Phillippe Aghion and Abhijit Banerjee
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199248612
- eISBN:
- 9780191714719
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248612.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
One of the core assumptions of the neoclassical model is that there is a single market interest rate and every firm invests to the point where their marginal product is equal to this rate. There is a ...
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One of the core assumptions of the neoclassical model is that there is a single market interest rate and every firm invests to the point where their marginal product is equal to this rate. There is a large body of research showing that this neoclassical postulate often does a very poor job of describing reality. It is shown that there seems to be clear evidence that the typical firm, at least in the developing world, has a marginal product which is substantially above the market interest rate. This suggests that the firm cannot borrow as much as it wants at the going market rate. In other words, the supply curve of capital to the firm must be upward sloping, or even vertical (a hard limit on how much the firm can borrow). A simple model is sketched that explains why lenders impose limits on how much firms can borrow.Less
One of the core assumptions of the neoclassical model is that there is a single market interest rate and every firm invests to the point where their marginal product is equal to this rate. There is a large body of research showing that this neoclassical postulate often does a very poor job of describing reality. It is shown that there seems to be clear evidence that the typical firm, at least in the developing world, has a marginal product which is substantially above the market interest rate. This suggests that the firm cannot borrow as much as it wants at the going market rate. In other words, the supply curve of capital to the firm must be upward sloping, or even vertical (a hard limit on how much the firm can borrow). A simple model is sketched that explains why lenders impose limits on how much firms can borrow.
Adil E. Shamoo and David B. Resnik
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368246
- eISBN:
- 9780199867615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368246.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This chapter provides an overview of ethical, social, and policy issues related to international research with human subjects, with a special emphasis on research in the developing world. The chapter ...
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This chapter provides an overview of ethical, social, and policy issues related to international research with human subjects, with a special emphasis on research in the developing world. The chapter covers such topics as international codes of ethics, relativism in international research, exploitation, benefit sharing, commercialization, informed consent, and the use of placebos in research.Less
This chapter provides an overview of ethical, social, and policy issues related to international research with human subjects, with a special emphasis on research in the developing world. The chapter covers such topics as international codes of ethics, relativism in international research, exploitation, benefit sharing, commercialization, informed consent, and the use of placebos in research.
Sarah Joseph
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199217908
- eISBN:
- 9780191705380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217908.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter addresses two anti-WTO critiques. First, it examines the argument that current WTO rules are biased in favour of developed states. Second, it examines the argument that trade ...
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This chapter addresses two anti-WTO critiques. First, it examines the argument that current WTO rules are biased in favour of developed states. Second, it examines the argument that trade liberalization, which has been facilitated, but certainly not completely achieved, by the WTO, is good for the poor, particularly in the developing world. The differing interests of the North and South are also discussed, bearing in mind that losers from economic globalization and poverty exist in developing and industrialized states. Finally, the chapter suggests a reform proposal which addresses some of the major Southern concerns, whilst also taking into account some of the concerns of Northern progressive groups.Less
This chapter addresses two anti-WTO critiques. First, it examines the argument that current WTO rules are biased in favour of developed states. Second, it examines the argument that trade liberalization, which has been facilitated, but certainly not completely achieved, by the WTO, is good for the poor, particularly in the developing world. The differing interests of the North and South are also discussed, bearing in mind that losers from economic globalization and poverty exist in developing and industrialized states. Finally, the chapter suggests a reform proposal which addresses some of the major Southern concerns, whilst also taking into account some of the concerns of Northern progressive groups.
Kees Camfferman and Stephen A. Zeff
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199296293
- eISBN:
- 9780191700767
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296293.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
The parties taking an interest in the work of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) were by divided along the lines of developed versus developing nations, governments versus the ...
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The parties taking an interest in the work of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) were by divided along the lines of developed versus developing nations, governments versus the private sector, and accountants versus the users and preparers of financial statements. Another line of tension was that between accountancy bodies that were represented on the IASC board and those that were not. This chapter explores the IASC's relationship with other organizations. It deals with the course the IASC tried to steer among these conflicting forces. It is structured around three developments that were closely interconnected: relations with the United Nations (UN), relations with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and attempts to bring IASC under the control of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).Less
The parties taking an interest in the work of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) were by divided along the lines of developed versus developing nations, governments versus the private sector, and accountants versus the users and preparers of financial statements. Another line of tension was that between accountancy bodies that were represented on the IASC board and those that were not. This chapter explores the IASC's relationship with other organizations. It deals with the course the IASC tried to steer among these conflicting forces. It is structured around three developments that were closely interconnected: relations with the United Nations (UN), relations with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and attempts to bring IASC under the control of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).
Kamal Sadiq
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195371222
- eISBN:
- 9780199852178
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371222.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book reveals that most of the world's illegal immigrants are not migrating directly to the US, but to countries in the vast developing world. And when they arrive in countries like India and ...
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This book reveals that most of the world's illegal immigrants are not migrating directly to the US, but to countries in the vast developing world. And when they arrive in countries like India and Malaysia—which are often governed by weak and erratic bureaucracies—they are able to obtain citizenship papers fairly easily. The book introduces “documentary citizenship” to explain how paperwork—often falsely obtained—confers citizenship on illegal immigrants. Once immigrants obtain documents, the book states, it is a relatively simple matter for, say, an Afghan migrant with Pakistani papers to pass himself off as a Pakistani citizen both in Pakistan and abroad. Across the globe, there are literally tens of millions of such illegal immigrants who have assumed the guise of “citizens”. Who, then, is really a citizen? And what does citizenship mean for most of the world's peoples?Less
This book reveals that most of the world's illegal immigrants are not migrating directly to the US, but to countries in the vast developing world. And when they arrive in countries like India and Malaysia—which are often governed by weak and erratic bureaucracies—they are able to obtain citizenship papers fairly easily. The book introduces “documentary citizenship” to explain how paperwork—often falsely obtained—confers citizenship on illegal immigrants. Once immigrants obtain documents, the book states, it is a relatively simple matter for, say, an Afghan migrant with Pakistani papers to pass himself off as a Pakistani citizen both in Pakistan and abroad. Across the globe, there are literally tens of millions of such illegal immigrants who have assumed the guise of “citizens”. Who, then, is really a citizen? And what does citizenship mean for most of the world's peoples?
Pierre-Richard Agénor
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155807
- eISBN:
- 9781400845392
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155807.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In the past three decades, developing countries have made significant economic and social progress, from improved infant mortality rates to higher life expectancy. Yet, 1.3 billion people continue to ...
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In the past three decades, developing countries have made significant economic and social progress, from improved infant mortality rates to higher life expectancy. Yet, 1.3 billion people continue to live in extreme poverty in the developing world, leading policymakers to place a renewed emphasis on policies that could promote economic efficiency and the productivity of the poor. How should these policies be sequenced and implemented to spur growth? Would a large, front-loaded increase in public infrastructure investment yield the desired growth-promoting effect? Taking a rigorous look at this kind of investment and its outcomes, this book explores the different channels through which public capital in infrastructure may affect growth and human welfare, and develops a series of formal models for understanding how these channels operate. Bringing together a vast amount of research in one unifying framework, the book finds that in considering investment in infrastructure, a variety of externalities need to be factored into analytical models and introduced in policy debates. Lack of access to infrastructure not only constrains the expansion of markets and private investment, it may also hinder the achievement of health and education targets. Ease of access, conversely, promotes innovation and empowers women by allowing them to reallocate their time to productive uses. Laying a solid foundation of economic facts and ideas, the book provides a comprehensive look at the critical role of public capital in development.Less
In the past three decades, developing countries have made significant economic and social progress, from improved infant mortality rates to higher life expectancy. Yet, 1.3 billion people continue to live in extreme poverty in the developing world, leading policymakers to place a renewed emphasis on policies that could promote economic efficiency and the productivity of the poor. How should these policies be sequenced and implemented to spur growth? Would a large, front-loaded increase in public infrastructure investment yield the desired growth-promoting effect? Taking a rigorous look at this kind of investment and its outcomes, this book explores the different channels through which public capital in infrastructure may affect growth and human welfare, and develops a series of formal models for understanding how these channels operate. Bringing together a vast amount of research in one unifying framework, the book finds that in considering investment in infrastructure, a variety of externalities need to be factored into analytical models and introduced in policy debates. Lack of access to infrastructure not only constrains the expansion of markets and private investment, it may also hinder the achievement of health and education targets. Ease of access, conversely, promotes innovation and empowers women by allowing them to reallocate their time to productive uses. Laying a solid foundation of economic facts and ideas, the book provides a comprehensive look at the critical role of public capital in development.
W. Douglas Evans and Muhiuddin Haider
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237135
- eISBN:
- 9780191724060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237135.003.0011
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Public health brands are a rapidly growing social marketing strategy in the developing world. There are parallels between public health brands in the developed and developing worlds in terms of ...
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Public health brands are a rapidly growing social marketing strategy in the developing world. There are parallels between public health brands in the developed and developing worlds in terms of health issues addressed and difference in terms of channels used and social context. Care studies from HIV/AIDS, malaria prevention, and reproductive health illustrate public health branding in the developing world. There are important research questions concerning the marketing mix and effects of social context in brand equity.Less
Public health brands are a rapidly growing social marketing strategy in the developing world. There are parallels between public health brands in the developed and developing worlds in terms of health issues addressed and difference in terms of channels used and social context. Care studies from HIV/AIDS, malaria prevention, and reproductive health illustrate public health branding in the developing world. There are important research questions concerning the marketing mix and effects of social context in brand equity.
Michael E. St. Louis, Henry Walke, Helen Perry, Peter Nsubuga, Mark E. White, and Scott Dowell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372922
- eISBN:
- 9780199866090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372922.003.0017
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter describes the application of specific principles to the practice of public health surveillance in the developing world. While the fundamental principles of public health surveillance do ...
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This chapter describes the application of specific principles to the practice of public health surveillance in the developing world. While the fundamental principles of public health surveillance do not differ in higher and lower resource settings, several contextual factors impact implementation—interplay of national and international structures, the need to do more with less, and the complexity of numerous external (international) partners who are influenced by a wide and frequently changing array of global perspectives about health priorities, whose assistance might end or be delivered with unpredictable timing. The chapter offers strategies for managing efforts to conduct surveillance and to improve surveillance systems in such settings in the current context of global health.Less
This chapter describes the application of specific principles to the practice of public health surveillance in the developing world. While the fundamental principles of public health surveillance do not differ in higher and lower resource settings, several contextual factors impact implementation—interplay of national and international structures, the need to do more with less, and the complexity of numerous external (international) partners who are influenced by a wide and frequently changing array of global perspectives about health priorities, whose assistance might end or be delivered with unpredictable timing. The chapter offers strategies for managing efforts to conduct surveillance and to improve surveillance systems in such settings in the current context of global health.
John Walley and John Wright (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199238934
- eISBN:
- 9780191716621
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238934.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Many of the health problems in the developing world can be tackled or prevented through public health measures such as essential health care, improved living conditions, water, sanitation, nutrition, ...
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Many of the health problems in the developing world can be tackled or prevented through public health measures such as essential health care, improved living conditions, water, sanitation, nutrition, immunization, and the adoption of healthy lifestyles. Public Health is an action guide to improving public/community health, with a particular focus on low- to middle-income countries. It explains public health approaches to developing effective health services and preventive programmes. This Second Edition contains real examples, illustrations and case histories to bring an important subject to life for the reader. The book covers the essential clinical services and preventive programmes — including those for TB, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and diarrhoeal diseases — and the integrated management of childhood and adult illnesses. Practical methods are given for assessing health needs and working with communities to develop health services; and the development of hospital, health centre, and community health services — particularly mother, neonatal, and child health services — are explained. Additionally, gender, social, and economic influences on communities' health are explored.Less
Many of the health problems in the developing world can be tackled or prevented through public health measures such as essential health care, improved living conditions, water, sanitation, nutrition, immunization, and the adoption of healthy lifestyles. Public Health is an action guide to improving public/community health, with a particular focus on low- to middle-income countries. It explains public health approaches to developing effective health services and preventive programmes. This Second Edition contains real examples, illustrations and case histories to bring an important subject to life for the reader. The book covers the essential clinical services and preventive programmes — including those for TB, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and diarrhoeal diseases — and the integrated management of childhood and adult illnesses. Practical methods are given for assessing health needs and working with communities to develop health services; and the development of hospital, health centre, and community health services — particularly mother, neonatal, and child health services — are explained. Additionally, gender, social, and economic influences on communities' health are explored.
Margaret P. Battin, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, and Charles B. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335842
- eISBN:
- 9780199868926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335842.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Only decades ago infectious disease was thought about to become a “closed book,” thanks to developments in sanitation, immunization, and antibiotics, together with other scientific and public health ...
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Only decades ago infectious disease was thought about to become a “closed book,” thanks to developments in sanitation, immunization, and antibiotics, together with other scientific and public health milestones. Bioethics came into being during this period and, as documented in Chapter 4, essentially left considerations about communicable infectious disease out. The book argues throughout that this was a remarkably unfortunate lapse, given the intensified threats of infectious disease both in the developed world and especially as a matter of global health. The book develops what is called the “patient as victim and vector” or PVV view, the bedrock of this book, an augmentation of existing bioethics theory and ethics generally, as a way of dealing with the ethical issues that communicable infectious disease presents in both theory and practice. This is to see communicable infectious disease as central in bioethics generally, not as a rare or peripheral phenomenon but as something basic to the human condition.Less
Only decades ago infectious disease was thought about to become a “closed book,” thanks to developments in sanitation, immunization, and antibiotics, together with other scientific and public health milestones. Bioethics came into being during this period and, as documented in Chapter 4, essentially left considerations about communicable infectious disease out. The book argues throughout that this was a remarkably unfortunate lapse, given the intensified threats of infectious disease both in the developed world and especially as a matter of global health. The book develops what is called the “patient as victim and vector” or PVV view, the bedrock of this book, an augmentation of existing bioethics theory and ethics generally, as a way of dealing with the ethical issues that communicable infectious disease presents in both theory and practice. This is to see communicable infectious disease as central in bioethics generally, not as a rare or peripheral phenomenon but as something basic to the human condition.
Jeremy Friedman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469623764
- eISBN:
- 9781469625188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469623764.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter details the reactions of Moscow and Beijing to the sudden opportunities presented by decolonization between 1958 and 1960. It also looks at the beginnings of Chinese suspicions of Soviet ...
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This chapter details the reactions of Moscow and Beijing to the sudden opportunities presented by decolonization between 1958 and 1960. It also looks at the beginnings of Chinese suspicions of Soviet intentions and policies, especially in the wake of Moscow's decision to support India in its border conflict with China in 1959. Soviet foreign policy toward the newly emerging states focused on detaching them politically from their former colonial masters and opening them up to Soviet influence, which largely meant Soviet economic assistance and direction. This approach was in keeping with the broader policy of promoting peace to gain sympathy in Europe and reversing the perception of Moscow as a threat around the world while asserting the practical superiority of the socialist system. The Chinese however saw this as a failure of the Soviet Union to evaluate adequately the revolutionary significance of movements in the developing world.Less
This chapter details the reactions of Moscow and Beijing to the sudden opportunities presented by decolonization between 1958 and 1960. It also looks at the beginnings of Chinese suspicions of Soviet intentions and policies, especially in the wake of Moscow's decision to support India in its border conflict with China in 1959. Soviet foreign policy toward the newly emerging states focused on detaching them politically from their former colonial masters and opening them up to Soviet influence, which largely meant Soviet economic assistance and direction. This approach was in keeping with the broader policy of promoting peace to gain sympathy in Europe and reversing the perception of Moscow as a threat around the world while asserting the practical superiority of the socialist system. The Chinese however saw this as a failure of the Soviet Union to evaluate adequately the revolutionary significance of movements in the developing world.
Jeremy Friedman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469623764
- eISBN:
- 9781469625188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469623764.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter discusses Nikita Khrushchev's efforts to establish socialism in the developing world from 1961 through 1963. It also describes the growing challenge presented by Chinese accusations that ...
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This chapter discusses Nikita Khrushchev's efforts to establish socialism in the developing world from 1961 through 1963. It also describes the growing challenge presented by Chinese accusations that the Soviet Union was betraying the anti-imperialist struggle—accusations that became particularly forceful following the Cuban Missile Crisis. The different approaches of the Soviet Union and China to the newly emerging states and the battle for influence with the West reveal much about the nature of Soviet and Chinese policy. For the Soviet Union, the concern was the creation of a model for the implementation of socialism in the developing world and to build a good relationship with the West. The Chinese, by contrast, were satisfied with a militantly anti-imperialist policy, expressed through expelling all Western influence at any cost. The two agendas came into direct conflict on issues such as the whether or not to accept Western economic aid.Less
This chapter discusses Nikita Khrushchev's efforts to establish socialism in the developing world from 1961 through 1963. It also describes the growing challenge presented by Chinese accusations that the Soviet Union was betraying the anti-imperialist struggle—accusations that became particularly forceful following the Cuban Missile Crisis. The different approaches of the Soviet Union and China to the newly emerging states and the battle for influence with the West reveal much about the nature of Soviet and Chinese policy. For the Soviet Union, the concern was the creation of a model for the implementation of socialism in the developing world and to build a good relationship with the West. The Chinese, by contrast, were satisfied with a militantly anti-imperialist policy, expressed through expelling all Western influence at any cost. The two agendas came into direct conflict on issues such as the whether or not to accept Western economic aid.
A. Aluwihare
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198510000
- eISBN:
- 9780191730184
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198510000.003.0017
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter discusses the various perspectives from the developing world and diverse societies on several concepts related to palliation, and also highlights several challenges in developing ...
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This chapter discusses the various perspectives from the developing world and diverse societies on several concepts related to palliation, and also highlights several challenges in developing countries, such as the lack of data on palliative care and the low number of carers. The communication skills of the hospital staff need improvement and nursing and medical schools do not have enough courses on palliation in their curricula. The chapter reveals that most of the patients who need palliative care are in developing countries, but improving the staff attitudes and communication with patients and their families can help a lot.Less
This chapter discusses the various perspectives from the developing world and diverse societies on several concepts related to palliation, and also highlights several challenges in developing countries, such as the lack of data on palliative care and the low number of carers. The communication skills of the hospital staff need improvement and nursing and medical schools do not have enough courses on palliation in their curricula. The chapter reveals that most of the patients who need palliative care are in developing countries, but improving the staff attitudes and communication with patients and their families can help a lot.
David Sims
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774164040
- eISBN:
- 9781617970405
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774164040.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Trying to make sense of the urban giant that is Cairo, this book moves beyond superficial generalizations about Cairo as a chaotic metropolis in the developing world into an analysis of the ways the ...
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Trying to make sense of the urban giant that is Cairo, this book moves beyond superficial generalizations about Cairo as a chaotic metropolis in the developing world into an analysis of the ways the city's 18 million inhabitants have, in the face of a largely neglectful government, built and shaped their own city. Using a wealth of recent studies on Greater Cairo and a deep reading of informal urban processes, the city and its recent history are portrayed and mapped: the huge, spontaneous neighborhoods; housing; traffic and transport; city government; and its people and their enterprises. The failed attempts of the State to create the new, modern Egypt in the deserts surrounding Cairo and their unintended consequences as a colossal speculative frontier are given a special focus. The book argues that understanding a city such as Cairo is not a daunting task as long as pre-conceived notions are discarded and care is taken to apprehend available information and to assess it with a critical eye.Less
Trying to make sense of the urban giant that is Cairo, this book moves beyond superficial generalizations about Cairo as a chaotic metropolis in the developing world into an analysis of the ways the city's 18 million inhabitants have, in the face of a largely neglectful government, built and shaped their own city. Using a wealth of recent studies on Greater Cairo and a deep reading of informal urban processes, the city and its recent history are portrayed and mapped: the huge, spontaneous neighborhoods; housing; traffic and transport; city government; and its people and their enterprises. The failed attempts of the State to create the new, modern Egypt in the deserts surrounding Cairo and their unintended consequences as a colossal speculative frontier are given a special focus. The book argues that understanding a city such as Cairo is not a daunting task as long as pre-conceived notions are discarded and care is taken to apprehend available information and to assess it with a critical eye.
George Rupp
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231174282
- eISBN:
- 9780231539869
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231174282.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
To address the dimension of the resistance to individualism that is warranted, its values can and should be integrated into an affirmation of community.
To address the dimension of the resistance to individualism that is warranted, its values can and should be integrated into an affirmation of community.
Michael Barnett and Janice Stein
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199916023
- eISBN:
- 9780199950447
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199916023.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The global humanitarian movement, which originated within Western religious organizations in the early nineteenth century, has been of most important forces in world politics in advancing both human ...
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The global humanitarian movement, which originated within Western religious organizations in the early nineteenth century, has been of most important forces in world politics in advancing both human rights and human welfare. While the religious groups that founded the movement originally focused on conversion, in time more secular concerns came to dominate. By the end of the nineteenth century, increasingly professionalized yet nominally religious organization shifted from reliance on the good book to the public health manual. Over the course of the twentieth century, the secularization of humanitarianism only increased, and by the 1970s the movement's religious inspiration, generally speaking, was marginal to its agenda. However, beginning in the 1980s, religiously inspired humanitarian movements experienced a major revival, and today they are virtual equals of their secular brethren. From church-sponsored AIDS prevention campaigns in Africa to Muslim charity efforts in flood-stricken Pakistan to Hindu charities in India, religious groups have altered the character of the global humanitarian movement. Moreover, even secular groups now gesture toward religious inspiration in their work. Clearly, the broad, inexorable march toward secularism predicted by so many Westerners has halted, which is especially intriguing with regard to humanitarianism. Not only was it a highly secularized movement just forty years ago, but its principles were based on those we associate with “rational” modernity: cosmopolitan one-worldism and material (as opposed to spiritual) progress. How and why did this happen, and what does it mean for humanitarianism writ large?Less
The global humanitarian movement, which originated within Western religious organizations in the early nineteenth century, has been of most important forces in world politics in advancing both human rights and human welfare. While the religious groups that founded the movement originally focused on conversion, in time more secular concerns came to dominate. By the end of the nineteenth century, increasingly professionalized yet nominally religious organization shifted from reliance on the good book to the public health manual. Over the course of the twentieth century, the secularization of humanitarianism only increased, and by the 1970s the movement's religious inspiration, generally speaking, was marginal to its agenda. However, beginning in the 1980s, religiously inspired humanitarian movements experienced a major revival, and today they are virtual equals of their secular brethren. From church-sponsored AIDS prevention campaigns in Africa to Muslim charity efforts in flood-stricken Pakistan to Hindu charities in India, religious groups have altered the character of the global humanitarian movement. Moreover, even secular groups now gesture toward religious inspiration in their work. Clearly, the broad, inexorable march toward secularism predicted by so many Westerners has halted, which is especially intriguing with regard to humanitarianism. Not only was it a highly secularized movement just forty years ago, but its principles were based on those we associate with “rational” modernity: cosmopolitan one-worldism and material (as opposed to spiritual) progress. How and why did this happen, and what does it mean for humanitarianism writ large?
Muhiuddin Haider and Michelle J. Lee
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237135
- eISBN:
- 9780191724060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237135.003.0012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Organizational branding in public health transcends products and services, and seeks to develop a relationship and a sense of trust with its target audience. Organizational branding is both about ...
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Organizational branding in public health transcends products and services, and seeks to develop a relationship and a sense of trust with its target audience. Organizational branding is both about transforming the internal culture of an organization's environment through people- and process-related change and about projecting the vision, goals, and focus of the organization into its products and services for the goal of behaviour change. There is no single approach to organizational branding in public health. However, the most effective approaches are achieved by organizations whose products and services reflect the core mission and values of the organization itself. In public health, organizational branding still has much to learn and to apply from the corporate branding. Organizational branding as an approach to behaviour change often lacks clarity. Adequate documentation of successes is needed.Less
Organizational branding in public health transcends products and services, and seeks to develop a relationship and a sense of trust with its target audience. Organizational branding is both about transforming the internal culture of an organization's environment through people- and process-related change and about projecting the vision, goals, and focus of the organization into its products and services for the goal of behaviour change. There is no single approach to organizational branding in public health. However, the most effective approaches are achieved by organizations whose products and services reflect the core mission and values of the organization itself. In public health, organizational branding still has much to learn and to apply from the corporate branding. Organizational branding as an approach to behaviour change often lacks clarity. Adequate documentation of successes is needed.
Augustin Kwasi Fosu
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199671557
- eISBN:
- 9780191751059
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671557.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Certain countries are cited relatively often as examples of development ‘success’, that is, a set of favourable development outcomes. They are believed to exhibit policies and institutions that could ...
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Certain countries are cited relatively often as examples of development ‘success’, that is, a set of favourable development outcomes. They are believed to exhibit policies and institutions that could be adapted to less successful countries in the developing world. As such, they might constitute ‘role models’ of development. Role models need not have been successful across every dimension (growth, poverty reduction, democratization, etc.), nor are they required to be bereft of periods of failure and crisis; indeed, their ability to overcome adversity and to move successfully forward constitutes a critical element of their success.Less
Certain countries are cited relatively often as examples of development ‘success’, that is, a set of favourable development outcomes. They are believed to exhibit policies and institutions that could be adapted to less successful countries in the developing world. As such, they might constitute ‘role models’ of development. Role models need not have been successful across every dimension (growth, poverty reduction, democratization, etc.), nor are they required to be bereft of periods of failure and crisis; indeed, their ability to overcome adversity and to move successfully forward constitutes a critical element of their success.
Jeremy Friedman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469623764
- eISBN:
- 9781469625188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469623764.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This concluding chapter examines the enigmatic nature of the Soviet triumph against China for the leadership of the “world” revolution. After the death of Mao Zedong, China conceded the battle in the ...
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This concluding chapter examines the enigmatic nature of the Soviet triumph against China for the leadership of the “world” revolution. After the death of Mao Zedong, China conceded the battle in the developing world, focusing instead on its own domestic economic development. The Soviets, on the other hand, struggled with the burden of their foreign commitments. This burden was not merely financial but ideological and political as well. Adopting the struggles of the Third World as its own made the prospect of leading a true global working-class revolution ever more remote for the erstwhile Moscow revolutionaries. In the end, it was a shallow victory indeed, not only for Soviets, but also for opponents of the capitalist system around the world.Less
This concluding chapter examines the enigmatic nature of the Soviet triumph against China for the leadership of the “world” revolution. After the death of Mao Zedong, China conceded the battle in the developing world, focusing instead on its own domestic economic development. The Soviets, on the other hand, struggled with the burden of their foreign commitments. This burden was not merely financial but ideological and political as well. Adopting the struggles of the Third World as its own made the prospect of leading a true global working-class revolution ever more remote for the erstwhile Moscow revolutionaries. In the end, it was a shallow victory indeed, not only for Soviets, but also for opponents of the capitalist system around the world.
Luigi Manzetti
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198294665
- eISBN:
- 9780191685064
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294665.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This book focuses on the politics of privatization in Argentina, Brazil, and Peru. It examines both the micro- and macroeconomics of achieving privatization, the policy measures introduced, and ...
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This book focuses on the politics of privatization in Argentina, Brazil, and Peru. It examines both the micro- and macroeconomics of achieving privatization, the policy measures introduced, and factors affecting the implementation of privatization. The political dimensions of privatization are analyzed to explain the variations in national success in formulating and implementing privatization programs. The book argues that evidence suggests that national governments planned, but rarely implemented, divestiture policies from a technical standpoint; rather, privatization is a learning process that evolves through trial and error. It also examines the apparently ‘unconventional’ methods used by the governments of Argentina, Brazil, and Peru to achieve privatization. Comparative in its approach, the book also seeks to shed light on the nature of privatization in countries throughout the developing world. More generally, it argues that poorly designed privatization policies may have serious future implications on issues such as the rule of law and the regulation of public utilities.Less
This book focuses on the politics of privatization in Argentina, Brazil, and Peru. It examines both the micro- and macroeconomics of achieving privatization, the policy measures introduced, and factors affecting the implementation of privatization. The political dimensions of privatization are analyzed to explain the variations in national success in formulating and implementing privatization programs. The book argues that evidence suggests that national governments planned, but rarely implemented, divestiture policies from a technical standpoint; rather, privatization is a learning process that evolves through trial and error. It also examines the apparently ‘unconventional’ methods used by the governments of Argentina, Brazil, and Peru to achieve privatization. Comparative in its approach, the book also seeks to shed light on the nature of privatization in countries throughout the developing world. More generally, it argues that poorly designed privatization policies may have serious future implications on issues such as the rule of law and the regulation of public utilities.
