Thomas Carothers
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199243754
- eISBN:
- 9780191600333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199243751.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The surprisingly wide variety of US political development assistance programmes in Latin America prompts a number of questions, which are addressed in this chapter. First, what did the many different ...
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The surprisingly wide variety of US political development assistance programmes in Latin America prompts a number of questions, which are addressed in this chapter. First, what did the many different programmes actually consist of? Second, what methods did the programmes employ? Third, what was the relationship between the democracy assistance programmes of the 1980s and the general characteristics of the Reagan administration's policies towards Latin America? Fourth, what were the objective results of these policies in terms of contribution to the democratization trend in Latin America?Less
The surprisingly wide variety of US political development assistance programmes in Latin America prompts a number of questions, which are addressed in this chapter. First, what did the many different programmes actually consist of? Second, what methods did the programmes employ? Third, what was the relationship between the democracy assistance programmes of the 1980s and the general characteristics of the Reagan administration's policies towards Latin America? Fourth, what were the objective results of these policies in terms of contribution to the democratization trend in Latin America?
Timothy Besley and Torsten Persson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691152684
- eISBN:
- 9781400840526
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691152684.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter explores the implications of the analytical approach for the design of development assistance. The model suggests a number of margins on which we would expect such assistance to have an ...
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This chapter explores the implications of the analytical approach for the design of development assistance. The model suggests a number of margins on which we would expect such assistance to have an effect. The results illustrate the difficulties faced by external donors and actors who are trying to improve the situation in developing countries, particularly in weak and fragile states. Some of the issues are well known, particularly the problem that development support might crowd out rather than crowd in government. It is clear that a great deal more has to be understood about the political equilibrium before any reasoned assessment on aid can be reached. Absent this understanding, the triumph of hope over expectation, so characteristic of more than 50 years of policy experience, is likely to continue.Less
This chapter explores the implications of the analytical approach for the design of development assistance. The model suggests a number of margins on which we would expect such assistance to have an effect. The results illustrate the difficulties faced by external donors and actors who are trying to improve the situation in developing countries, particularly in weak and fragile states. Some of the issues are well known, particularly the problem that development support might crowd out rather than crowd in government. It is clear that a great deal more has to be understood about the political equilibrium before any reasoned assessment on aid can be reached. Absent this understanding, the triumph of hope over expectation, so characteristic of more than 50 years of policy experience, is likely to continue.
Barry Eichengreen
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199257430
- eISBN:
- 9780191698453
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257430.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
This book provides a critical assessment of the official sector's efforts to manage more effectively financial crises in emerging markets. The book reviews international initiatives on both the ...
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This book provides a critical assessment of the official sector's efforts to manage more effectively financial crises in emerging markets. The book reviews international initiatives on both the crisis prevention and crisis resolution fronts. While crises will always be with us, it concludes that good progress has been made in limiting their spread and strengthening the international financial system. Ironically, however, official sector initiatives in this area may in fact have made life more difficult for the poorest countries. Initiatives to limit the incidence of crises and threats to the stability of the international financial system should therefore be linked to an increase in development assistance designed to offset the extra burdens on the poorest countries. The other place where official efforts have fallen short is in creating new ways of resolving crises. The book argues that the old way — the official sector financing through the International Monetary Fund — is part of the problem, not part of the solution.Less
This book provides a critical assessment of the official sector's efforts to manage more effectively financial crises in emerging markets. The book reviews international initiatives on both the crisis prevention and crisis resolution fronts. While crises will always be with us, it concludes that good progress has been made in limiting their spread and strengthening the international financial system. Ironically, however, official sector initiatives in this area may in fact have made life more difficult for the poorest countries. Initiatives to limit the incidence of crises and threats to the stability of the international financial system should therefore be linked to an increase in development assistance designed to offset the extra burdens on the poorest countries. The other place where official efforts have fallen short is in creating new ways of resolving crises. The book argues that the old way — the official sector financing through the International Monetary Fund — is part of the problem, not part of the solution.
Anthony B. Atkinson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that were affirmed at the Millennium Summit in 2000 are summarised and the role of Official Development Assistance (ODA) as an important vehicle for ...
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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that were affirmed at the Millennium Summit in 2000 are summarised and the role of Official Development Assistance (ODA) as an important vehicle for development finance briefly outlined. It is noted that funding of the MDGs could be achieved solely by increasing ODA, but that increasing public spending on development assistance is a difficult political option – so alternative sources of development funding are required to meet the gap between current ODA and the amounts needed to meet the MDGs. The seven innovative sources that are the subject of the book, and are addressed in detail in chs. 3 to 9, are summarised, and three ways of classifying them (as radical departures, by lead actors, and as intermediation mechanisms) considered. Their origins and political economics are also examined and the criteria used to evaluate them discussed. The final section of the chapter presents a guide to the contents of the book.Less
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that were affirmed at the Millennium Summit in 2000 are summarised and the role of Official Development Assistance (ODA) as an important vehicle for development finance briefly outlined. It is noted that funding of the MDGs could be achieved solely by increasing ODA, but that increasing public spending on development assistance is a difficult political option – so alternative sources of development funding are required to meet the gap between current ODA and the amounts needed to meet the MDGs. The seven innovative sources that are the subject of the book, and are addressed in detail in chs. 3 to 9, are summarised, and three ways of classifying them (as radical departures, by lead actors, and as intermediation mechanisms) considered. Their origins and political economics are also examined and the criteria used to evaluate them discussed. The final section of the chapter presents a guide to the contents of the book.
Clark C. Gibson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278855
- eISBN:
- 9780191602863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278857.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses how aid might be delivered more effectively. While referring to Sida, it provides suggestions that are general enough to be useful to any agency concerned with development ...
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This chapter discusses how aid might be delivered more effectively. While referring to Sida, it provides suggestions that are general enough to be useful to any agency concerned with development assistance. It identifies six general areas that deserve the attention of all aid agencies, the recipients of international assistance, and those engaged in the analysis of this policy field. These are: an awareness of the important role of incentives; paying attention to the nature of the good involved; focusing on how ownership is related to sustainability; examining how learning is encouraged at an individual and organizational level; the role of consultants in development assistance; and the importance of putting beneficiaries first.Less
This chapter discusses how aid might be delivered more effectively. While referring to Sida, it provides suggestions that are general enough to be useful to any agency concerned with development assistance. It identifies six general areas that deserve the attention of all aid agencies, the recipients of international assistance, and those engaged in the analysis of this policy field. These are: an awareness of the important role of incentives; paying attention to the nature of the good involved; focusing on how ownership is related to sustainability; examining how learning is encouraged at an individual and organizational level; the role of consultants in development assistance; and the importance of putting beneficiaries first.
Inge Kaul and Pedro Conceiçāo
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195179972
- eISBN:
- 9780199850709
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179972.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The world's agenda of international cooperation has changed. The conventional concerns of foreign affairs, international trade, and development assistance, are increasingly sharing the political ...
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The world's agenda of international cooperation has changed. The conventional concerns of foreign affairs, international trade, and development assistance, are increasingly sharing the political center stage with a new set of issues. These include trans-border concerns such as global financial stability and market efficiency, risk of global climate change, bio-diversity conservation, control of resurgent and new communicable diseases, food safety, cyber crime and e-commerce, control of drug trafficking, and international terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. Globalization and increasing porosity of national borders have been key driving forces that have led to growing interdependence and interlocking of the public domains — and therefore, public policy concerns — of countries, governments, private businesses, civil society, and people at large. Thus, new and different issues are now occupying top places on national policy agendas, and consequently, on the agendas of international negotiating forums. The policy approaches to global challenges are also changing. A proliferation and diversification of international cooperation efforts include focus on financing arrangements. Financing of international cooperation in most instances is a haphazard and non-transparent process and often seems to run parallel to international negotiations. There are many unfunded mandates and many-non-mandatory funds. To agree on and to achieve international economic goals, we need to understand how financing of international cooperation efforts actually works. Our understanding is hampered by two gaps: 1) lack of an integrated and cohesive theoretical framework; 2) lack of consolidated empirical and operational knowledge in the form of a comprehensive inventory of past, current and possible future (i.e. currently deliberated) financing mechanisms. This book reduces these two gaps and provides a guide to improve our ability to finance international cooperation.Less
The world's agenda of international cooperation has changed. The conventional concerns of foreign affairs, international trade, and development assistance, are increasingly sharing the political center stage with a new set of issues. These include trans-border concerns such as global financial stability and market efficiency, risk of global climate change, bio-diversity conservation, control of resurgent and new communicable diseases, food safety, cyber crime and e-commerce, control of drug trafficking, and international terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. Globalization and increasing porosity of national borders have been key driving forces that have led to growing interdependence and interlocking of the public domains — and therefore, public policy concerns — of countries, governments, private businesses, civil society, and people at large. Thus, new and different issues are now occupying top places on national policy agendas, and consequently, on the agendas of international negotiating forums. The policy approaches to global challenges are also changing. A proliferation and diversification of international cooperation efforts include focus on financing arrangements. Financing of international cooperation in most instances is a haphazard and non-transparent process and often seems to run parallel to international negotiations. There are many unfunded mandates and many-non-mandatory funds. To agree on and to achieve international economic goals, we need to understand how financing of international cooperation efforts actually works. Our understanding is hampered by two gaps: 1) lack of an integrated and cohesive theoretical framework; 2) lack of consolidated empirical and operational knowledge in the form of a comprehensive inventory of past, current and possible future (i.e. currently deliberated) financing mechanisms. This book reduces these two gaps and provides a guide to improve our ability to finance international cooperation.
A. B. Atkinson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
As their Millennium Development Goals, world leaders have pledged by 2015 to halve the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger, to achieve universal primary education, to reduce child ...
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As their Millennium Development Goals, world leaders have pledged by 2015 to halve the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger, to achieve universal primary education, to reduce child mortality, to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS, and to halve the number of people without safe drinking water. Achieving these goals requires a large increase in the flow of financial resources to developing countries – double the present development assistance from abroad. In examining innovative ways to secure these resources, this book, which is part of the UNU–WIDER Studies in Development Economics series, sets out a framework for the economic analysis of different sources of funding and applying the tools of modern public economics to identify the key issues. It examines the role of new sources of overseas aid, considers the fiscal architecture and the lessons that can be learned from federal fiscal systems, asks how far increased transfers impose a burden on donors, and investigates how far the raising of resources can be separated from their use. In turn, the book examines global environmental taxes (such as a carbon tax), the taxation of currency transactions (the Tobin tax), a development‐focused allocation of Special Drawing Rights by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the UK Government proposal for an International Finance Facility, increased private donations for development purposes, a global lottery (or premium bond), and increased remittances by emigrants. In each case, it considers the feasibility of the proposal and the resources that it can realistically raise, and offers new perspectives and insights into these new and controversial proposals.Less
As their Millennium Development Goals, world leaders have pledged by 2015 to halve the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger, to achieve universal primary education, to reduce child mortality, to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS, and to halve the number of people without safe drinking water. Achieving these goals requires a large increase in the flow of financial resources to developing countries – double the present development assistance from abroad. In examining innovative ways to secure these resources, this book, which is part of the UNU–WIDER Studies in Development Economics series, sets out a framework for the economic analysis of different sources of funding and applying the tools of modern public economics to identify the key issues. It examines the role of new sources of overseas aid, considers the fiscal architecture and the lessons that can be learned from federal fiscal systems, asks how far increased transfers impose a burden on donors, and investigates how far the raising of resources can be separated from their use. In turn, the book examines global environmental taxes (such as a carbon tax), the taxation of currency transactions (the Tobin tax), a development‐focused allocation of Special Drawing Rights by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the UK Government proposal for an International Finance Facility, increased private donations for development purposes, a global lottery (or premium bond), and increased remittances by emigrants. In each case, it considers the feasibility of the proposal and the resources that it can realistically raise, and offers new perspectives and insights into these new and controversial proposals.
Anna Vassall and Melisa Martínez-Álvarez
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199566761
- eISBN:
- 9780191731181
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199566761.003.0077
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Building stronger health systems and sectors in low-income countries will continue to require international finance for some time to come. However, despite the significant growth in development ...
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Building stronger health systems and sectors in low-income countries will continue to require international finance for some time to come. However, despite the significant growth in development assistance to health in recent years, fundamental challenges remain; both to raise the finance required and to ensure funds are spent effectively. This chapter examines the experiences, emerging evidence, and lessons learned that are influencing the way in which the international community funds health-related development in low- and middle-income countries. It outlines the pattern of aid flows to low- and middle-income countries in recent years. It then presents and discusses concerns and evidence relating to aid effectiveness in the health sector, focusing on health sector development. Finally, it discusses the policy response and examines the way ahead.Less
Building stronger health systems and sectors in low-income countries will continue to require international finance for some time to come. However, despite the significant growth in development assistance to health in recent years, fundamental challenges remain; both to raise the finance required and to ensure funds are spent effectively. This chapter examines the experiences, emerging evidence, and lessons learned that are influencing the way in which the international community funds health-related development in low- and middle-income countries. It outlines the pattern of aid flows to low- and middle-income countries in recent years. It then presents and discusses concerns and evidence relating to aid effectiveness in the health sector, focusing on health sector development. Finally, it discusses the policy response and examines the way ahead.
James A. Mirrlees
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter, together with chs. 2 and 11, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. One purpose of the book is ...
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This chapter, together with chs. 2 and 11, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. One purpose of the book is to bring to bear on this accumulated knowledge in the field of national public finance, and more generally public economics. Consequently, a discussion of global public finance/economics is presented here that considers the lessons from optimal tax design when applied at a global level. The different sections of the chapter look at: global taxation; taxation for aid; the possibility of an international agreement whereby income taxation is applied to nationals (rather than residents) and countries report people's income to their country of nationality (international allocation of tax bases); supranational taxation; subsidies and transfers; voluntary contributions and taxation; and development assistance expansion. An appendix considers the conditions for marginal tax rates to be independent of the revenue requirement.Less
This chapter, together with chs. 2 and 11, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. One purpose of the book is to bring to bear on this accumulated knowledge in the field of national public finance, and more generally public economics. Consequently, a discussion of global public finance/economics is presented here that considers the lessons from optimal tax design when applied at a global level. The different sections of the chapter look at: global taxation; taxation for aid; the possibility of an international agreement whereby income taxation is applied to nationals (rather than residents) and countries report people's income to their country of nationality (international allocation of tax bases); supranational taxation; subsidies and transfers; voluntary contributions and taxation; and development assistance expansion. An appendix considers the conditions for marginal tax rates to be independent of the revenue requirement.
Clark C. Gibson, Krister Andersson, Elinor Ostrom, and Sujai Shivakumar
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278855
- eISBN:
- 9780191602863
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278857.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
What’s wrong with development aid? It is argued that much of aid’s failure is related to the institutions that structure its delivery. These institutions govern the complex relationships between the ...
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What’s wrong with development aid? It is argued that much of aid’s failure is related to the institutions that structure its delivery. These institutions govern the complex relationships between the main actors in the aid delivery system, and often generate a series of perverse incentives that promote inefficient and unsustainable outcomes. The theoretical insights of the new institutional economics are applied to several settings. First, the institutions of Sida, the Swedish aid agency, is investigated to analyze how that aid agency’s institutions can produce incentives inimical to desired outcomes, contrary to the desires of its own staff. Second, cases from India, a country with low aid dependence, and Zambia, a country with high aid dependence, are used to explore how institutions on the ground in recipient countries might also mediate the effectiveness of aid. Suggestions are offered on how to improve aid’s effectiveness. These include how to structure evaluations in order to improve outcomes, how to employ agency staff to gain from their on-the-ground experience, and how to engage stakeholders as “owners” in the design, resource mobilization, learning, and evaluation process of development assistance programs.Less
What’s wrong with development aid? It is argued that much of aid’s failure is related to the institutions that structure its delivery. These institutions govern the complex relationships between the main actors in the aid delivery system, and often generate a series of perverse incentives that promote inefficient and unsustainable outcomes. The theoretical insights of the new institutional economics are applied to several settings. First, the institutions of Sida, the Swedish aid agency, is investigated to analyze how that aid agency’s institutions can produce incentives inimical to desired outcomes, contrary to the desires of its own staff. Second, cases from India, a country with low aid dependence, and Zambia, a country with high aid dependence, are used to explore how institutions on the ground in recipient countries might also mediate the effectiveness of aid. Suggestions are offered on how to improve aid’s effectiveness. These include how to structure evaluations in order to improve outcomes, how to employ agency staff to gain from their on-the-ground experience, and how to engage stakeholders as “owners” in the design, resource mobilization, learning, and evaluation process of development assistance programs.
George Mavrotas
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Proposals for new institutional arrangements for Official Development Assistance (ODA) that exploit techniques for securitisation in the capital market can function as an innovative source for ...
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Proposals for new institutional arrangements for Official Development Assistance (ODA) that exploit techniques for securitisation in the capital market can function as an innovative source for generating the funds necessary for the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This chapter takes as an example of this type of proposal the International Finance Facility (IFF) proposal published in the United Kingdom in January 2003 jointly by HM Treasury and the UK Department for International Development (DFID). It discusses the IFF proposal in detail, describing its main technical details and financial structure, and elaborating on crucially important administration and implementation issues. The proposal is evaluated in terms of both its potential advantages and its shortcomings, as well as suggesting ways to strengthen the proposal further. The key challenges for IFF are summarised in the concluding section.Less
Proposals for new institutional arrangements for Official Development Assistance (ODA) that exploit techniques for securitisation in the capital market can function as an innovative source for generating the funds necessary for the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This chapter takes as an example of this type of proposal the International Finance Facility (IFF) proposal published in the United Kingdom in January 2003 jointly by HM Treasury and the UK Department for International Development (DFID). It discusses the IFF proposal in detail, describing its main technical details and financial structure, and elaborating on crucially important administration and implementation issues. The proposal is evaluated in terms of both its potential advantages and its shortcomings, as well as suggesting ways to strengthen the proposal further. The key challenges for IFF are summarised in the concluding section.
Fatma H. Sayed
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774160165
- eISBN:
- 9781617970276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774160165.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Identification of various external pressures on the Egyptian Ministry of Education makes them accept models of democratization, decentralization, and governance in education. Due to the absence of ...
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Identification of various external pressures on the Egyptian Ministry of Education makes them accept models of democratization, decentralization, and governance in education. Due to the absence of results from development assistance funds directed to the developing world over several decades, their inefficient administration, and corrupt practices at several levels make the development agencies revise their development philosophies and procedures. The desire of the development agencies to find an alternative course for development assistance has opened a door to the concepts of participation, ownership, and empowerment of local communities. In the beginning of 1990s, these new ideas materialized into development assistance and soft plan policies. In this context, decentralization became a major condition for achieving success in development assistance.Less
Identification of various external pressures on the Egyptian Ministry of Education makes them accept models of democratization, decentralization, and governance in education. Due to the absence of results from development assistance funds directed to the developing world over several decades, their inefficient administration, and corrupt practices at several levels make the development agencies revise their development philosophies and procedures. The desire of the development agencies to find an alternative course for development assistance has opened a door to the concepts of participation, ownership, and empowerment of local communities. In the beginning of 1990s, these new ideas materialized into development assistance and soft plan policies. In this context, decentralization became a major condition for achieving success in development assistance.
Anthony B. Atkinson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278558
- eISBN:
- 9780191601590
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278555.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter, together with chs. 10 to 11, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. Chapter 2 itself deals with ...
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This chapter, together with chs. 10 to 11, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. Chapter 2 itself deals with over‐arching issues and aims to set out a number of the common questions that arise in considering sources of new revenue for development finance. These concern the precise specification of the proposal, its relation with Official Development Assistance (ODA), and the administrative architecture. The key questions addressed in the different sections are: the role of the new sources; their fiscal architecture (flexibility in country involvement, institutional arrangements, fiscal federalism); the marginal cost of development funds (the leaky bucket argument) and the double dividend argument; the transfer problem (the possible effects of transfers on the economies of the donor and recipient countries); and the equivalent effects of different economic measures/policy instruments.Less
This chapter, together with chs. 10 to 11, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. Chapter 2 itself deals with over‐arching issues and aims to set out a number of the common questions that arise in considering sources of new revenue for development finance. These concern the precise specification of the proposal, its relation with Official Development Assistance (ODA), and the administrative architecture. The key questions addressed in the different sections are: the role of the new sources; their fiscal architecture (flexibility in country involvement, institutional arrangements, fiscal federalism); the marginal cost of development funds (the leaky bucket argument) and the double dividend argument; the transfer problem (the possible effects of transfers on the economies of the donor and recipient countries); and the equivalent effects of different economic measures/policy instruments.
Elizabeth Shakman Hurd
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691166094
- eISBN:
- 9781400873814
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691166094.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In recent years, North American and European nations have sought to legally remake religion in other countries through an unprecedented array of international initiatives. Policymakers have rallied ...
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In recent years, North American and European nations have sought to legally remake religion in other countries through an unprecedented array of international initiatives. Policymakers have rallied around the notion that the fostering of religious freedom, interfaith dialogue, religious tolerance, and protections for religious minorities are the keys to combating persecution and discrimination. This book argues that these initiatives create the very social tensions and divisions they are meant to overcome. It looks at three critical channels of state-sponsored intervention: international religious freedom advocacy, development assistance and nation building, and international law. It shows how these initiatives make religious difference a matter of law, resulting in a divide that favors forms of religion authorized by those in power and excludes other ways of being and belonging. In exploring the dizzying power dynamics and blurred boundaries that characterize relations between “expert religion,” “governed religion,” and “lived religion,” the book charts new territory in the study of religion in global politics. The book provides new insights into today's most pressing dilemmas of power, difference, and governance.Less
In recent years, North American and European nations have sought to legally remake religion in other countries through an unprecedented array of international initiatives. Policymakers have rallied around the notion that the fostering of religious freedom, interfaith dialogue, religious tolerance, and protections for religious minorities are the keys to combating persecution and discrimination. This book argues that these initiatives create the very social tensions and divisions they are meant to overcome. It looks at three critical channels of state-sponsored intervention: international religious freedom advocacy, development assistance and nation building, and international law. It shows how these initiatives make religious difference a matter of law, resulting in a divide that favors forms of religion authorized by those in power and excludes other ways of being and belonging. In exploring the dizzying power dynamics and blurred boundaries that characterize relations between “expert religion,” “governed religion,” and “lived religion,” the book charts new territory in the study of religion in global politics. The book provides new insights into today's most pressing dilemmas of power, difference, and governance.
Robin Lin Miller, Shannon K. E. Kobes, and Jason C. Forney
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195327892
- eISBN:
- 9780199301478
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327892.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Child Psychology / School Psychology
Community-based organizations (CBOs) are a principal means by which members of American society seek to improve human wellbeing and advocate on behalf of those whose needs are not well met by other ...
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Community-based organizations (CBOs) are a principal means by which members of American society seek to improve human wellbeing and advocate on behalf of those whose needs are not well met by other types of institutions. This chapter develops a framework for understanding CBO capacity and for guiding efforts to develop it. It focuses specifically on small CBOs, those with limited personnel and non-personnel resources. It describes a range of approaches, including education, technical assistance, coaching, and reorganization, as well as suggesting ways in which the success of these approaches may be evaluated.Less
Community-based organizations (CBOs) are a principal means by which members of American society seek to improve human wellbeing and advocate on behalf of those whose needs are not well met by other types of institutions. This chapter develops a framework for understanding CBO capacity and for guiding efforts to develop it. It focuses specifically on small CBOs, those with limited personnel and non-personnel resources. It describes a range of approaches, including education, technical assistance, coaching, and reorganization, as well as suggesting ways in which the success of these approaches may be evaluated.
Rajshri Jayaraman and Ravi Kanbur
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195130522
- eISBN:
- 9780199867363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195130529.003.0021
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
During the 1980s and 90s, aid programs increasingly became a kind of surrogate national government, with outside agencies (usually led by the Bretton Woods institutions) attempting to foster the ...
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During the 1980s and 90s, aid programs increasingly became a kind of surrogate national government, with outside agencies (usually led by the Bretton Woods institutions) attempting to foster the provision of public goods at the local and national levels. In this vision the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank would lead reform on behalf of the national polity because the government receiving the aid was too weak, too corrupt, too prone to backsliding or too incompetent to mobilize the needed actions on its own. Thus, during the 1980s and especially in the first half of the 1990s aid was closely tied to policy conditions to ensure that the aid was linked to appropriate policies and the appropriate provision of public goods by the national government. In principle, if the aid was not used in the way agreed with the outside agencies, it would be cut off. We know from a large number of studies and frustrating case histories that this model is deeply flawed.A new approach to aid is needed. In our view donors should get back to basics, to ensure that aid really delivers public goods that otherwise will not be provided either by markets or recipient governments in the absence of the aid. Without a doubt, there is one hugely neglected area of public goods: goods that can only be provided effectively at the level of the region (defined here to mean a grouping of neighboring governments) or on a global scale. The first category may be called “regional public goods” and the second category “international public goods.” This chapter focuses on regional public goods, partly because international public goods are covered in other chapters and partly because very little work has been undertaken on the actual and desirable levels of public goods provision at the regional level.Less
During the 1980s and 90s, aid programs increasingly became a kind of surrogate national government, with outside agencies (usually led by the Bretton Woods institutions) attempting to foster the provision of public goods at the local and national levels. In this vision the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank would lead reform on behalf of the national polity because the government receiving the aid was too weak, too corrupt, too prone to backsliding or too incompetent to mobilize the needed actions on its own. Thus, during the 1980s and especially in the first half of the 1990s aid was closely tied to policy conditions to ensure that the aid was linked to appropriate policies and the appropriate provision of public goods by the national government. In principle, if the aid was not used in the way agreed with the outside agencies, it would be cut off. We know from a large number of studies and frustrating case histories that this model is deeply flawed.
A new approach to aid is needed. In our view donors should get back to basics, to ensure that aid really delivers public goods that otherwise will not be provided either by markets or recipient governments in the absence of the aid. Without a doubt, there is one hugely neglected area of public goods: goods that can only be provided effectively at the level of the region (defined here to mean a grouping of neighboring governments) or on a global scale. The first category may be called “regional public goods” and the second category “international public goods.” This chapter focuses on regional public goods, partly because international public goods are covered in other chapters and partly because very little work has been undertaken on the actual and desirable levels of public goods provision at the regional level.
Mary Venner
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781784992729
- eISBN:
- 9781526115317
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784992729.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The introductory chapter argues that the intervention in Kosovo was essentially, for most actors, a development assistance exercise. Understanding the theory and practice of development is therefore ...
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The introductory chapter argues that the intervention in Kosovo was essentially, for most actors, a development assistance exercise. Understanding the theory and practice of development is therefore necessary for understanding what happened in Kosovo. The chapter describes current ideas about post conflict reconstruction and development and the various critiques of these theories. It also describes the methods development actors use and the complaints frequently made about these methods.Less
The introductory chapter argues that the intervention in Kosovo was essentially, for most actors, a development assistance exercise. Understanding the theory and practice of development is therefore necessary for understanding what happened in Kosovo. The chapter describes current ideas about post conflict reconstruction and development and the various critiques of these theories. It also describes the methods development actors use and the complaints frequently made about these methods.
Sara Lorenzini
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691180151
- eISBN:
- 9780691185569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691180151.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter addresses the differentiated priorities in the West and East as they emerged during the institutionalization of development structures and procedures. In the 1950s, with the Soviet Union ...
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This chapter addresses the differentiated priorities in the West and East as they emerged during the institutionalization of development structures and procedures. In the 1950s, with the Soviet Union and its allies entering the development business, aid became a full-fledged weapon in the Cold War arsenal. Development plans extolled the virtues of modernity and modernity was conceived in the singular: there were several ways to solve the same problem, and experts had differentiated approaches, but they did not diverge drastically. With the entry of the Soviet Union as a potential donor rather than a distant model, development turned competitive. Models were now pitted against one another in a competition about effectiveness and symbolic strength. Technology was not neutral anymore. Machinery and dams were products of a culture, and the choice of technology implied a choice of social organization, labor relations, and structures of production: it was a political choice. Countries had to take sides in the Cold War, because the decision was a final and irreversible one between irreconcilable proposals. The chapter then focuses on the organs charged with coordinating aid: the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Permanent Commission for Technical Assistance of Comecon.Less
This chapter addresses the differentiated priorities in the West and East as they emerged during the institutionalization of development structures and procedures. In the 1950s, with the Soviet Union and its allies entering the development business, aid became a full-fledged weapon in the Cold War arsenal. Development plans extolled the virtues of modernity and modernity was conceived in the singular: there were several ways to solve the same problem, and experts had differentiated approaches, but they did not diverge drastically. With the entry of the Soviet Union as a potential donor rather than a distant model, development turned competitive. Models were now pitted against one another in a competition about effectiveness and symbolic strength. Technology was not neutral anymore. Machinery and dams were products of a culture, and the choice of technology implied a choice of social organization, labor relations, and structures of production: it was a political choice. Countries had to take sides in the Cold War, because the decision was a final and irreversible one between irreconcilable proposals. The chapter then focuses on the organs charged with coordinating aid: the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Permanent Commission for Technical Assistance of Comecon.
Daniel C. O'Neill
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9789888455966
- eISBN:
- 9789888455461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888455966.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter analyses how China converts its financial power into influence abroad. It argues that the provision of aid, loans, and foreign direct investment is a key tool China uses to project its ...
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This chapter analyses how China converts its financial power into influence abroad. It argues that the provision of aid, loans, and foreign direct investment is a key tool China uses to project its power. It further asserts that China’s financial resources have a greater impact in less developed states, which by definition are lacking in capital, and in authoritarian regimes, due to the much smaller number of those whose support must be garnered in order to influence policies. It shows how Chinese finance secures influence over foreign state governments by enhancing the resources available for the foreign leader to disburse to the ruling coalition that keeps the leader in power. A stylized “aid game” illustrates the bargaining that occurs between state leaders over such capital imports. It further examines some of the accepted wisdom concerning Chinese “aid”, including the strings attached to what is often termed “no strings attached” aid, as well as whether China’s financial assistance is accurately termed “aid.” It also shows the myriad of channels through which capital inflows from China can be diverted from the projects they are funding in order to help the recipient state leader maintain power, thereby enhancing China’s influence over that leader.Less
This chapter analyses how China converts its financial power into influence abroad. It argues that the provision of aid, loans, and foreign direct investment is a key tool China uses to project its power. It further asserts that China’s financial resources have a greater impact in less developed states, which by definition are lacking in capital, and in authoritarian regimes, due to the much smaller number of those whose support must be garnered in order to influence policies. It shows how Chinese finance secures influence over foreign state governments by enhancing the resources available for the foreign leader to disburse to the ruling coalition that keeps the leader in power. A stylized “aid game” illustrates the bargaining that occurs between state leaders over such capital imports. It further examines some of the accepted wisdom concerning Chinese “aid”, including the strings attached to what is often termed “no strings attached” aid, as well as whether China’s financial assistance is accurately termed “aid.” It also shows the myriad of channels through which capital inflows from China can be diverted from the projects they are funding in order to help the recipient state leader maintain power, thereby enhancing China’s influence over that leader.
Sara Lorenzini
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691180151
- eISBN:
- 9780691185569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691180151.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter assesses how modernization worked its way into Cold War politics and how it influenced public discourse and foreign policy in the United States during the second half of the 1950s. ...
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This chapter assesses how modernization worked its way into Cold War politics and how it influenced public discourse and foreign policy in the United States during the second half of the 1950s. Between 1957 and 1958, several events prompted the United States to shift toward a more active foreign aid policy. These events brought a consensus that a more vigorous approach to promoting economic growth and development as a way to contain communist influence was needed. The question of improved coordination of development assistance among the Atlantic nations was also a factor. Most of Western Europe shared America's concern about Soviet penetration, and several members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) insisted on activating economic collaboration according to article 2 of the North Atlantic Treaty, using it to provide aid cooperatively. The chapter then considers how, with the presidency of John F. Kennedy, modernization became the representative Western ideology for waging the Cold War, even as other coexisting traditions of imperial origin offered rival methods of using development aid as a tool of foreign policy to face radicalization in the decolonizing world.Less
This chapter assesses how modernization worked its way into Cold War politics and how it influenced public discourse and foreign policy in the United States during the second half of the 1950s. Between 1957 and 1958, several events prompted the United States to shift toward a more active foreign aid policy. These events brought a consensus that a more vigorous approach to promoting economic growth and development as a way to contain communist influence was needed. The question of improved coordination of development assistance among the Atlantic nations was also a factor. Most of Western Europe shared America's concern about Soviet penetration, and several members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) insisted on activating economic collaboration according to article 2 of the North Atlantic Treaty, using it to provide aid cooperatively. The chapter then considers how, with the presidency of John F. Kennedy, modernization became the representative Western ideology for waging the Cold War, even as other coexisting traditions of imperial origin offered rival methods of using development aid as a tool of foreign policy to face radicalization in the decolonizing world.
