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This chapter takes a fresh look at developmental criminology and examines the extent to which deviant behavior in general conforms to findings from developmental criminology. Drawing on his lifelong research on a population of young people and a sample of known delinquents, it is argued that the age-crime curve applies to many other deviant behaviors as well and that qualitative and quantitative changes known from developmental criminology also apply to various forms of deviant behavior. The same is true for the classification of individuals according to their developmental trajectories. It is further argued that problems in self-regulation are germane to both crime and deviant behaviors, and that qualitative and quantitative changes in self-regulation underlie the manifestations of all deviant behaviors. Finally, the chapter makes a case that most explanatory models are more complex than ones that are currently in use and that the next generation of statistical tests will need to advance to more complex levels.

Having previously delineated the religious characteristics of the five profiles of religiosity presented throughout this book, this chapter describes other nonreligious characteristics of youth who belong to each of the five classes. This provides more insight into the demographic characteristics of these youth and suggests how families, peers, and religious institutions may contribute to how youth live out their religiosity. The chapter also examines associations between membership in the five classes and outcomes such as deviant behavior, health, and well-being. In other words, this chapter investigates other life situations and characteristics that are related to how adolescents live out their religiosity.

The communal life of the regiment was intense, claustrophobic, and minutely regulated, and some soldiers rebelled against it. This chapter analyses how the military authorities defined deviant behaviour and the main forms that it took. It explores the ways in which the army's formal disciplinary structures evolved to deal with the problem of soldiers who broke the rules. It determines the extent to which soldiers believed that the disciplinary regime was legitimate and treated them fairly, and analyses how the military authorities dealt with mass mutinies.

This chapter discusses the role emotions play as antecedents or consequences of deviant behavior at work, in the context of the Affective Events Theory. The theory suggests that emotions arising from organizational events shape members' behaviors and attitudes. In relation to this notion, the chapter discusses the Five-Level Model of Emotions in the workplace: (1) within person, (2) between persons (individual differences), (3) interpersonal interactions, (4) group, and (5) organization-wide. At level 1, emotions are ephemeral, varying moment-by-moment within each organizational member. At level 2, emotions are held to be between-person individual differences. Level 3 encompasses all aspects of recognizing and communicating emotion. Level 4 deals with multiple interactions as found in groups and teams, including team leadership. Finally, level 5 refers to emotion at the whole-of-organization level.

This chapter proposes a model of workplace deviance in which the employees' personality determines whether they will engage in deviant work behaviors directed at the organization (organizational deviance) or at other employees (interpersonal deviance). The model adopts an interactional approach, arguing that the organizational context may encourage or trigger deviant acts by employees with a propensity toward deviance while other situations may serve as a restraint or deterrent against these behaviors. It also suggests that the personality traits of other employees may increase the likelihood of interpersonal deviance. For instance, some individuals have personality traits that are perceived as inappropriate, annoying, or hostile, which may provoke deviant acts directed toward them, while others may be seen as having weaknesses in their personality, which may lead to them being viewed as an easy target for deviant behavior.

This chapter discusses the importance of human resource management (HRM) in preventing deviant/criminal behavior in organizations. Given that the employee misbehavior at work, under any of myriad names, can create serious difficulties for employers, HRM strategically manages the human aspects of an organization, to align policies and practices, as well as to utilize the employees in an organization to achieve high performance in attaining organizational goals. They do so by identifying those applicants who will demonstrate desired behaviors once hired. Measures for background evaluation of job candidates typically include drug testing, reference checking credit reports and investigations, use of criminal records and checks of such records, motor vehicle records, and outside investigations of character or past behavior toward employers.

This chapter starts with the extraordinary case from 1633 of a young male servant discovered in female disguise in a gender-segregated environment, the birth room. The midwife, her daughter, and the servant himself testified before the Oxford archdeaconry court. Other discourses that shed some light on this case include godly reformist complaints against cross-dressing, scenes of male cross-dressing on the early modern stage, and kindred cases from the archives. An issue of the time was whether cross-dressing was an abomination unto the Lord, whether it undermined gender boundaries, or whether it was harmless fun. These are matters more commonly treated by literary scholars than historians, so problems of interdisciplinary discourse also arise. The story described in this chapter illuminates social and legal responses to deviant behaviour.

The chapter shows that a conceptual and phenomenologically grounded approach to social norms provides useful insights into the question of whether normativity is an exclusively human phenomenon. Social norms are to be distinguished from social rules like conventions, customs, moral norms, and institutional norms. The exact character of social norms is revealed most clearly in cases of transgression, i.e. by considering social reactions to persons disobeying or violating what is requested on a normative level. In these contexts, it also becomes clear that one becomes explicitly aware of pre-existing social norms through sanctions against norm-deviant behaviour. Since sanctions need not be verbal, they make it possible to consider cases of social normativity also in the area of animal behaviour. In its analysis of norm-deviant behaviour, the chapter integrates both holistic and individualistic methodologies.

This chapter discusses in detail the Le Suicide: etude de sociologe, Durkheim's best known work. The first two sections introduce the text, Suicide, and the manners of thinking and acting. The third and fourth sections attempt to explain the nature of deviant behavior, the qualitative differences between suicides. Two striking features of statistical data indicate that the suicide rate differs from one population to another and that it is basically constant over time. The fifth section examines why deviance occurs. The next three sections look into three types of suicide: egoistic suicide, altruistic suicide, and anomic suicide. The last section involves two chief arguments that diagnose suicide in modern society.

Children's participation in the internet revolution is regularly touted as a mixture of societal progress and an invitation to predatory adults and digital criminals. The idea that children can be active participants in a negative sense through illegal or deviant behaviour has received little attention from policy makers, awareness raisers, and researchers, although issues such as ‘digital bullying’, ‘happy slapping’, and the illegal downloading of music and movies are starting to creep into the public – and official – consciousness. This chapter focuses on children as online delinquents, actively producing online risks such as illegal or undesired online content or conduct.

This chapter aims to connect the governance of ASB to the wider processes of governance in advanced liberal democracy that is centred on the concepts of responsibility and self-regulation. It shows that the role of social housing management in regulating behaviour has a long historical precedent, and that many of the discourses and techniques about how to handle ‘deviant behaviour’ go back to the birth of social housing during the 19th century. The chapter is able to determine the contemporary elements that have emerged where housing plays a central role.

This chapter examines the unique melding of Western sexual magic and Indian Tantric traditions at the dawn of the twentieth century, focusing on the work of the Aleister Crowley. It discusses how Crowley made sex the supreme magical secret and the ultimate source of power, and considers his work in light of the debates surrounding sexuality and deviant sexual behavior. The chapter argues that Crowley is a remarkably Janus-faced figure, a kind of beast with two backs, turned both forward and backward because he reflected some of the central sexual and cultural issues of the early twentieth century while foreshadowing the crisis of modernity after the Second World War and many trends in recent postmodern thought as well.

This chapter considers a third approach to the sociological perspective, which has to do with viewing a wholly familiar social reality in the way a newcomer, a stranger, might. It may be assumed that sociologists know more about the lay of their land than most others do. After all, they spend a significant amount of time investigating various corners of the social world, and to that extent they can be thought of as seasoned, knowing, and experienced about human life. At the same time, however, sociologists can be viewed as strangers to the lands they study, for it is one of their tasks to look at the social world almost as if they were seeing it for the first time. The chapter explains how sociologists may be newcomers to the locations they study and discusses the ways that they deal with deviant behavior.

This chapter examines the legal battles in Texas over the issue of prosecuting consensual adult sex. In a 1963 revision of the Texas Penal Code, the state legislature liberalized the prohibitions on deviant sexual behavior. Sodomy was decriminalized for heterosexual couples, along with bestiality. Hence, a human could legally have sex with an animal but not with another human of the same sex. In the ensuing years there were halfhearted efforts to repeal and all were unsuccessful. The chapter discusses the 1998 case of John Lawrence, Tyron Garner, and Robert Eubanks relating to the issue of homosexuality, and more specifically, private homosexual conduct. It also considers the adoption of constitutional amendments on same-sex marriage in Texas and other states.

Envy in the workplace can be destructive, undermining relationships, and leading to anti-social and retaliatory behavior. Yet, envy can also be motivating, leading to better performance. We argue that these effects can be explained by two distinct subtypes: benign and malicious envy. Traditional measures have over-emphasized the negative component of envy, resulting in advice aimed at its eradication. This approach may not be tenable, as envy is an inevitable experience of organizational life. We develop and test a scale measuring both envy subtypes. Results show that benign envy is associated with increased effort while malicious envy is associated with greater acts of deviance and a higher tendency to turnover. We argue that managerial action to deal with envy should not only focus on reducing malicious envy, but also on transforming the experience into a benign one. We discuss how this might be done.

This chapter provides a narrative account of Richard Aoki’s early childhood years and family history. Aoki’s narrative focuses on recounting the histories of Japan and Japanese America, with only limited reference to his own family. His parents’ tense relationship and the inadequate contact he had with his extended family during and after their World War II interment constrained his knowledge. Indeed, Aoki had an ambivalent relationship with his extended families, enjoying the sense of belonging they offered but never quite knowing how they perceived him and the “deviant” behaviors of his nuclear family. The chapter also discusses the Aoki’s family acquisition of wealth that seems to have stemmed from their position in Japan as descendants of samurai.

This chapter discusses Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein’s The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, a book that explains the variations in intelligence in American society. More specifically, the book uses IQ as the preeminent criterion of social worth and attacks intelligence as a means of allocating social power. Contradictory as they sounded, these arguments converged in a paradoxical vision: invoking the authority of science. The Bell Curve rejects the whole enterprise of modernity by reviving decades-old claims about IQ: that there is such a thing as a quantifiable general intelligence, measured accurately and objectively by IQ tests; that this intelligence is largely genetic, highly resistant to change, and unevenly distributed among races; that high IQ correlates with economic and social success, while low IQ is associated with the abject condition and deviant behavior of the poor. The Bell Curve takes advantage of the frustration of a middle class that, whatever its IQ scores, sees its choices narrowing, its future in doubt.