great beauty and traditional value in their own environments in the northern hemisphere, and persecuted as pests on game estates and in New Zealand. This chapter introduces the three species of northern weasels, both as characters in literature and folklore, and in taxonomic context as members of the Family Mustelidae. Potential confusion over names is explained upfront (Americans use the word “weasel” to include all three species found there, whereas in Britain and Europe that name is reserved for only one of their two species). The evolutionary origins of weasels and their post-glacial recolonization of the northern lands are described, and the distinguishing characters and distributions of the three species are summarised and illustrated.
Tanya Stivers
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195311150
- eISBN:
- 9780199870837
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195311150.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Until the diagnosis phase, covert forms of parent pressure typically work to encourage the physician in a particular diagnostic direction on the basis of parents' own inferences about where the ...
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Until the diagnosis phase, covert forms of parent pressure typically work to encourage the physician in a particular diagnostic direction on the basis of parents' own inferences about where the physician is heading. A diagnosis of a child's condition transforms the interactional context because negotiations of what the diagnostic or treatment outcome will be must now contend with a diagnostic “result” and its implications. This chapter examines parent resources for dealing with a no-problem diagnosis and its corresponding no-treatment outcome. In particular, it looks at parent resistance to the physician's diagnosis as a form of pressure. Diagnosis resistance is not terribly frequent; but it is nonetheless another consequential interactional resource in the negotiation of diagnostic and treatment outcomes. The chapter discusses what constitutes resistance and how it works.Less
Until the diagnosis phase, covert forms of parent pressure typically work to encourage the physician in a particular diagnostic direction on the basis of parents' own inferences about where the physician is heading. A diagnosis of a child's condition transforms the interactional context because negotiations of what the diagnostic or treatment outcome will be must now contend with a diagnostic “result” and its implications. This chapter examines parent resources for dealing with a no-problem diagnosis and its corresponding no-treatment outcome. In particular, it looks at parent resistance to the physician's diagnosis as a form of pressure. Diagnosis resistance is not terribly frequent; but it is nonetheless another consequential interactional resource in the negotiation of diagnostic and treatment outcomes. The chapter discusses what constitutes resistance and how it works.
Shelly B. Flagel, Daniel S. Pine, Susanne E. Ahmari, Michael B. First, Karl J. Friston, Christoph Mathys, A. David Redish, Katharina Schmack, Jordan W. Smoller, and Anita Thapar
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035422
- eISBN:
- 9780262337854
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035422.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter proposes a new framework for diagnostic nosology based on Bayesian principles. This novel integrative framework builds upon and improves the current diagnostic system in psychiatry. ...
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This chapter proposes a new framework for diagnostic nosology based on Bayesian principles. This novel integrative framework builds upon and improves the current diagnostic system in psychiatry. Instead of starting from the assumption that a diagnosis describes a specific unitary dysfunction that causes a set of symptoms, it is assumed that the underlying disease causes the clinician to make a diagnosis. Thus, unlike the current diagnostic system, this framework treats both symptoms and diagnostic classification as consequences of the underlying pathophysiology. Comorbidities are therefore easily incorporated into the framework and inform, rather than hinder, the diagnostic process. Further, the proposed framework provides a bridge that links putative constructs related to pathophysiology and clinical diagnoses related to signs and symptoms. Crucially, this novel framework explicitly provides an iterative approach, updating and selecting the best model, based on the highest-quality available evidence at any point. It can account for and incorporate the longitudinal course of an illness. This chapter details its theoretical basis and provides clinical examples to illustrate its utility and application. It is hoped that the framework will enhance our understanding of individual differences in brain function and behavior and ultimately improve treatment outcomes in psychiatry.Less
This chapter proposes a new framework for diagnostic nosology based on Bayesian principles. This novel integrative framework builds upon and improves the current diagnostic system in psychiatry. Instead of starting from the assumption that a diagnosis describes a specific unitary dysfunction that causes a set of symptoms, it is assumed that the underlying disease causes the clinician to make a diagnosis. Thus, unlike the current diagnostic system, this framework treats both symptoms and diagnostic classification as consequences of the underlying pathophysiology. Comorbidities are therefore easily incorporated into the framework and inform, rather than hinder, the diagnostic process. Further, the proposed framework provides a bridge that links putative constructs related to pathophysiology and clinical diagnoses related to signs and symptoms. Crucially, this novel framework explicitly provides an iterative approach, updating and selecting the best model, based on the highest-quality available evidence at any point. It can account for and incorporate the longitudinal course of an illness. This chapter details its theoretical basis and provides clinical examples to illustrate its utility and application. It is hoped that the framework will enhance our understanding of individual differences in brain function and behavior and ultimately improve treatment outcomes in psychiatry.
Gilbert S. Omenn
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195128307
- eISBN:
- 9780199864485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195128307.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter traces the historical paths that have led to the emergence of public health genetics. The importance of anticipating and addressing the social, ethical, and legal ramifications of ...
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This chapter traces the historical paths that have led to the emergence of public health genetics. The importance of anticipating and addressing the social, ethical, and legal ramifications of scientific advances and of medical and public health applications of genetics is also discussed. The chapter argues for the need to be sensitive to the legacy of the eugenics movement of several decades ago, and to recognize the problems associated with making medical diagnoses (including prenatal diagnoses) when no treatment or preventive intervention is known.Less
This chapter traces the historical paths that have led to the emergence of public health genetics. The importance of anticipating and addressing the social, ethical, and legal ramifications of scientific advances and of medical and public health applications of genetics is also discussed. The chapter argues for the need to be sensitive to the legacy of the eugenics movement of several decades ago, and to recognize the problems associated with making medical diagnoses (including prenatal diagnoses) when no treatment or preventive intervention is known.
SUSAN E. HANKINSON and KIM N. DANFORTH
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149616
- eISBN:
- 9780199865062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0052
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women in the United States, accounting for 4% of cancer diagnoses, or about 25,400 new cases each year. It is also the fifth-leading cause of ...
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Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women in the United States, accounting for 4% of cancer diagnoses, or about 25,400 new cases each year. It is also the fifth-leading cause of cancer-related mortality. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of breast cancer. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.Less
Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women in the United States, accounting for 4% of cancer diagnoses, or about 25,400 new cases each year. It is also the fifth-leading cause of cancer-related mortality. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of breast cancer. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.
Greg Fisher, John E. Wisneski, and Rene M. Bakker
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190081478
- eISBN:
- 9780197521847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190081478.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter lays out the context for the book. It highlights how the context in which businesses operate has changed over time and why strategy is so important for organizations in today’s ...
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This chapter lays out the context for the book. It highlights how the context in which businesses operate has changed over time and why strategy is so important for organizations in today’s environment. Building off that it describes what we offer in this book. Part I of the book provides insight into fundamental strategy concepts and ideas, including a definition of strategy and an overarching approach to strategy. Part II of the book outlines a series of tools that could and should form part of a manager’s strategy toolbox; each tool is described detail including an overview of the tool, the steps to practically apply the tool and a case illustration of each tool.Less
This chapter lays out the context for the book. It highlights how the context in which businesses operate has changed over time and why strategy is so important for organizations in today’s environment. Building off that it describes what we offer in this book. Part I of the book provides insight into fundamental strategy concepts and ideas, including a definition of strategy and an overarching approach to strategy. Part II of the book outlines a series of tools that could and should form part of a manager’s strategy toolbox; each tool is described detail including an overview of the tool, the steps to practically apply the tool and a case illustration of each tool.
Greg Fisher, John E. Wisneski, and Rene M. Bakker
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190081478
- eISBN:
- 9780197521847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190081478.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter defines strategy as a diagnosis that defines or explains a business challenge or opportunity, a decision or set of decisions for dealing with the challenge or opportunity, and a coherent ...
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This chapter defines strategy as a diagnosis that defines or explains a business challenge or opportunity, a decision or set of decisions for dealing with the challenge or opportunity, and a coherent set of actions to deliver on the decisions so as to create sustainable advantage and superior returns over rivals. In this chapter we also distinguish between three key levels of strategy: (1) corporate-level strategy, which is concerned with the selection of business areas in which the company should compete and with the development and coordination of that portfolio of businesses; (2) business-level strategy, which is about developing and sustaining a competitive advantage for a business delivering an identifiable set of products and/or services; (3) managerial-level strategic decision-making, which is concerned with identifying and dealing with a diverse range of immediate strategic challenges and opportunities confronting a business.Less
This chapter defines strategy as a diagnosis that defines or explains a business challenge or opportunity, a decision or set of decisions for dealing with the challenge or opportunity, and a coherent set of actions to deliver on the decisions so as to create sustainable advantage and superior returns over rivals. In this chapter we also distinguish between three key levels of strategy: (1) corporate-level strategy, which is concerned with the selection of business areas in which the company should compete and with the development and coordination of that portfolio of businesses; (2) business-level strategy, which is about developing and sustaining a competitive advantage for a business delivering an identifiable set of products and/or services; (3) managerial-level strategic decision-making, which is concerned with identifying and dealing with a diverse range of immediate strategic challenges and opportunities confronting a business.
Greg Fisher, John E. Wisneski, and Rene M. Bakker
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190081478
- eISBN:
- 9780197521847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190081478.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
Effective strategists are expected to develop, refine, and use a conceptual toolbox made up of various different tools (concepts, frameworks, and theories) that enable them to make sense of and act ...
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Effective strategists are expected to develop, refine, and use a conceptual toolbox made up of various different tools (concepts, frameworks, and theories) that enable them to make sense of and act on challenging situations and complex opportunities. This chapter briefly describes this toolbox analogy and why it is important for any manager to have such a toolbox. It also provides a heat map of all tools discussed in this book and maps them by their most prevalent use across the strategic management processes of diagnosing, deciding, and delivering. This heatmap highlights that some tools are used across multiple strategic management processes while others may be applicable to only one part of the process.Less
Effective strategists are expected to develop, refine, and use a conceptual toolbox made up of various different tools (concepts, frameworks, and theories) that enable them to make sense of and act on challenging situations and complex opportunities. This chapter briefly describes this toolbox analogy and why it is important for any manager to have such a toolbox. It also provides a heat map of all tools discussed in this book and maps them by their most prevalent use across the strategic management processes of diagnosing, deciding, and delivering. This heatmap highlights that some tools are used across multiple strategic management processes while others may be applicable to only one part of the process.
Catharine Coleborne
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719087240
- eISBN:
- 9781526104250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719087240.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter analyses the many social identity categories produced through official records of the insane in the colonies, using the database of almost 4,000 patients sampled from the two ...
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This chapter analyses the many social identity categories produced through official records of the insane in the colonies, using the database of almost 4,000 patients sampled from the two institutional colonial sites for every third year between 1873 and 1910. The social characteristics of this sample population are outlined here to provide a foundation for later chapters, and to throw light on the book’s theme of social identity. The data presented in this chapter simplifies the vast amount of detail gathered, showing how asking different questions can complicate its interpretation and thus our analysis. This chapter examines the mobile peoples of the colonial worlds they passed through by surveying the different ways these people were reflected upon, counted, described, understood and made into categories inside institutions, how their very identities were the result of a winnowing process of detailed case-making inside institutions in the period, and were then framed inside narratives of insanity.Less
This chapter analyses the many social identity categories produced through official records of the insane in the colonies, using the database of almost 4,000 patients sampled from the two institutional colonial sites for every third year between 1873 and 1910. The social characteristics of this sample population are outlined here to provide a foundation for later chapters, and to throw light on the book’s theme of social identity. The data presented in this chapter simplifies the vast amount of detail gathered, showing how asking different questions can complicate its interpretation and thus our analysis. This chapter examines the mobile peoples of the colonial worlds they passed through by surveying the different ways these people were reflected upon, counted, described, understood and made into categories inside institutions, how their very identities were the result of a winnowing process of detailed case-making inside institutions in the period, and were then framed inside narratives of insanity.
Arnaud Chevallier
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190463908
- eISBN:
- 9780190627447
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190463908.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Strategic Thinking in Complex Problem Solving provides a framework and practical tools to help the reader solve problems. In our personal and professional lives, we are required to solve problems ...
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Strategic Thinking in Complex Problem Solving provides a framework and practical tools to help the reader solve problems. In our personal and professional lives, we are required to solve problems that are not clearly defined and have moving and interdependent parts. Successful resolution requires us to be T-shaped, having both depth and breadth of knowledge and skills. This book focuses on the latter part, the knowledge and skills that can be beneficial in solving any complex problem. Integrating findings from many disciplines as well as conclusions from practitioners, this book provides concrete guidelines. It breaks the resolution process down into four steps—framing the problem (identifying what needs to be done), diagnosing it (identifying why there is a problem or why it has not been solved yet), identifying and selecting potential solutions (identifying how to solve the problem), and implementing and monitoring the solution (resolving the problem, the do). For each of these four steps—what, why, how, do—the book explains techniques that can promote success and demonstrates how to apply them on a case study and in additional examples. The case study—that of a lost dog that may have been kidnapped—guides the reader through the resolution process, illustrates how the concepts apply, and creates a concrete image to facilitate the recollection. Relying on theoretical and empirical evidence but using simple, accessible language, it enables the reader to learn not just about problem solving but how to actually solve complex problems.Less
Strategic Thinking in Complex Problem Solving provides a framework and practical tools to help the reader solve problems. In our personal and professional lives, we are required to solve problems that are not clearly defined and have moving and interdependent parts. Successful resolution requires us to be T-shaped, having both depth and breadth of knowledge and skills. This book focuses on the latter part, the knowledge and skills that can be beneficial in solving any complex problem. Integrating findings from many disciplines as well as conclusions from practitioners, this book provides concrete guidelines. It breaks the resolution process down into four steps—framing the problem (identifying what needs to be done), diagnosing it (identifying why there is a problem or why it has not been solved yet), identifying and selecting potential solutions (identifying how to solve the problem), and implementing and monitoring the solution (resolving the problem, the do). For each of these four steps—what, why, how, do—the book explains techniques that can promote success and demonstrates how to apply them on a case study and in additional examples. The case study—that of a lost dog that may have been kidnapped—guides the reader through the resolution process, illustrates how the concepts apply, and creates a concrete image to facilitate the recollection. Relying on theoretical and empirical evidence but using simple, accessible language, it enables the reader to learn not just about problem solving but how to actually solve complex problems.
John Ellershaw
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198528067
- eISBN:
- 9780191730351
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528067.003.0012
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
Women with incurable gynaecological cancer are faced with a complex journey. They may undergo both curative and palliative treatments. They are often subjected to a sense of uncertainty. At one time, ...
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Women with incurable gynaecological cancer are faced with a complex journey. They may undergo both curative and palliative treatments. They are often subjected to a sense of uncertainty. At one time, they may feel better, at other times they may feel very ill. Psychologically, they may have to face the fact of a foreshortened life that may be compounded by the loss of relationships which they had expected to nurture for several years. This chapter focuses on the terminal phase of care. Although best efforts are extended, patients with an incurable disease will face the dying phase and death sooner or later. This chapter examines the developments in the care of the patients and their grieving families. Discussed are the methods of diagnosing the dying; the signs and symptoms of dying; anticipatory planning, including the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual care of the patient and their families; and bereavement care of the families.Less
Women with incurable gynaecological cancer are faced with a complex journey. They may undergo both curative and palliative treatments. They are often subjected to a sense of uncertainty. At one time, they may feel better, at other times they may feel very ill. Psychologically, they may have to face the fact of a foreshortened life that may be compounded by the loss of relationships which they had expected to nurture for several years. This chapter focuses on the terminal phase of care. Although best efforts are extended, patients with an incurable disease will face the dying phase and death sooner or later. This chapter examines the developments in the care of the patients and their grieving families. Discussed are the methods of diagnosing the dying; the signs and symptoms of dying; anticipatory planning, including the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual care of the patient and their families; and bereavement care of the families.
Kenneth McLaughlin
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420459
- eISBN:
- 9781447303572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420459.003.0006
- Subject:
- Social Work, Social Policy
This chapter focuses on the subject of stress and views it as a discursive construct rooted in changing sociopolitical conditions. It examines the influence of this discourse on social work, not only ...
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This chapter focuses on the subject of stress and views it as a discursive construct rooted in changing sociopolitical conditions. It examines the influence of this discourse on social work, not only at the level of direct social work input but at an academic and institutional level whereby interpretations of, and reactions to, a wide variety of personal, social and work-related situations are formed and mediated. It links the rise of pathological diagnoses, categorisations of abuse and the concept of the ‘at risk’ individual to ‘stress’. It also discusses stress in the social services and looks at major causes of stress including bullying, harassment and violence. It argues that a construction of the subject as vulnerable, as more object than subject is evident, and that interpersonal and work relationships are increasingly portrayed as being detrimental to our health and safety.Less
This chapter focuses on the subject of stress and views it as a discursive construct rooted in changing sociopolitical conditions. It examines the influence of this discourse on social work, not only at the level of direct social work input but at an academic and institutional level whereby interpretations of, and reactions to, a wide variety of personal, social and work-related situations are formed and mediated. It links the rise of pathological diagnoses, categorisations of abuse and the concept of the ‘at risk’ individual to ‘stress’. It also discusses stress in the social services and looks at major causes of stress including bullying, harassment and violence. It argues that a construction of the subject as vulnerable, as more object than subject is evident, and that interpersonal and work relationships are increasingly portrayed as being detrimental to our health and safety.
Gavin J. Prideaux
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520098459
- eISBN:
- 9780520916050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520098459.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter explains the format of this taxonomic review of Sthenurinae, the primary aim of which is to provide diagnostic and detailed descriptive information for each species, focusing on ...
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This chapter explains the format of this taxonomic review of Sthenurinae, the primary aim of which is to provide diagnostic and detailed descriptive information for each species, focusing on craniodental features. The format includes a comprehensive list of synonyms for each species, the authority responsible for first naming and describing the taxon, and element information and collection details. It also provides revised diagnoses for each taxon or species, and a description of geographic and temporal distribution.Less
This chapter explains the format of this taxonomic review of Sthenurinae, the primary aim of which is to provide diagnostic and detailed descriptive information for each species, focusing on craniodental features. The format includes a comprehensive list of synonyms for each species, the authority responsible for first naming and describing the taxon, and element information and collection details. It also provides revised diagnoses for each taxon or species, and a description of geographic and temporal distribution.
Arthur W. Frank
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226260150
- eISBN:
- 9780226260259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226260259.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter considers fundamental medicine: face-to-face encounters between people who are suffering bodily ills and other people who need both the skills to relieve this suffering and the grace to ...
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This chapter considers fundamental medicine: face-to-face encounters between people who are suffering bodily ills and other people who need both the skills to relieve this suffering and the grace to welcome those who suffer. Medical generosity lies in that latter quality—the grace to welcome those who suffer. The chapter's conviction is that at the start of the twenty-first century, the foremost task of responding to illness and disability is not by devising new treatments. The challenge is to increase the generosity with which it offers the medical skill that has been attained. Pharmaceuticals and surgeries, diagnostic techniques and institutional provision of services are crucial tools of medical work, but here the chapter leaves these in the background. Before and after fundamental medicine offers diagnoses, drugs, and surgery to those who suffer, it should offer consolation. To offer consolation is an act of generosity.Less
This chapter considers fundamental medicine: face-to-face encounters between people who are suffering bodily ills and other people who need both the skills to relieve this suffering and the grace to welcome those who suffer. Medical generosity lies in that latter quality—the grace to welcome those who suffer. The chapter's conviction is that at the start of the twenty-first century, the foremost task of responding to illness and disability is not by devising new treatments. The challenge is to increase the generosity with which it offers the medical skill that has been attained. Pharmaceuticals and surgeries, diagnostic techniques and institutional provision of services are crucial tools of medical work, but here the chapter leaves these in the background. Before and after fundamental medicine offers diagnoses, drugs, and surgery to those who suffer, it should offer consolation. To offer consolation is an act of generosity.
Colin Ong-Dean
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226630007
- eISBN:
- 9780226630021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226630021.003.0002
- Subject:
- Education, Early Childhood and Elementary Education
This chapter examines how and why the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (EAHCA) and its successor, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), have fallen short of ...
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This chapter examines how and why the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (EAHCA) and its successor, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), have fallen short of ambitious promises for social reform. It explains that the educational rights of disabled children, established in the Act (EAHCA), arose within a broad context of social reform and highlights the limitations of the provisions of EAHCA. This chapter argues that the EAHCA has only succeeded in enabling parents to raise individualized, technical disputes over their children's disability diagnoses and needs.Less
This chapter examines how and why the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (EAHCA) and its successor, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), have fallen short of ambitious promises for social reform. It explains that the educational rights of disabled children, established in the Act (EAHCA), arose within a broad context of social reform and highlights the limitations of the provisions of EAHCA. This chapter argues that the EAHCA has only succeeded in enabling parents to raise individualized, technical disputes over their children's disability diagnoses and needs.
Colin Ong-Dean
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226630007
- eISBN:
- 9780226630021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226630021.003.0004
- Subject:
- Education, Early Childhood and Elementary Education
This chapter examines how disability diagnoses and parental practices are distributed across different groups of parents and what kinds of arguments about parents' involvement can initially be made ...
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This chapter examines how disability diagnoses and parental practices are distributed across different groups of parents and what kinds of arguments about parents' involvement can initially be made based on this distribution. The findings reveal the shift in the number of learning disability (LD) diagnoses from the privileged to the less privileged children. This chapter also considers other disabilities such as mental retardation and autism spectrum disorders and compares the diagnoses of these disabilities with that of LD.Less
This chapter examines how disability diagnoses and parental practices are distributed across different groups of parents and what kinds of arguments about parents' involvement can initially be made based on this distribution. The findings reveal the shift in the number of learning disability (LD) diagnoses from the privileged to the less privileged children. This chapter also considers other disabilities such as mental retardation and autism spectrum disorders and compares the diagnoses of these disabilities with that of LD.
Max Fink MD
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195365740
- eISBN:
- 9780197562604
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195365740.003.0016
- Subject:
- Clinical Medicine and Allied Health, Psychiatry
Interest in electricity in medicine, especially in psychiatric conditions, is as old as our knowledge of electricity as a controllable phenomenon. At the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of ...
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Interest in electricity in medicine, especially in psychiatric conditions, is as old as our knowledge of electricity as a controllable phenomenon. At the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries, Benjamin Franklin and Anton Mesmer were among many students who used electric currents to stimulate paralyzed limbs and to relieve hysterical states. Giovanni Aldini, the nephew of Luigi Galvani, a principal early student of electricity, applied electric currents to mentally ill patients. In the original Aldini publication, the figures show one electrode applied to the top of the head and a second to the hand. The text states that the electrodes were connected to earrings. Much of Aldini’s work was done on fresh cadavers to show that electricity stimulated motor movements. There is no evidence that he produced seizures for therapeutic purposes. From the onset of the introduction of ECT, the importance of the grand mal seizure to the treatment has been questioned. Many people followed popular science beliefs in the potency of electricity alone and administered low-energy electric currents without inducing a seizure. When scientists compared sham treatments to real ECT in seeking benefits for patients, they found the sham currents to be ineffective. Low-energy electric currents delivered from a battery with electrodes on the scalp to either alert or sleeping subjects (electrosleep) were without benefit. Some applications of electricity in medicine have been truly innovative. At the end of every grand mal seizure, brain waves (measured by the EEG) flatten out, with markedly reduced rhythmic activity. Such activity can be simulated by anesthesia using a chemical called isoflurane. Isoelectric narcotherapy (isoflurane anesthesia therapy) is a brain-stimulation technique that seeks to induce long periods of electro-cerebral silence or markedly decreased electrical activity in the brain. An hour of isoelectric brain electrical activity under anesthesia was once thought to relieve depression in a fashion similar to ECT, but an attempt at replication in six subjects failed. Without independent confirmation, the technique has been abandoned. In the past two decades, three physical interventions have been enthusiastically promoted as replacements for ECT, that is, as ways to induce the same benefits without seizures.
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Interest in electricity in medicine, especially in psychiatric conditions, is as old as our knowledge of electricity as a controllable phenomenon. At the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries, Benjamin Franklin and Anton Mesmer were among many students who used electric currents to stimulate paralyzed limbs and to relieve hysterical states. Giovanni Aldini, the nephew of Luigi Galvani, a principal early student of electricity, applied electric currents to mentally ill patients. In the original Aldini publication, the figures show one electrode applied to the top of the head and a second to the hand. The text states that the electrodes were connected to earrings. Much of Aldini’s work was done on fresh cadavers to show that electricity stimulated motor movements. There is no evidence that he produced seizures for therapeutic purposes. From the onset of the introduction of ECT, the importance of the grand mal seizure to the treatment has been questioned. Many people followed popular science beliefs in the potency of electricity alone and administered low-energy electric currents without inducing a seizure. When scientists compared sham treatments to real ECT in seeking benefits for patients, they found the sham currents to be ineffective. Low-energy electric currents delivered from a battery with electrodes on the scalp to either alert or sleeping subjects (electrosleep) were without benefit. Some applications of electricity in medicine have been truly innovative. At the end of every grand mal seizure, brain waves (measured by the EEG) flatten out, with markedly reduced rhythmic activity. Such activity can be simulated by anesthesia using a chemical called isoflurane. Isoelectric narcotherapy (isoflurane anesthesia therapy) is a brain-stimulation technique that seeks to induce long periods of electro-cerebral silence or markedly decreased electrical activity in the brain. An hour of isoelectric brain electrical activity under anesthesia was once thought to relieve depression in a fashion similar to ECT, but an attempt at replication in six subjects failed. Without independent confirmation, the technique has been abandoned. In the past two decades, three physical interventions have been enthusiastically promoted as replacements for ECT, that is, as ways to induce the same benefits without seizures.
Greg Fisher, John E. Wisneski, and Rene M. Bakker
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190081478
- eISBN:
- 9780197521847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190081478.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter unpacks the 3D framework that is central to the book’s tools-based approach. It begins by elaborating the diagnosis element, which entails using an analytical approach to understand a ...
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This chapter unpacks the 3D framework that is central to the book’s tools-based approach. It begins by elaborating the diagnosis element, which entails using an analytical approach to understand a business challenge or to assess the nature of an opportunity confronting a business. Next, it describes the decide element, which entails using a structured, analytical approach to make reasoned, insightful, and logical choices about what will be done to overcome the key challenge or to seize on the opportunity. It ends with elaborating the deliver element, which entails designing solutions to integrate a policy or choice into a business and then taking coherent action to implement that solution. For each element the chapter discusses what the process looks like and what tools support it.Less
This chapter unpacks the 3D framework that is central to the book’s tools-based approach. It begins by elaborating the diagnosis element, which entails using an analytical approach to understand a business challenge or to assess the nature of an opportunity confronting a business. Next, it describes the decide element, which entails using a structured, analytical approach to make reasoned, insightful, and logical choices about what will be done to overcome the key challenge or to seize on the opportunity. It ends with elaborating the deliver element, which entails designing solutions to integrate a policy or choice into a business and then taking coherent action to implement that solution. For each element the chapter discusses what the process looks like and what tools support it.
