Gary L. Wenk
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388541
- eISBN:
- 9780199863587
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388541.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroendocrine and Autonomic
The anti-histamines you take to treat your cold symptoms make you drowsy while coffee can keep you awake. These two rather complex processes of the brain — waking and sleeping — are partially ...
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The anti-histamines you take to treat your cold symptoms make you drowsy while coffee can keep you awake. These two rather complex processes of the brain — waking and sleeping — are partially controlled by two simple molecules, histamine and adenosine. Histamine is a neurotransmitter; its release from neurons influences our level of arousal throughout the day: more histamine means greater arousal, less histamine function means drowsiness. This is why anti-histamines make you drowsy; they antagonize the ability of adenosine to keep your brain active. When the neurotransmitter adenosine is released in the brain it can bind to receptors that are on acetylcholine neurons. The action of adenosine is to reduce the activity of these neurons making it more difficult to remain awake and pay attention to our surroundings. The longer you are awake the more adenosine is released into the brain. These is partly why being awake for a long time makes you drowsy and why coffee can reduce this feeling and help you stay awake longer.Less
The anti-histamines you take to treat your cold symptoms make you drowsy while coffee can keep you awake. These two rather complex processes of the brain — waking and sleeping — are partially controlled by two simple molecules, histamine and adenosine. Histamine is a neurotransmitter; its release from neurons influences our level of arousal throughout the day: more histamine means greater arousal, less histamine function means drowsiness. This is why anti-histamines make you drowsy; they antagonize the ability of adenosine to keep your brain active. When the neurotransmitter adenosine is released in the brain it can bind to receptors that are on acetylcholine neurons. The action of adenosine is to reduce the activity of these neurons making it more difficult to remain awake and pay attention to our surroundings. The longer you are awake the more adenosine is released into the brain. These is partly why being awake for a long time makes you drowsy and why coffee can reduce this feeling and help you stay awake longer.
Lainie Friedman Ross
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199273287
- eISBN:
- 9780191603655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199273286.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter examines the meta-ethical question regarding subject selection in newborn screening for diabetes. Data show that over 90% of parents give permission for diabetes screening of their ...
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This chapter examines the meta-ethical question regarding subject selection in newborn screening for diabetes. Data show that over 90% of parents give permission for diabetes screening of their newborns in the US and abroad. It is argued that prediction research in newborns has potentially serious psychosocial implications, especially when it is introduced into the unsuspecting general population, and research designs must account for them. Recommendations are proposed that balance the need for research access with protection, to minimize harm to infants and their families.Less
This chapter examines the meta-ethical question regarding subject selection in newborn screening for diabetes. Data show that over 90% of parents give permission for diabetes screening of their newborns in the US and abroad. It is argued that prediction research in newborns has potentially serious psychosocial implications, especially when it is introduced into the unsuspecting general population, and research designs must account for them. Recommendations are proposed that balance the need for research access with protection, to minimize harm to infants and their families.
Edward W. Gregg, K. M. Venkat Narayan, Desmond Williams, and Catherine C. Cowie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0034
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This introductory chapter starts with a brief discussion of the prevalence of diabetes and the existing evidence base for diabetes clinical and public health. An overview of the six sections in this ...
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This introductory chapter starts with a brief discussion of the prevalence of diabetes and the existing evidence base for diabetes clinical and public health. An overview of the six sections in this book is then presented.Less
This introductory chapter starts with a brief discussion of the prevalence of diabetes and the existing evidence base for diabetes clinical and public health. An overview of the six sections in this book is then presented.
Lainie Friedman Ross
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199273287
- eISBN:
- 9780191603655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199273286.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter provides an overview of recent diabetes prediction and prediction/prevention studies beyond the newborn period. It examines whether these studies are permissible under current federal ...
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This chapter provides an overview of recent diabetes prediction and prediction/prevention studies beyond the newborn period. It examines whether these studies are permissible under current federal regulations, and whether proposed modifications improve human subject protections. In the process, it is clarified whether and when children ‘at risk’ for ‘a disorder or condition’ should qualify for having ‘a disorder or condition’.Less
This chapter provides an overview of recent diabetes prediction and prediction/prevention studies beyond the newborn period. It examines whether these studies are permissible under current federal regulations, and whether proposed modifications improve human subject protections. In the process, it is clarified whether and when children ‘at risk’ for ‘a disorder or condition’ should qualify for having ‘a disorder or condition’.
Lainie Friedman Ross
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199273287
- eISBN:
- 9780191603655
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199273286.003.0015
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
CFR section 46.407 of Subpart D of the federal regulations addresses research that is not otherwise approvable. Research is not otherwise approvable because either (1) it seeks to enroll healthy ...
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CFR section 46.407 of Subpart D of the federal regulations addresses research that is not otherwise approvable. Research is not otherwise approvable because either (1) it seeks to enroll healthy children, but offers no prospect of direct benefit and entails more than minimal risk; or (2) it seeks to enroll children with a disorder or condition, but offers no prospect of direct benefit and entails more than a minor increase over minimal risk. According to CFR section 46.407, such research can be permissible if it is reviewed and approved by a panel of experts convened by the secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services. The regulations also require public review of the research. Prior to the year 2000, only two panels of experts were convened. This chapter examines the University of Washington’s experience with its protocol, Precursors to Diabetes in Japanese American Youth, as a case study of the strengths and limitations of the 407 process in 2001.Less
CFR section 46.407 of Subpart D of the federal regulations addresses research that is not otherwise approvable. Research is not otherwise approvable because either (1) it seeks to enroll healthy children, but offers no prospect of direct benefit and entails more than minimal risk; or (2) it seeks to enroll children with a disorder or condition, but offers no prospect of direct benefit and entails more than a minor increase over minimal risk. According to CFR section 46.407, such research can be permissible if it is reviewed and approved by a panel of experts convened by the secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services. The regulations also require public review of the research. Prior to the year 2000, only two panels of experts were convened. This chapter examines the University of Washington’s experience with its protocol, Precursors to Diabetes in Japanese American Youth, as a case study of the strengths and limitations of the 407 process in 2001.
Diana Kuh and Rebecca Hardy (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192632890
- eISBN:
- 9780191723629
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192632890.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
How far is the health of middle-aged and older women shaped by biological, social, and psychological processes that begin in pre-natal development, childhood, adolescence, or early adult life? Do ...
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How far is the health of middle-aged and older women shaped by biological, social, and psychological processes that begin in pre-natal development, childhood, adolescence, or early adult life? Do health risks gradually accumulate over the life course or do experiences as a child and young adult have interactive effects on health in midlife and beyond? Are women now reaching middle age in better health than those from previous generations? This book reviews the latest scientific evidence on biological and social factors at each stage of life that have long-term effects on reproductive outcomes, breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, musculoskeletal ageing, depression, body weight, and body dissatisfaction. There is growing evidence that the sources of risk to physical and mental health occur across the course of life, not just in adult life, and in some instances reach right back to pre-natal development, or the previous generation. Contributors in this book draw on their varied expertise in epidemiology, endocrinology, physiology, developmental psychology, sociology, and anthropology to identify the pathways that link early life experiences, reproductive events, adult lifestyle and lifetime socio-economic circumstances to later health. This book looks for connections between development and ageing, and between the childhood and adult social environment.Less
How far is the health of middle-aged and older women shaped by biological, social, and psychological processes that begin in pre-natal development, childhood, adolescence, or early adult life? Do health risks gradually accumulate over the life course or do experiences as a child and young adult have interactive effects on health in midlife and beyond? Are women now reaching middle age in better health than those from previous generations? This book reviews the latest scientific evidence on biological and social factors at each stage of life that have long-term effects on reproductive outcomes, breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, musculoskeletal ageing, depression, body weight, and body dissatisfaction. There is growing evidence that the sources of risk to physical and mental health occur across the course of life, not just in adult life, and in some instances reach right back to pre-natal development, or the previous generation. Contributors in this book draw on their varied expertise in epidemiology, endocrinology, physiology, developmental psychology, sociology, and anthropology to identify the pathways that link early life experiences, reproductive events, adult lifestyle and lifetime socio-economic circumstances to later health. This book looks for connections between development and ageing, and between the childhood and adult social environment.
Chittaranjan S. Yajnik, Terrence Forrester, Kaushik Ramaiya, Nikhil Tandon, Shailaja Kale, and Marshall Tulloch-Reid
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0024
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses some of the issues related to the three most common types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes) that are particularly relevant to developing countries. The ...
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This chapter discusses some of the issues related to the three most common types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes) that are particularly relevant to developing countries. The focus is on type 2 diabetes, which constitutes over 90% of all diabetes worldwide. Published data from these developing countries is presented, particularly from India and Asia because of the lead author's experience.Less
This chapter discusses some of the issues related to the three most common types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes) that are particularly relevant to developing countries. The focus is on type 2 diabetes, which constitutes over 90% of all diabetes worldwide. Published data from these developing countries is presented, particularly from India and Asia because of the lead author's experience.
Ian Whitmarsh
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157382
- eISBN:
- 9781400846801
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157382.003.0015
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
Compliance has become a principal public health issue of the twenty-first century, and compliance posits a figure with a responsibility to continually work to discipline the self into a biomedical ...
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Compliance has become a principal public health issue of the twenty-first century, and compliance posits a figure with a responsibility to continually work to discipline the self into a biomedical subject This chapter draws on fieldwork in the Caribbean and the United States on the science and medicine of the chronic diseases of asthma, diabetes, and obesity to explore this subject. Moving from scientists in the United States to health officials, doctors, and patients in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, it explores the ways in which biomedical science and global health become intertwined, creating particular forms of health intervention. It argues that the figure that inhabits biomedical compliance is not the familiar (neo)liberal individual found by recent social science analyses to be at the center of global science, markets, and governing.Less
Compliance has become a principal public health issue of the twenty-first century, and compliance posits a figure with a responsibility to continually work to discipline the self into a biomedical subject This chapter draws on fieldwork in the Caribbean and the United States on the science and medicine of the chronic diseases of asthma, diabetes, and obesity to explore this subject. Moving from scientists in the United States to health officials, doctors, and patients in Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago, it explores the ways in which biomedical science and global health become intertwined, creating particular forms of health intervention. It argues that the figure that inhabits biomedical compliance is not the familiar (neo)liberal individual found by recent social science analyses to be at the center of global science, markets, and governing.
Arleen F. Brown, Andrew J. Karter, and Dean Schillinger
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0014
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter focuses on social disparities in diabetes-related care and health, with special attention paid to mediators of the association between (1) racial/ethnic and socioeconomic factors and (2) ...
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This chapter focuses on social disparities in diabetes-related care and health, with special attention paid to mediators of the association between (1) racial/ethnic and socioeconomic factors and (2) diabetes outcomes and management. It also discusses evidence on interventions at the individual, provider, health care system, and community levels that have the potential to reduce disparities in diabetes. Finally, the chapter highlights gaps in our understanding of social disparities and how they affect health for persons with diabetes.Less
This chapter focuses on social disparities in diabetes-related care and health, with special attention paid to mediators of the association between (1) racial/ethnic and socioeconomic factors and (2) diabetes outcomes and management. It also discusses evidence on interventions at the individual, provider, health care system, and community levels that have the potential to reduce disparities in diabetes. Finally, the chapter highlights gaps in our understanding of social disparities and how they affect health for persons with diabetes.
Jane Kelly, Joanne M. Gallivan, and Charles M. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0023
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP). The NDEP was initiated in 1997 to translate the science of diabetes control and prevention into messages that would improve ...
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This chapter discusses the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP). The NDEP was initiated in 1997 to translate the science of diabetes control and prevention into messages that would improve awareness of the disease, and increase the potential to prevent both its complications and the disease itself. NDEP's overall purpose is to mobilize a critical mass of public and private sector organizations at the national, state, and community levels to improve treatment and outcomes for people with diabetes, promote early diagnosis, and prevent the onset of diabetes. In its single decade of existence the NDEP has become the focal point for those looking for scientifically valid information about diabetes and its treatment, as reflected by the steady increases in numbers of visitors to NDEP Websites. NDEP has also become a unique forum for those nongovernmental organizations with constituencies that have diabetes or are at risk for having the disease.Less
This chapter discusses the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP). The NDEP was initiated in 1997 to translate the science of diabetes control and prevention into messages that would improve awareness of the disease, and increase the potential to prevent both its complications and the disease itself. NDEP's overall purpose is to mobilize a critical mass of public and private sector organizations at the national, state, and community levels to improve treatment and outcomes for people with diabetes, promote early diagnosis, and prevent the onset of diabetes. In its single decade of existence the NDEP has become the focal point for those looking for scientifically valid information about diabetes and its treatment, as reflected by the steady increases in numbers of visitors to NDEP Websites. NDEP has also become a unique forum for those nongovernmental organizations with constituencies that have diabetes or are at risk for having the disease.
Ambady Ramachandran and Chamukuttan Snehalatha
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0026
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses diabetes prevention and control in developing countries. Diabetes is a major health care burden in both developed and developing countries. There is evidence from well-planned, ...
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This chapter discusses diabetes prevention and control in developing countries. Diabetes is a major health care burden in both developed and developing countries. There is evidence from well-planned, randomized, controlled prevention programs that primary prevention of type 2 diabetes is possible in developing countries. Lifestyle modification and metformin have been shown to be highly effective in reducing incident diabetes in high-risk groups. With the help of the American Diabetes Association, the International Diabetes Federation, the World Health Organization, and similar organizations, national diabetes control programs have been initiated even in several developing nations.Less
This chapter discusses diabetes prevention and control in developing countries. Diabetes is a major health care burden in both developed and developing countries. There is evidence from well-planned, randomized, controlled prevention programs that primary prevention of type 2 diabetes is possible in developing countries. Lifestyle modification and metformin have been shown to be highly effective in reducing incident diabetes in high-risk groups. With the help of the American Diabetes Association, the International Diabetes Federation, the World Health Organization, and similar organizations, national diabetes control programs have been initiated even in several developing nations.
Giuseppina Imperatore, Barbara Linder, and David J. Pettitt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0027
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. In this age group the majority of cases are type 1. Worldwide, the incidence of type 1 diabetes is ...
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Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. In this age group the majority of cases are type 1. Worldwide, the incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing, especially among young children. This chapter discusses the epidemiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people and current etiologic hypotheses. It highlights the challenges of diabetes classification in youth, and it describes the public health issues of screening, disease outcomes, and potential preventive strategies.Less
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. In this age group the majority of cases are type 1. Worldwide, the incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing, especially among young children. This chapter discusses the epidemiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young people and current etiologic hypotheses. It highlights the challenges of diabetes classification in youth, and it describes the public health issues of screening, disease outcomes, and potential preventive strategies.
Joanne M. Gallivan and Matt Petersen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0033
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter summarizes the major Web-based information, education, and research resources on diabetes prevention and control that are available to public health researchers and practitioners from ...
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This chapter summarizes the major Web-based information, education, and research resources on diabetes prevention and control that are available to public health researchers and practitioners from organizations in the federal government, voluntary and professional organizations, and the private sector. Informational and educational resources are described for public health researchers and practitioners and for public and patient audiences.Less
This chapter summarizes the major Web-based information, education, and research resources on diabetes prevention and control that are available to public health researchers and practitioners from organizations in the federal government, voluntary and professional organizations, and the private sector. Informational and educational resources are described for public health researchers and practitioners and for public and patient audiences.
William R. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336634
- eISBN:
- 9780199868568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336634.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
How does the immune system know what is self and what is foreign? The molecules of which human “self” is made are basically the same as those used in the construction of any other biological ...
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How does the immune system know what is self and what is foreign? The molecules of which human “self” is made are basically the same as those used in the construction of any other biological organism, including pathogenic microbes. This touches on the important issue of immune tolerance. Breakage of self-tolerance results in autoimmune disease. This chapter looks at a number of human autoimmune diseases, how they originate, how they are treated now, and promising directions for treatment in the future.Less
How does the immune system know what is self and what is foreign? The molecules of which human “self” is made are basically the same as those used in the construction of any other biological organism, including pathogenic microbes. This touches on the important issue of immune tolerance. Breakage of self-tolerance results in autoimmune disease. This chapter looks at a number of human autoimmune diseases, how they originate, how they are treated now, and promising directions for treatment in the future.
Eleftheria Zeggini and Mark I. McCarthy
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195398441
- eISBN:
- 9780199776023
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398441.003.0016
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter discusses the genetics of type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D represents one of the most important causes of global morbidity and mortality. On current projections, the prevalence of this ...
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This chapter discusses the genetics of type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D represents one of the most important causes of global morbidity and mortality. On current projections, the prevalence of this condition will double within a generation, with most of this increase occurring in the countries least well equipped to deal with the social and economic consequences. These rapid changes in prevalence clearly reflect global shifts in lifestyle (greater caloric intake and reduced energy expenditure) that are closely linked to rising rates of obesity. Nevertheless, twin and family studies have repeatedly demonstrated that individual predisposition to T2D has a substantial genetic component. Identification of the genes and variants responsible for these predisposition effects provides valuable insights into pathogenesis; these should, in turn, spur translational advances in clinical care, including the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. In addition, it may well become increasingly possible to use personal genetic profile information as a means toward more targeted, individualized clinical management.Less
This chapter discusses the genetics of type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D represents one of the most important causes of global morbidity and mortality. On current projections, the prevalence of this condition will double within a generation, with most of this increase occurring in the countries least well equipped to deal with the social and economic consequences. These rapid changes in prevalence clearly reflect global shifts in lifestyle (greater caloric intake and reduced energy expenditure) that are closely linked to rising rates of obesity. Nevertheless, twin and family studies have repeatedly demonstrated that individual predisposition to T2D has a substantial genetic component. Identification of the genes and variants responsible for these predisposition effects provides valuable insights into pathogenesis; these should, in turn, spur translational advances in clinical care, including the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic approaches. In addition, it may well become increasingly possible to use personal genetic profile information as a means toward more targeted, individualized clinical management.
Peter H. Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter focuses on the development of classification and diagnostic criteria for diabetes and other forms of hyperglycemia. It reviews the recommendations of the National Diabetes Data Group ...
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This chapter focuses on the development of classification and diagnostic criteria for diabetes and other forms of hyperglycemia. It reviews the recommendations of the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) in the United States in 1979 and WHO in 1980 (WHO Expert Committee 1980) for classification and diagnosis, the 1997 ADA and 1998–99 WHO recommendations, 2003 ADA Recommendations, and 2006 WHO Report.Less
This chapter focuses on the development of classification and diagnostic criteria for diabetes and other forms of hyperglycemia. It reviews the recommendations of the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) in the United States in 1979 and WHO in 1980 (WHO Expert Committee 1980) for classification and diagnosis, the 1997 ADA and 1998–99 WHO recommendations, 2003 ADA Recommendations, and 2006 WHO Report.
Linda S. Geiss and Catherine C. Cowie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0002
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter documents the past growth of diabetes in the United States, and warns about a possible future in which effective public health policies to prevent or reduce the public health burden of ...
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This chapter documents the past growth of diabetes in the United States, and warns about a possible future in which effective public health policies to prevent or reduce the public health burden of diabetes have not been implemented. It documents trends in the prevalence and incidence of diabetes, identifies population groups that are particularly vulnerable to the disease, briefly discusses leading risk factors, examines trends in prediabetes and gestational diabetes, and analyzes projections of the future burden of diabetes. Because epidemiologic sources of disease data are unable to distinguish between types of diabetes, and because the vast majority of people with diabetes have type 2, the data presented within the chapter reflect type 2 diabetes.Less
This chapter documents the past growth of diabetes in the United States, and warns about a possible future in which effective public health policies to prevent or reduce the public health burden of diabetes have not been implemented. It documents trends in the prevalence and incidence of diabetes, identifies population groups that are particularly vulnerable to the disease, briefly discusses leading risk factors, examines trends in prediabetes and gestational diabetes, and analyzes projections of the future burden of diabetes. Because epidemiologic sources of disease data are unable to distinguish between types of diabetes, and because the vast majority of people with diabetes have type 2, the data presented within the chapter reflect type 2 diabetes.
Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis, Dana Dabelea, Jean M. Lawrence, James B. Meigs, and Karen Teff
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0003
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter provides an overview of key risk factors for type 2 diabetes, beginning with metabolic risk factors, including those that are related directly to obesity, followed by discussions of ...
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This chapter provides an overview of key risk factors for type 2 diabetes, beginning with metabolic risk factors, including those that are related directly to obesity, followed by discussions of overweight itself with consideration of the obesity epidemic; behavioral risk factors; early-life risk factors; demographic, social, and community factors; and a discussion of risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease, driven by a multitude of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors, which is rapidly emerging as one of the most critical public health threats of our time. There is, however, reason for optimism with a dose of realism. Opportunities for primary prevention derive from the clear and compelling evidence that sustained, moderate weight loss can markedly reduce the risk of development of type 2 diabetes.Less
This chapter provides an overview of key risk factors for type 2 diabetes, beginning with metabolic risk factors, including those that are related directly to obesity, followed by discussions of overweight itself with consideration of the obesity epidemic; behavioral risk factors; early-life risk factors; demographic, social, and community factors; and a discussion of risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease, driven by a multitude of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors, which is rapidly emerging as one of the most critical public health threats of our time. There is, however, reason for optimism with a dose of realism. Opportunities for primary prevention derive from the clear and compelling evidence that sustained, moderate weight loss can markedly reduce the risk of development of type 2 diabetes.
Ingrid M. Libman, Ronald E. LaPorte, Astrid M. Libman, and Pablo Arias
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Although type 2 is the most frequent type of diabetes around the world, type 1 remains the main form of diabetes in childhood. Inherited diabetes syndromes, such as maturity-onset diabetes of youth ...
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Although type 2 is the most frequent type of diabetes around the world, type 1 remains the main form of diabetes in childhood. Inherited diabetes syndromes, such as maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY), have also received attention in recent years as more information has become available on their pathophysiology and optimal management. This chapter summarizes available information on the prevalence and incidence of non-type 2 diabetes and its risk factors. It includes discussion of type 1 diabetes and diabetes that is (1) related to genetic defects of β-cell function such as MODY and neonatal diabetes, (2) associated with pancreatic disease such as cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), (3) caused by drugs and toxins, and (4) related to certain common genetic syndromes such as Down's syndrome.Less
Although type 2 is the most frequent type of diabetes around the world, type 1 remains the main form of diabetes in childhood. Inherited diabetes syndromes, such as maturity-onset diabetes of youth (MODY), have also received attention in recent years as more information has become available on their pathophysiology and optimal management. This chapter summarizes available information on the prevalence and incidence of non-type 2 diabetes and its risk factors. It includes discussion of type 1 diabetes and diabetes that is (1) related to genetic defects of β-cell function such as MODY and neonatal diabetes, (2) associated with pancreatic disease such as cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), (3) caused by drugs and toxins, and (4) related to certain common genetic syndromes such as Down's syndrome.
Adolfo Correa-Villaseñor and Jessica A. Marcinkevage
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195317060
- eISBN:
- 9780199871544
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195317060.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
During a normal pregnancy, maternal metabolism undergoes a number of changes in preparation for growth and development of the fetus, including a decrease in insulin sensitivity (or increase in ...
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During a normal pregnancy, maternal metabolism undergoes a number of changes in preparation for growth and development of the fetus, including a decrease in insulin sensitivity (or increase in insulin resistance) in the third trimester that results in increased availability of nutrients for fetal growth. During a pregnancy complicated by diabetes, such metabolic changes can complicate the management of diabetes, and diabetes, in turn, can result in a wide range of complications for both the mother and the child. This chapter provides an overview of current public health aspects of diabetes in pregnancy, including an overview of some of the challenges and opportunities for prevention.Less
During a normal pregnancy, maternal metabolism undergoes a number of changes in preparation for growth and development of the fetus, including a decrease in insulin sensitivity (or increase in insulin resistance) in the third trimester that results in increased availability of nutrients for fetal growth. During a pregnancy complicated by diabetes, such metabolic changes can complicate the management of diabetes, and diabetes, in turn, can result in a wide range of complications for both the mother and the child. This chapter provides an overview of current public health aspects of diabetes in pregnancy, including an overview of some of the challenges and opportunities for prevention.
