Victoria Harris
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578573
- eISBN:
- 9780191722936
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578573.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book examines the German sex trade from the lowest level upwards, focusing on the voices and experiences of the prostitutes. The book moves telescopically through four chapters. It begins with ...
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This book examines the German sex trade from the lowest level upwards, focusing on the voices and experiences of the prostitutes. The book moves telescopically through four chapters. It begins with the the prostitute herself, then turns to the wider community in which she operated, before discussing her interactions with German society more widely, and finishing with a discussion of the prostitute's relationship to the larger, bureaucratic workings of the nation‐state. In doing this, the book uses prostitution to help recast our understanding of sexuality and ethics in twentieth‐century Germany. It demonstrates the difficult relationship between criminality, marginality, and deviance, teaching us much about how German society defined itself by determining who did not belong within it. Finally, the book challenges our conception of the relationship between the type of government in power and official attitudes towards sexuality, arguing that the prevalent desire to control citizens' sexuality transcended traditional left–right divides and intensified with economic and political modernization. Throughout, the study notes the important continuities and breaks across this difficult thirty‐year period of Germany's history. Despite the inherent problems in doing so, in studying prostitution it is first necessary to try to understand prostitutes, as well as the other individuals who ensured the continued operation of the sex trade. The title of this book, Prostitutes in German Society, is more than simply a semantic choice. It encapsulates its focus on the individual human actors at the centre of the sex trade.Less
This book examines the German sex trade from the lowest level upwards, focusing on the voices and experiences of the prostitutes. The book moves telescopically through four chapters. It begins with the the prostitute herself, then turns to the wider community in which she operated, before discussing her interactions with German society more widely, and finishing with a discussion of the prostitute's relationship to the larger, bureaucratic workings of the nation‐state. In doing this, the book uses prostitution to help recast our understanding of sexuality and ethics in twentieth‐century Germany. It demonstrates the difficult relationship between criminality, marginality, and deviance, teaching us much about how German society defined itself by determining who did not belong within it. Finally, the book challenges our conception of the relationship between the type of government in power and official attitudes towards sexuality, arguing that the prevalent desire to control citizens' sexuality transcended traditional left–right divides and intensified with economic and political modernization. Throughout, the study notes the important continuities and breaks across this difficult thirty‐year period of Germany's history. Despite the inherent problems in doing so, in studying prostitution it is first necessary to try to understand prostitutes, as well as the other individuals who ensured the continued operation of the sex trade. The title of this book, Prostitutes in German Society, is more than simply a semantic choice. It encapsulates its focus on the individual human actors at the centre of the sex trade.
Berent Enç
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199256020
- eISBN:
- 9780191602238
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199256020.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Attempts to answer the question of whether it is possible to understand agency as realized within a world construed ‘naturalistically’, that is, in terms of causal relations among events and states ...
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Attempts to answer the question of whether it is possible to understand agency as realized within a world construed ‘naturalistically’, that is, in terms of causal relations among events and states of affairs, or whether an adequate ontology requires sui generis acts that are essentially voluntary, such as volitions or agent-causation. Berent Enç defends the possibility of naturalizing agency via a causal theory of action (CTA). In doing that, he develops his key notion of basic action (Chs 2 and 3); he offers a ‘general and original’ solution to the problem of causal deviance (Ch. 4); and, he attempts to answer the objection that CTA removes the agent from the picture altogether by offering a purely causal model for the deliberative process that underlies practical reasoning (Ch. 5). Furthermore, the book discusses objections to volitional theories (Ch. 1), intentions and intentional action (Ch. 6), and the compatibility of Enç’s CTA with attractive accounts of autonomy and freedom (Ch. 7).Less
Attempts to answer the question of whether it is possible to understand agency as realized within a world construed ‘naturalistically’, that is, in terms of causal relations among events and states of affairs, or whether an adequate ontology requires sui generis acts that are essentially voluntary, such as volitions or agent-causation. Berent Enç defends the possibility of naturalizing agency via a causal theory of action (CTA). In doing that, he develops his key notion of basic action (Chs 2 and 3); he offers a ‘general and original’ solution to the problem of causal deviance (Ch. 4); and, he attempts to answer the objection that CTA removes the agent from the picture altogether by offering a purely causal model for the deliberative process that underlies practical reasoning (Ch. 5). Furthermore, the book discusses objections to volitional theories (Ch. 1), intentions and intentional action (Ch. 6), and the compatibility of Enç’s CTA with attractive accounts of autonomy and freedom (Ch. 7).
Nachman Ben-Yehuda
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199734863
- eISBN:
- 9780199895090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734863.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter uses the data base to generate descriptive statistics. It shows that Haredi deviance and non-conformity increased continuously between 1948-1998. This increase is characterized by ups ...
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This chapter uses the data base to generate descriptive statistics. It shows that Haredi deviance and non-conformity increased continuously between 1948-1998. This increase is characterized by ups and down but with an overall upward trajectory. Most ups and downs are correlated economic, military, political events and with counter secular reactions. Analyzing the different groupings of events and affairs shows that the main category of Haredi infractions consists of violence.Less
This chapter uses the data base to generate descriptive statistics. It shows that Haredi deviance and non-conformity increased continuously between 1948-1998. This increase is characterized by ups and down but with an overall upward trajectory. Most ups and downs are correlated economic, military, political events and with counter secular reactions. Analyzing the different groupings of events and affairs shows that the main category of Haredi infractions consists of violence.
Geoffrey Rose, Kay-Tee Khaw, and Michael Marmot
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780192630971
- eISBN:
- 9780191723551
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192630971.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The Strategy of Preventive Medicine, by Geoffrey Rose, first published in 1993 remains a key text for anyone involved in preventive medicine. Rose's insights into the inextricable ...
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The Strategy of Preventive Medicine, by Geoffrey Rose, first published in 1993 remains a key text for anyone involved in preventive medicine. Rose's insights into the inextricable relationship between ill health, or deviance, in individuals and populations they come from, have transformed our whole approach to strategies for improving health. His personal and unique book, based on many years of research, sets out the case that the essential determinants of the health of society are to be found in its mass characteristics. The deviant minority can only be understood when seen in its societal context, and effective prevention requires changes which involve the population as a whole. Rose's book explores the options for prevention, considering them from various viewpoints — theoretical and scientific, sociological and political, practical, and ethical. The applications of Rose's book's ideas are illustrated by a variety of examples ranging from heart disease to alcoholism to road accidents. The book's pioneering work focused on a population wide approach to the prevention of common medical and behavioural disorders has become the classic text on the subject. This reissue of that text brings the original book to a new generation. This book retains the original text intact, but it includes new perspectives on the work. It examines what relevance Rose's ideas might have in the era of the human genome project and other major scientific advances, it considers examples of how the theory might be applied and generalized in medicine and beyond, and discusses what implications it holds for the future. There is also an explanation of the population perspective, clarifying the often confused thinking and arguments about determinants of individual cases and determinants of population incidence.Less
The Strategy of Preventive Medicine, by Geoffrey Rose, first published in 1993 remains a key text for anyone involved in preventive medicine. Rose's insights into the inextricable relationship between ill health, or deviance, in individuals and populations they come from, have transformed our whole approach to strategies for improving health. His personal and unique book, based on many years of research, sets out the case that the essential determinants of the health of society are to be found in its mass characteristics. The deviant minority can only be understood when seen in its societal context, and effective prevention requires changes which involve the population as a whole. Rose's book explores the options for prevention, considering them from various viewpoints — theoretical and scientific, sociological and political, practical, and ethical. The applications of Rose's book's ideas are illustrated by a variety of examples ranging from heart disease to alcoholism to road accidents. The book's pioneering work focused on a population wide approach to the prevention of common medical and behavioural disorders has become the classic text on the subject. This reissue of that text brings the original book to a new generation. This book retains the original text intact, but it includes new perspectives on the work. It examines what relevance Rose's ideas might have in the era of the human genome project and other major scientific advances, it considers examples of how the theory might be applied and generalized in medicine and beyond, and discusses what implications it holds for the future. There is also an explanation of the population perspective, clarifying the often confused thinking and arguments about determinants of individual cases and determinants of population incidence.
Andrea Fried (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198833888
- eISBN:
- 9780191872242
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198833888.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Knowledge Management
Standards have become widespread regulatory tools that promote global trade, innovation, efficiency, and quality. They contribute significantly to the creation of safe, reliable, and high-quality ...
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Standards have become widespread regulatory tools that promote global trade, innovation, efficiency, and quality. They contribute significantly to the creation of safe, reliable, and high-quality services and technologies to ensure human health, environmental protection, or information security. Yet intentional deviations from standards by organizations are often reported in many sectors, which can either contribute to or challenge the measures of safety and quality they are designed to safeguard. Why then, despite all potential consequences, do organizations choose to deviate from standards in one way or another? This book uses structuration theory—covering aspects of both structure and agency—to explore the organizational conditions and contradictions under which different types of deviance occur. It also provides empirical explanations for deviance in organizations that go beyond an understanding of individual misbehaviour where mainly a single person is held responsible. Case studies of software developing organizations illustrate insightful generalizations on standards as a mechanism of sensemaking, resource allocation, and sanctioning, and provide ground to rethink corporate responsibility when deviating from standards in the ‘audit society’.Less
Standards have become widespread regulatory tools that promote global trade, innovation, efficiency, and quality. They contribute significantly to the creation of safe, reliable, and high-quality services and technologies to ensure human health, environmental protection, or information security. Yet intentional deviations from standards by organizations are often reported in many sectors, which can either contribute to or challenge the measures of safety and quality they are designed to safeguard. Why then, despite all potential consequences, do organizations choose to deviate from standards in one way or another? This book uses structuration theory—covering aspects of both structure and agency—to explore the organizational conditions and contradictions under which different types of deviance occur. It also provides empirical explanations for deviance in organizations that go beyond an understanding of individual misbehaviour where mainly a single person is held responsible. Case studies of software developing organizations illustrate insightful generalizations on standards as a mechanism of sensemaking, resource allocation, and sanctioning, and provide ground to rethink corporate responsibility when deviating from standards in the ‘audit society’.
Victoria Harris
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578573
- eISBN:
- 9780191722936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578573.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The introduction outlines the wider historical and academic context of the period examined by this book. It begins by establishing the development of urban prostitution and its management from ...
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The introduction outlines the wider historical and academic context of the period examined by this book. It begins by establishing the development of urban prostitution and its management from industrialization until the beginning of the twentieth century, describing the German Penal Code's laws on prostitution as well as specific local strategies. It then turns to an analysis of academic discussions of prostitution, charting the relationship between the development of feminism, post‐structuralism and conceptions of prostitution. It seeks to locate studies of prostitution within the categories of gender, class, and deviance, focusing on the notion of Eigensinn and corporeality. A discussion of the specific sources and locations discussed in this book is followed by an introduction to the cities of Leipzig and Hamburg.Less
The introduction outlines the wider historical and academic context of the period examined by this book. It begins by establishing the development of urban prostitution and its management from industrialization until the beginning of the twentieth century, describing the German Penal Code's laws on prostitution as well as specific local strategies. It then turns to an analysis of academic discussions of prostitution, charting the relationship between the development of feminism, post‐structuralism and conceptions of prostitution. It seeks to locate studies of prostitution within the categories of gender, class, and deviance, focusing on the notion of Eigensinn and corporeality. A discussion of the specific sources and locations discussed in this book is followed by an introduction to the cities of Leipzig and Hamburg.
Victoria Harris
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199578573
- eISBN:
- 9780191722936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199578573.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The conclusion sums up the arguments of the book. It suggests the book's position within wider discussions of sexuality, repression, and deviance. It discusses the complicated relationship between ...
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The conclusion sums up the arguments of the book. It suggests the book's position within wider discussions of sexuality, repression, and deviance. It discusses the complicated relationship between governmental regime and attitudes towards social deviance, arguing that there is no obvious connection between totalitarianism (National Socialism) and repression, on the one hand, and liberal democracy (The Weimar Republic) and permissiveness, on the other. By starting from the prostitute and complementing her experience with political, social and economic contexts, a new and more accurate picture of the prostitute and her milieu emerges. It also reveals the significance of the disparities between national, regional and local politicians and bureaucrats, as well as the deep gulf that can arise between ideological motivation and practical implementation. Prostitution existed largely unchanged across the period, indicating that other factors continued to make trading in vice a necessity for thousands of German women.Less
The conclusion sums up the arguments of the book. It suggests the book's position within wider discussions of sexuality, repression, and deviance. It discusses the complicated relationship between governmental regime and attitudes towards social deviance, arguing that there is no obvious connection between totalitarianism (National Socialism) and repression, on the one hand, and liberal democracy (The Weimar Republic) and permissiveness, on the other. By starting from the prostitute and complementing her experience with political, social and economic contexts, a new and more accurate picture of the prostitute and her milieu emerges. It also reveals the significance of the disparities between national, regional and local politicians and bureaucrats, as well as the deep gulf that can arise between ideological motivation and practical implementation. Prostitution existed largely unchanged across the period, indicating that other factors continued to make trading in vice a necessity for thousands of German women.
Donald Black
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199737147
- eISBN:
- 9780199944002
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737147.003.0019
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
The theory of moral time explains conflict: the clash of right and wrong. It explains why deviant behavior is deviant, and why some deviance is worse—why it attracts more punishment or other social ...
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The theory of moral time explains conflict: the clash of right and wrong. It explains why deviant behavior is deviant, and why some deviance is worse—why it attracts more punishment or other social control. The theory also explains deviant behavior itself. It explains morality, including the prohibitions and obligations of law, ethics, and etiquette. It explains moral rights such as the right to privacy and property and freedom of expression. It explains why success and failure and sickness and death cause conflict. It explains why new religions and new styles of art and new scientific theories cause conflict. It explains accusations of witchcraft and allegations of conspiracies and attributions of other evils that never actually happened. Conflict itself is a movement of social time, so conflict causes more conflict. Social time is moral time.Less
The theory of moral time explains conflict: the clash of right and wrong. It explains why deviant behavior is deviant, and why some deviance is worse—why it attracts more punishment or other social control. The theory also explains deviant behavior itself. It explains morality, including the prohibitions and obligations of law, ethics, and etiquette. It explains moral rights such as the right to privacy and property and freedom of expression. It explains why success and failure and sickness and death cause conflict. It explains why new religions and new styles of art and new scientific theories cause conflict. It explains accusations of witchcraft and allegations of conspiracies and attributions of other evils that never actually happened. Conflict itself is a movement of social time, so conflict causes more conflict. Social time is moral time.
Nachman Ben-Yehuda
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199734863
- eISBN:
- 9780199895090
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734863.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
One social arena where cultural conflicts are played out is the media. This book examines more than 50 years of media reported unconventional and deviant behavior by the fundamentalist ...
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One social arena where cultural conflicts are played out is the media. This book examines more than 50 years of media reported unconventional and deviant behavior by the fundamentalist ultra-orthodox–Haredi-counter-cultural community in Israel. Haredi culture practices a “right of the people not to know” policy and under-reports infractions thus comparisons between Haredi and secular media tend to rely more on secular media. Haredi infractions have increased over the years and their most salient feature is violence. This violence is typically planned aiming to achieve political goals. Using such verbal and non-verbal violence as curses, intimidations, threats, setting fires, throwing stones, beatings, staging mass violations and more, Haredi (and other theocratic) activists try to make Israel more theocratic. Most of the struggle focuses on state-religion status quo and the public arena. Driven by a theological notion stipulating that all Jews are mutually responsible and accountable to the Almighty, these activists believe that the sins of the few are paid by the many. Making Israel a theocracy will, they believe, reduce the risk of transcendental penalties. Like other democracies in the global village, Israel has had to face both theocratic and secular pressures on significant levels of intensity. The political structure that accommodates these contradicting pressures is the theocratic democracy. This structure is characterized by chronic tensions and depends on dexterity of politicians. Although unstable, it allows citizens with different worldviews to live under one umbrella of a nation state without tearing the social fabric apart.Less
One social arena where cultural conflicts are played out is the media. This book examines more than 50 years of media reported unconventional and deviant behavior by the fundamentalist ultra-orthodox–Haredi-counter-cultural community in Israel. Haredi culture practices a “right of the people not to know” policy and under-reports infractions thus comparisons between Haredi and secular media tend to rely more on secular media. Haredi infractions have increased over the years and their most salient feature is violence. This violence is typically planned aiming to achieve political goals. Using such verbal and non-verbal violence as curses, intimidations, threats, setting fires, throwing stones, beatings, staging mass violations and more, Haredi (and other theocratic) activists try to make Israel more theocratic. Most of the struggle focuses on state-religion status quo and the public arena. Driven by a theological notion stipulating that all Jews are mutually responsible and accountable to the Almighty, these activists believe that the sins of the few are paid by the many. Making Israel a theocracy will, they believe, reduce the risk of transcendental penalties. Like other democracies in the global village, Israel has had to face both theocratic and secular pressures on significant levels of intensity. The political structure that accommodates these contradicting pressures is the theocratic democracy. This structure is characterized by chronic tensions and depends on dexterity of politicians. Although unstable, it allows citizens with different worldviews to live under one umbrella of a nation state without tearing the social fabric apart.
Abdullah al-Otaibi and Pascal Ménoret
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195369212
- eISBN:
- 9780199871179
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369212.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Islam
This chapter analyses a particularly daring and dangerous yet common practice among male youth in Saudi Arabian cities: car skidding at high speed, or tafhit. It aims first to give a somewhat ...
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This chapter analyses a particularly daring and dangerous yet common practice among male youth in Saudi Arabian cities: car skidding at high speed, or tafhit. It aims first to give a somewhat different reading of processes of politicization of male youth in the Middle East. Analyzing the criminalized practice of tafhit as a long-term and low-scale mob action, it shows that politicization may result from processes of deviance and desocialization. It then endeavors to break down the walls that, in the literature on politics in the Middle East, divide the Islamic movements from their environment. It eventually tries to retrace the narratives that allow young people to engage in an extremely dangerous and seemingly absurd activism.Less
This chapter analyses a particularly daring and dangerous yet common practice among male youth in Saudi Arabian cities: car skidding at high speed, or tafhit. It aims first to give a somewhat different reading of processes of politicization of male youth in the Middle East. Analyzing the criminalized practice of tafhit as a long-term and low-scale mob action, it shows that politicization may result from processes of deviance and desocialization. It then endeavors to break down the walls that, in the literature on politics in the Middle East, divide the Islamic movements from their environment. It eventually tries to retrace the narratives that allow young people to engage in an extremely dangerous and seemingly absurd activism.
Nachman Ben-Yehuda
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199734863
- eISBN:
- 9780199895090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734863.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Democracy and theocracy seem to be two opposing forms of government. However, modern states need to cope with seculars who want to live within a democracy and fundamentalist religious people who want ...
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Democracy and theocracy seem to be two opposing forms of government. However, modern states need to cope with seculars who want to live within a democracy and fundamentalist religious people who want to live in a theocracy. A delicate and inherently unstable political structure that is characterized as a “theocratic democracy” can provide a political umbrella under which these two types of people can live together. Within this situation the puzzle that this book addresses is presented, in its historical and social context: what is and how can we explain Haredi (ultra Orthodox) patterns of deviance between 1948-1998. The chapter contextualizes these patterns within processes of social change and social stability and argues that Haredi activists use violence to push Israel towards a theocracy.Less
Democracy and theocracy seem to be two opposing forms of government. However, modern states need to cope with seculars who want to live within a democracy and fundamentalist religious people who want to live in a theocracy. A delicate and inherently unstable political structure that is characterized as a “theocratic democracy” can provide a political umbrella under which these two types of people can live together. Within this situation the puzzle that this book addresses is presented, in its historical and social context: what is and how can we explain Haredi (ultra Orthodox) patterns of deviance between 1948-1998. The chapter contextualizes these patterns within processes of social change and social stability and argues that Haredi activists use violence to push Israel towards a theocracy.
Nachman Ben-Yehuda
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199734863
- eISBN:
- 9780199895090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734863.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter describes the role of the media (e.g., control, transmission of culture, mobilization, create a sense of integration and purpose) and how news are constructed and transmitted. It ...
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This chapter describes the role of the media (e.g., control, transmission of culture, mobilization, create a sense of integration and purpose) and how news are constructed and transmitted. It suggests to view the media as a selective cultural mirror that tries to set agendas and echoes cultural conflicts and gives them substance. Printed media can be divided to various types such as commercial, ideological, entertainment. The discussion focuses on how the various printed media translate complex realities and try to construct and transmit what appears as a meaningful and simplified construction of realities.Less
This chapter describes the role of the media (e.g., control, transmission of culture, mobilization, create a sense of integration and purpose) and how news are constructed and transmitted. It suggests to view the media as a selective cultural mirror that tries to set agendas and echoes cultural conflicts and gives them substance. Printed media can be divided to various types such as commercial, ideological, entertainment. The discussion focuses on how the various printed media translate complex realities and try to construct and transmit what appears as a meaningful and simplified construction of realities.
Nachman Ben-Yehuda
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199734863
- eISBN:
- 9780199895090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734863.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Data presenting Haredi nonconformity and deviance are divided between “events” and “affairs.” An event consists of a discrete occurrence. For example, burglary, rape, beating. An affair consists of a ...
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Data presenting Haredi nonconformity and deviance are divided between “events” and “affairs.” An event consists of a discrete occurrence. For example, burglary, rape, beating. An affair consists of a series of events (at least three) that may last for a few days, months, or even years, and may include a few discrete events. This chapter provides illustrations of events and affairs from 1948 to 1998 and continues with some discrete illustrations to 2009. The purpose of this chapter is to vivify the type of events and affairs recorded in this study.Less
Data presenting Haredi nonconformity and deviance are divided between “events” and “affairs.” An event consists of a discrete occurrence. For example, burglary, rape, beating. An affair consists of a series of events (at least three) that may last for a few days, months, or even years, and may include a few discrete events. This chapter provides illustrations of events and affairs from 1948 to 1998 and continues with some discrete illustrations to 2009. The purpose of this chapter is to vivify the type of events and affairs recorded in this study.
Thomas H. Stanton
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199915996
- eISBN:
- 9780199950324
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199915996.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Chapter 8 asks whether the financial crisis will happen again. Economist Hyman Minsky observed a cyclical pattern. Stability in financial markets breeds instability as lenders and borrowers keep ...
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Chapter 8 asks whether the financial crisis will happen again. Economist Hyman Minsky observed a cyclical pattern. Stability in financial markets breeds instability as lenders and borrowers keep pushing the limits. The years 2005–2007 saw a remarkable expansion of risk-taking at major firms just before the market collapsed in 2008, providing a demonstration of the Minsky cycles at work in the financial crisis. Minsky saw in the financial system the dynamic of “normalization of deviance” that sociologist Diane Vaughan saw in the Challenger space shuttle disaster. If that seems to result in success, then they lower their standards yet further. Minsky saw the cycle emerge regularly in credit standards, when lenders would respond to the lure of profits by taking increasing risks, while Vaughan studied a production-driven government agency, NASA, whose leaders yielded to pressure from the political process to perform without interrupting a flight to take account of growing risks.Less
Chapter 8 asks whether the financial crisis will happen again. Economist Hyman Minsky observed a cyclical pattern. Stability in financial markets breeds instability as lenders and borrowers keep pushing the limits. The years 2005–2007 saw a remarkable expansion of risk-taking at major firms just before the market collapsed in 2008, providing a demonstration of the Minsky cycles at work in the financial crisis. Minsky saw in the financial system the dynamic of “normalization of deviance” that sociologist Diane Vaughan saw in the Challenger space shuttle disaster. If that seems to result in success, then they lower their standards yet further. Minsky saw the cycle emerge regularly in credit standards, when lenders would respond to the lure of profits by taking increasing risks, while Vaughan studied a production-driven government agency, NASA, whose leaders yielded to pressure from the political process to perform without interrupting a flight to take account of growing risks.
Thomas H. Stanton
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199915996
- eISBN:
- 9780199950324
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199915996.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Chapter 10 expands the lessons of this book from financial firms to other types of company and their nominal regulators. Case studies include the BP Gulf Oil Spill, the Massey Mining disaster, PG&E’s ...
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Chapter 10 expands the lessons of this book from financial firms to other types of company and their nominal regulators. Case studies include the BP Gulf Oil Spill, the Massey Mining disaster, PG&E’s San Bruno gas pipeline explosion, hospital medical errors, and other examples. These firms too show the need for constructive dialogue, the harmful effects of sociologist Diane Vaughan’s “normalization of deviance,” and sometimes disastrous problems caused by impeded flow of information between front-line employees of an organization and top leaders. The chapter concludes that this book is not only about the financial crisis: it provides lessons about organization, governance and management of private and public organizations more generally and the need to strengthen the institutions upon which all of us depend for our safety and economic well being.Less
Chapter 10 expands the lessons of this book from financial firms to other types of company and their nominal regulators. Case studies include the BP Gulf Oil Spill, the Massey Mining disaster, PG&E’s San Bruno gas pipeline explosion, hospital medical errors, and other examples. These firms too show the need for constructive dialogue, the harmful effects of sociologist Diane Vaughan’s “normalization of deviance,” and sometimes disastrous problems caused by impeded flow of information between front-line employees of an organization and top leaders. The chapter concludes that this book is not only about the financial crisis: it provides lessons about organization, governance and management of private and public organizations more generally and the need to strengthen the institutions upon which all of us depend for our safety and economic well being.
John M. Levine, Kira Alexander, and Thomas Hansen
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391381
- eISBN:
- 9780199776894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391381.003.0024
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Social Psychology
This chapter reviews theoretical and empirical work on self-regulation at the group level of analysis. We examine how groups exert control over their members and how members respond to these control ...
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This chapter reviews theoretical and empirical work on self-regulation at the group level of analysis. We examine how groups exert control over their members and how members respond to these control efforts. The first section of the chapter focuses on groups as agents of control. Following a discussion of the functions that groups serve, we examine how groups use norms and roles to control their members. The second section of the chapter focuses on individuals as targets of control. Here we examine two opposing ways in which individuals respond to perceived group pressure: capitulation and resistance. We conclude by examining two implicit assumptions underlying our analysis of group control—that groups initiate control for their own ends and that members view such control as an unwelcome constraint. Using the example of social support groups, we discuss the relationship between self- and group-control when individuals seek group help in regulating their behavior.Less
This chapter reviews theoretical and empirical work on self-regulation at the group level of analysis. We examine how groups exert control over their members and how members respond to these control efforts. The first section of the chapter focuses on groups as agents of control. Following a discussion of the functions that groups serve, we examine how groups use norms and roles to control their members. The second section of the chapter focuses on individuals as targets of control. Here we examine two opposing ways in which individuals respond to perceived group pressure: capitulation and resistance. We conclude by examining two implicit assumptions underlying our analysis of group control—that groups initiate control for their own ends and that members view such control as an unwelcome constraint. Using the example of social support groups, we discuss the relationship between self- and group-control when individuals seek group help in regulating their behavior.
Richard L. Abel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199760374
- eISBN:
- 9780199827077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199760374.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
Self-governance and self-regulation are defining characteristics of all professions. The preamble to the American Bar Association (ABA) Model Rules of Professional Conduct acknowledged why ...
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Self-governance and self-regulation are defining characteristics of all professions. The preamble to the American Bar Association (ABA) Model Rules of Professional Conduct acknowledged why professions claim such authority: “To the extent that lawyers meet the obligations of their professional calling, the occasion for government regulation is obviated”. But these core powers are ambivalently asserted, expediently exercised, and constantly contested. This chapter traces the institutional history of lawyer discipline in California in order to show how the system's capacities and limitations influence the way it constructs lawyer deviance.Less
Self-governance and self-regulation are defining characteristics of all professions. The preamble to the American Bar Association (ABA) Model Rules of Professional Conduct acknowledged why professions claim such authority: “To the extent that lawyers meet the obligations of their professional calling, the occasion for government regulation is obviated”. But these core powers are ambivalently asserted, expediently exercised, and constantly contested. This chapter traces the institutional history of lawyer discipline in California in order to show how the system's capacities and limitations influence the way it constructs lawyer deviance.
G. Geltner
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199639458
- eISBN:
- 9780191741098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639458.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter tracks religious mendicants’ gross misbehavior as it emerges mostly from the orders’ internal documents. Rather than taking polemicists and other authors at their word, it carefully ...
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This chapter tracks religious mendicants’ gross misbehavior as it emerges mostly from the orders’ internal documents. Rather than taking polemicists and other authors at their word, it carefully gauges the frequency and profile of deviance among the brethren, especially but not exclusively Dominicans. Given the brethren’s strong presence in urban centers and in episcopal and secular courts, their misconduct was hard to conceal and even harder to dismiss in light of the ideals they stood for: humility, obedience, and poverty. Deviance, in turn, exacerbated pressures created by the friars’ growing number of antagonists, both within and outside the church, who were able to manipulate potentially isolated events to their own benefit in the context of local and regional power struggles.Less
This chapter tracks religious mendicants’ gross misbehavior as it emerges mostly from the orders’ internal documents. Rather than taking polemicists and other authors at their word, it carefully gauges the frequency and profile of deviance among the brethren, especially but not exclusively Dominicans. Given the brethren’s strong presence in urban centers and in episcopal and secular courts, their misconduct was hard to conceal and even harder to dismiss in light of the ideals they stood for: humility, obedience, and poverty. Deviance, in turn, exacerbated pressures created by the friars’ growing number of antagonists, both within and outside the church, who were able to manipulate potentially isolated events to their own benefit in the context of local and regional power struggles.
Andrea Fried
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198833888
- eISBN:
- 9780191872242
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198833888.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Knowledge Management
In this chapter, Andrea Fried discusses the implications of a better understanding of deviance from standards for corporate responsibility in terms of both compliance-related duties for companies and ...
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In this chapter, Andrea Fried discusses the implications of a better understanding of deviance from standards for corporate responsibility in terms of both compliance-related duties for companies and their criminal liability. Five questions related to this are answered in this summarizing chapter: Is voluntary self-regulation of companies a way of ensuring corporate responsibility? What contributes to a manipulation of standards even if a strong external control and sanctioning system is in place? Should legislative authorities only sanction actual knowledge of and engagement in wrongful acts of standard deviation? Should legislation stipulate a criminal liability also for companies? Why should companies allow organizational members to deviate from standards? Answers to these questions relate to the empirical investigations presented in previous chapters of the book and show strong support for a corporate criminal law that should apply when standard deviations lead to health, environmental, or safety risks.Less
In this chapter, Andrea Fried discusses the implications of a better understanding of deviance from standards for corporate responsibility in terms of both compliance-related duties for companies and their criminal liability. Five questions related to this are answered in this summarizing chapter: Is voluntary self-regulation of companies a way of ensuring corporate responsibility? What contributes to a manipulation of standards even if a strong external control and sanctioning system is in place? Should legislative authorities only sanction actual knowledge of and engagement in wrongful acts of standard deviation? Should legislation stipulate a criminal liability also for companies? Why should companies allow organizational members to deviate from standards? Answers to these questions relate to the empirical investigations presented in previous chapters of the book and show strong support for a corporate criminal law that should apply when standard deviations lead to health, environmental, or safety risks.
Dúnlaith Bird
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199644162
- eISBN:
- 9780199949984
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644162.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature
This chapter explores the original paradigm of vagabondage. An increasingly totemic concept in European women’s travel writing from the 1850s onwards, vagabondage offers an alternative model of ...
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This chapter explores the original paradigm of vagabondage. An increasingly totemic concept in European women’s travel writing from the 1850s onwards, vagabondage offers an alternative model of mobility and gender construction. The chapter begins by mapping the development of vagabondage from its historical origins to its reformulation as women’s movement from 1850. From forced economic migration in fourteenth-century Europe, vagabondage gradually metamorphoses into a criminal activity, a seditious plague on the nation state, as close textual analysis of Royal Statutes from Britain and France shows. It also constitutes a marginal literary movement, from Elizabethan rogue’s literature to Victor Hugo’s vagabond heroes. The chapter uses Isabelle Eberhardt’s early travel writing and Colette’s La Vagabonde (1911) to elucidate the central characteristics and themes of women’s vagabondage. The final section examines official repression of female vagabondage and the appearance of modern ‘rogue literature’ as a response to this repression in the travelogues of Freya Stark.Less
This chapter explores the original paradigm of vagabondage. An increasingly totemic concept in European women’s travel writing from the 1850s onwards, vagabondage offers an alternative model of mobility and gender construction. The chapter begins by mapping the development of vagabondage from its historical origins to its reformulation as women’s movement from 1850. From forced economic migration in fourteenth-century Europe, vagabondage gradually metamorphoses into a criminal activity, a seditious plague on the nation state, as close textual analysis of Royal Statutes from Britain and France shows. It also constitutes a marginal literary movement, from Elizabethan rogue’s literature to Victor Hugo’s vagabond heroes. The chapter uses Isabelle Eberhardt’s early travel writing and Colette’s La Vagabonde (1911) to elucidate the central characteristics and themes of women’s vagabondage. The final section examines official repression of female vagabondage and the appearance of modern ‘rogue literature’ as a response to this repression in the travelogues of Freya Stark.
