López Ramón and Michael A. Toman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199298006
- eISBN:
- 9780191603877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199298009.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
There are currently two types of ‘dualism’ in patterns of resource use within developing countries that are relevant to the problem of resource degradation and poverty. The first ‘dualism’ concerns ...
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There are currently two types of ‘dualism’ in patterns of resource use within developing countries that are relevant to the problem of resource degradation and poverty. The first ‘dualism’ concerns aggregate resource use and dependency within the global economy. The second ‘dualism’ concerns aggregate resource use and dependency within a developing economy. This ‘dualism within dualism’ pattern is symptomatic of a process of resource-based development, accompanied by substantial resource conversion, which often leads to benefits that are inequitably distributed. To reverse this ‘vicious cycle’, specific policies must be aimed at overcoming the structural features of ‘dualism within dualism’ in resource use patterns. Second, policies must also be introduced that improve the overall success of resource-based development that is accompanied by frontier land expansion. Specific policies include reform of land, tax, credit, and other economic policies that generally reinforce the dominance of wealthier households in natural resource and land markets, and promote the speculative investment in these resources as tax shelters.Less
There are currently two types of ‘dualism’ in patterns of resource use within developing countries that are relevant to the problem of resource degradation and poverty. The first ‘dualism’ concerns aggregate resource use and dependency within the global economy. The second ‘dualism’ concerns aggregate resource use and dependency within a developing economy. This ‘dualism within dualism’ pattern is symptomatic of a process of resource-based development, accompanied by substantial resource conversion, which often leads to benefits that are inequitably distributed. To reverse this ‘vicious cycle’, specific policies must be aimed at overcoming the structural features of ‘dualism within dualism’ in resource use patterns. Second, policies must also be introduced that improve the overall success of resource-based development that is accompanied by frontier land expansion. Specific policies include reform of land, tax, credit, and other economic policies that generally reinforce the dominance of wealthier households in natural resource and land markets, and promote the speculative investment in these resources as tax shelters.
Richard S. Katz
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195044294
- eISBN:
- 9780199854752
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195044294.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This book addresses the relationship between the different and often incompatible values of democratic theory and the electoral institutions used to achieve them. By analysing electoral systems ...
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This book addresses the relationship between the different and often incompatible values of democratic theory and the electoral institutions used to achieve them. By analysing electoral systems worldwide, including those of not only European and “honorary European” governments but also developing nations, this book provides the empirical data to find the institutions most appropriate to each model of democracy.Less
This book addresses the relationship between the different and often incompatible values of democratic theory and the electoral institutions used to achieve them. By analysing electoral systems worldwide, including those of not only European and “honorary European” governments but also developing nations, this book provides the empirical data to find the institutions most appropriate to each model of democracy.
Eric Harwit
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199233748
- eISBN:
- 9780191715556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233748.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter proposes corollaries to basic industrial policy theory, ones based on the outcome of China's telecommunications transformation. It indicates a few points other developing nations should ...
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This chapter proposes corollaries to basic industrial policy theory, ones based on the outcome of China's telecommunications transformation. It indicates a few points other developing nations should heed if they target key sectors for focused state economic policy intervention. Governments should avoid breeding corrupt practices, limit economic isolation from foreign investment, and encourage some forms of global competition. The chapter argues that if the area chosen for state intervention is well considered, competition is encouraged, and global economic forces are skillfully harnessed, other nations can emulate the equivalent of China's telecommunications revolution in a broad array of economic sectors.Less
This chapter proposes corollaries to basic industrial policy theory, ones based on the outcome of China's telecommunications transformation. It indicates a few points other developing nations should heed if they target key sectors for focused state economic policy intervention. Governments should avoid breeding corrupt practices, limit economic isolation from foreign investment, and encourage some forms of global competition. The chapter argues that if the area chosen for state intervention is well considered, competition is encouraged, and global economic forces are skillfully harnessed, other nations can emulate the equivalent of China's telecommunications revolution in a broad array of economic sectors.
Kristin Shrader‐Frechette
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195152036
- eISBN:
- 9780199833665
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195152034.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Using case studies focusing on how developed nations impose environmental risks on developing countries, the chapter reveals how the U.S. and other nations ship banned pesticides or hazardous waste ...
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Using case studies focusing on how developed nations impose environmental risks on developing countries, the chapter reveals how the U.S. and other nations ship banned pesticides or hazardous waste to developing nations. The chapter analyzes the concepts of equal protection and moral heroism or supererogation. It argues that most indigenous people do not give genuine informed consent to such risks and that it is not paternalistic to protect native people. Extending and developing arguments of Peter Singer, the chapter also argues that ordinary citizens have duties (that are not heroic) to help protect innocent victims from first‐world exploitation, even though there are many economic incentives that lead nations to exploit the poor of the world.Less
Using case studies focusing on how developed nations impose environmental risks on developing countries, the chapter reveals how the U.S. and other nations ship banned pesticides or hazardous waste to developing nations. The chapter analyzes the concepts of equal protection and moral heroism or supererogation. It argues that most indigenous people do not give genuine informed consent to such risks and that it is not paternalistic to protect native people. Extending and developing arguments of Peter Singer, the chapter also argues that ordinary citizens have duties (that are not heroic) to help protect innocent victims from first‐world exploitation, even though there are many economic incentives that lead nations to exploit the poor of the world.
Kristin Shrader-Frechette
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794638
- eISBN:
- 9780199919277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794638.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to ...
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Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.Less
Chapter 1 begins by stressing the severity of climate change (CC) and showing how, contrary to popular belief, atomic energy is not a viable solution to CC. Many scientists and most market proponents agree that renewable energy and energy efficiencies are better options. The chapter also shows that government subsidies for oil and nuclear power are the result of flawed science, poor ethics, short-term thinking, and special-interest influence. The chapter has 7 sections, the first of which surveys four major components of the energy crisis. These are oil addiction, non-CC-related deaths from fossil-fuel pollution, nuclear-weapons proliferation, and catastrophic CC. The second section summarizes some of the powerful evidence for global CC. The third section uses historical, ahistorical, Rawlsian, and utilitarian ethical principles to show how developed nations, especially the US, are most responsible for human-caused CC. The fourth section shows why climate-change skeptics, such as “deniers” who doubt CC is real, and “delayers” who say that it should not yet be addressed, have no valid objections. Instead, they all err scientifically and ethically. The fifth section illustrates that all modern scientific methods—and scientific consensus since at least 1995—confirm the reality of global CC. Essentially all expert-scientific analyses published in refereed, scientific-professional journals confirm the reality of global CC. The sixth section of the chapter shows how fossil-fuel special interests have contributed to the continued CC debate largely by paying non-experts to deny or challenge CC. The seventh section of the chapter provides an outline of each chapter in the book, noting that this book makes use of both scientific and ethical analyses to show why nuclear proponents’ arguments err, why CC deniers are wrong, and how scientific-methodological understanding can advance sound energy policy—including conservation, renewable energy, and energy efficiencies.
Kristin Shrader‐Frechette
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195152036
- eISBN:
- 9780199833665
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195152034.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Using case studies focusing on biased scientific research that helps promote environmental injustice, the chapter argues that there are both deontological and utilitarian ethical reasons for citizens ...
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Using case studies focusing on biased scientific research that helps promote environmental injustice, the chapter argues that there are both deontological and utilitarian ethical reasons for citizens to behave as public‐interest and environmental advocates. These duties are to protect victims of environmental injustice. The chapter also argues that such duties are not a matter of moral heroism or supererogation, but rather normal duties of citizenship in a democracy. Analyzing constraints on public‐interest advocacy, the chapter closes by suggesting a number of ways that citizens might exercise their duties of public‐interest advocacy, particularly through work with nongovernmental organizations or N.G.O.s.Less
Using case studies focusing on biased scientific research that helps promote environmental injustice, the chapter argues that there are both deontological and utilitarian ethical reasons for citizens to behave as public‐interest and environmental advocates. These duties are to protect victims of environmental injustice. The chapter also argues that such duties are not a matter of moral heroism or supererogation, but rather normal duties of citizenship in a democracy. Analyzing constraints on public‐interest advocacy, the chapter closes by suggesting a number of ways that citizens might exercise their duties of public‐interest advocacy, particularly through work with nongovernmental organizations or N.G.O.s.
Liam Downey
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479850723
- eISBN:
- 9781479885978
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479850723.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
This chapter examines how natural resource extraction and armed violence cause social and environmental harm. It first considers armed violence as one of several overlapping and mutually reinforcing ...
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This chapter examines how natural resource extraction and armed violence cause social and environmental harm. It first considers armed violence as one of several overlapping and mutually reinforcing elite-controlled mechanisms that enable governments and corporations to control or gain disproportionate access to the natural resource wealth of developing nations. It then shows how armed violence is linked to natural resource extraction in many parts of the world by highlighting ten minerals that contribute to the functioning of the U.S. economy and/or military. It also presents a set of short case studies to illustrate the violent activities associated with the extraction of manganese and copper and goes on to discuss how armed violence supported the activities of the world's three largest mining companies: Rio Tinto, CVRD/Vale, and BHP Billiton. Finally, the chapter demonstrates how armed violence works in conjunction with other elite-controlled organizations and mechanisms by focusing on several mechanisms employed by the World Bank to promote natural resource extraction in Africa.Less
This chapter examines how natural resource extraction and armed violence cause social and environmental harm. It first considers armed violence as one of several overlapping and mutually reinforcing elite-controlled mechanisms that enable governments and corporations to control or gain disproportionate access to the natural resource wealth of developing nations. It then shows how armed violence is linked to natural resource extraction in many parts of the world by highlighting ten minerals that contribute to the functioning of the U.S. economy and/or military. It also presents a set of short case studies to illustrate the violent activities associated with the extraction of manganese and copper and goes on to discuss how armed violence supported the activities of the world's three largest mining companies: Rio Tinto, CVRD/Vale, and BHP Billiton. Finally, the chapter demonstrates how armed violence works in conjunction with other elite-controlled organizations and mechanisms by focusing on several mechanisms employed by the World Bank to promote natural resource extraction in Africa.
Kristin Shrader-Frechette
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195152036
- eISBN:
- 9780199833665
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195152034.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Environmental problems do not affect everyone equally. Environmental injustice occurs whenever innocent people bear disproportionate environmental risks, have unequal access to goods like clean air, ...
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Environmental problems do not affect everyone equally. Environmental injustice occurs whenever innocent people bear disproportionate environmental risks, have unequal access to goods like clean air, or have unequal voice in imposition of environmental risks. Most minorities and poor people are victims of environmental injustice, either because of their increased health risks or because of the way their rights are limited, even in a democracy. 40,000 people die each year from pesticides that are mostly manufactured in the U.S., but banned in the U.S.and used abroad. And even in the U.S., 80 % of all hazardous‐waste facilities are sited in minority neighborhoods. But should everyone have equal rights to breathe clean air or drink clean water, independent of income? This book argues “yes.” Each chapter gives a detailed analysis of how and why a particular environmental‐ justice (E.J.) value is threatened. The book discusses democracy, distributive justice, participative justice, equality, procedural justice, informed consent, duties to future generations, equity, paternalism, just compensation, moral heroism, and citizens's responsibilities for E.J. Using case studies focusing on offshore oil, Appalachian coal, California farmland, Louisiana hazardous facilities, Nevada nuclear waste dumps, exploitation of indigenous people, African oil drilling, workplace risks, and shipment of banned products to developing nations, the author shows how flawed scientific methods, flawed ethics, and flawed policy contribute to environmental injustice. The final two chapters argue for ordinary citizens's duties to fight against environmental injustice, and it suggests some strategies for doing so.Less
Environmental problems do not affect everyone equally. Environmental injustice occurs whenever innocent people bear disproportionate environmental risks, have unequal access to goods like clean air, or have unequal voice in imposition of environmental risks. Most minorities and poor people are victims of environmental injustice, either because of their increased health risks or because of the way their rights are limited, even in a democracy. 40,000 people die each year from pesticides that are mostly manufactured in the U.S., but banned in the U.S.and used abroad. And even in the U.S., 80 % of all hazardous‐waste facilities are sited in minority neighborhoods. But should everyone have equal rights to breathe clean air or drink clean water, independent of income? This book argues “yes.” Each chapter gives a detailed analysis of how and why a particular environmental‐ justice (E.J.) value is threatened. The book discusses democracy, distributive justice, participative justice, equality, procedural justice, informed consent, duties to future generations, equity, paternalism, just compensation, moral heroism, and citizens's responsibilities for E.J. Using case studies focusing on offshore oil, Appalachian coal, California farmland, Louisiana hazardous facilities, Nevada nuclear waste dumps, exploitation of indigenous people, African oil drilling, workplace risks, and shipment of banned products to developing nations, the author shows how flawed scientific methods, flawed ethics, and flawed policy contribute to environmental injustice. The final two chapters argue for ordinary citizens's duties to fight against environmental injustice, and it suggests some strategies for doing so.
Jeremy Friedman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469623764
- eISBN:
- 9781469625188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469623764.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter describes the Chinese reemergence on the world stage in the 1970s, particularly following their entry into the UN in 1971, and China's attempt to put itself at the head of a rising Third ...
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This chapter describes the Chinese reemergence on the world stage in the 1970s, particularly following their entry into the UN in 1971, and China's attempt to put itself at the head of a rising Third World movement. In order to rebuild its global standing in the wake of the Cultural Revolution, China sought help from the Third World, which blamed the developed nations for economic injustice. The mantle of “Third World unity” in the struggle for economic justice against the “two superpowers” (USA and Soviet Union) provided China with exactly the platform it needed. The Soviet Union answered this reemergence by creating a “natural alliance” between the developing world and the socialist camp against the West. This policy was successful and ultimately situated the Soviet Union as the main champion of the revolution.Less
This chapter describes the Chinese reemergence on the world stage in the 1970s, particularly following their entry into the UN in 1971, and China's attempt to put itself at the head of a rising Third World movement. In order to rebuild its global standing in the wake of the Cultural Revolution, China sought help from the Third World, which blamed the developed nations for economic injustice. The mantle of “Third World unity” in the struggle for economic justice against the “two superpowers” (USA and Soviet Union) provided China with exactly the platform it needed. The Soviet Union answered this reemergence by creating a “natural alliance” between the developing world and the socialist camp against the West. This policy was successful and ultimately situated the Soviet Union as the main champion of the revolution.
David Ciplet, J. Timmons Roberts, and Mizan R. Khan
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029612
- eISBN:
- 9780262330039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029612.003.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
This introductory chapter discusses how our current response to climate change has been inadequate and inequitable. During UN climate negotiations, nations still talk about climate inaction. ...
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This introductory chapter discusses how our current response to climate change has been inadequate and inequitable. During UN climate negotiations, nations still talk about climate inaction. Developed countries emphasize the importance of climate issues, but climate change is largely a product of their own unconstrained greenhouse gas emissions. Nations downplay their historical responsibilities for the problem, demanding instead that all nations take measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions—an issue described here as climate injustice. In addition, power relations continue to shift in new ways, particularly as the world warms. The chapter explores these shifting power dynamics and considers their impact on our ability to take sustainable and equitable action, and how we can change course.Less
This introductory chapter discusses how our current response to climate change has been inadequate and inequitable. During UN climate negotiations, nations still talk about climate inaction. Developed countries emphasize the importance of climate issues, but climate change is largely a product of their own unconstrained greenhouse gas emissions. Nations downplay their historical responsibilities for the problem, demanding instead that all nations take measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions—an issue described here as climate injustice. In addition, power relations continue to shift in new ways, particularly as the world warms. The chapter explores these shifting power dynamics and considers their impact on our ability to take sustainable and equitable action, and how we can change course.
Barry Barton, Catherine Redgwell, Anita RØnne, and Donald N. Zillman
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199271610
- eISBN:
- 9780191709289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271610.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter begins by discussing how people's reliance on energy made clear the importance of energy security. It then discusses the history of energy use, security, and imposed geopolitical risk. ...
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This chapter begins by discussing how people's reliance on energy made clear the importance of energy security. It then discusses the history of energy use, security, and imposed geopolitical risk. It also discusses the concept and characteristics of energy security, and mentions several issues in energy security among nations. It provides a brief description of all the chapters discussed in this book.Less
This chapter begins by discussing how people's reliance on energy made clear the importance of energy security. It then discusses the history of energy use, security, and imposed geopolitical risk. It also discusses the concept and characteristics of energy security, and mentions several issues in energy security among nations. It provides a brief description of all the chapters discussed in this book.
Yinka Omorogbe
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199271610
- eISBN:
- 9780191709289
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271610.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter focuses on the energy security in Africa. It describes Africa as blessed with abundant energy resources, more than enough to supply her needs. It adds that Africa is underdeveloped, with ...
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This chapter focuses on the energy security in Africa. It describes Africa as blessed with abundant energy resources, more than enough to supply her needs. It adds that Africa is underdeveloped, with almost all the countries being classified as low in development, and half ranking amongst the least developed in the world. It notes that development is impossible, or at most an uphill task, in any place where there is no access to conventional energy. It explains that the difference between the rural dweller in a village in Africa and a city dweller lies in the amount of energy available for his use. The chapter is a discourse on energy security in Africa, primarily through the study of continental initiatives under the auspices of the African Union, and on sub-regional cooperative efforts that are aimed at addressing the issue of energy security in west and southern Africa.Less
This chapter focuses on the energy security in Africa. It describes Africa as blessed with abundant energy resources, more than enough to supply her needs. It adds that Africa is underdeveloped, with almost all the countries being classified as low in development, and half ranking amongst the least developed in the world. It notes that development is impossible, or at most an uphill task, in any place where there is no access to conventional energy. It explains that the difference between the rural dweller in a village in Africa and a city dweller lies in the amount of energy available for his use. The chapter is a discourse on energy security in Africa, primarily through the study of continental initiatives under the auspices of the African Union, and on sub-regional cooperative efforts that are aimed at addressing the issue of energy security in west and southern Africa.
Doron S. Ben-Atar
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300100068
- eISBN:
- 9780300127218
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300100068.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
This chapter presents an introduction to issues related to intellectual property. The battle over intellectual property has risen to the forefront of contemporary international contests in which ...
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This chapter presents an introduction to issues related to intellectual property. The battle over intellectual property has risen to the forefront of contemporary international contests in which developed and developing nations often find themselves in opposing camps. The chapter reveals that as developed nations moved into high-technology industries and services in the last few decades of the twentieth century, they came to rely on knowledge as the central component of their economies. The movement of manufacturing to the developing world has rendered intellectual capital the most important asset of developed nations. Developing nations, on the other hand, resist Western standards of intellectual property, charging that they are economically self-serving and that the developed world, led by the United States, applies these standards in an inconsistent manner. The chapter also discusses the concept of United States champions' worldwide originality and innovation as objective criteria that establish a claim on intellectual property.Less
This chapter presents an introduction to issues related to intellectual property. The battle over intellectual property has risen to the forefront of contemporary international contests in which developed and developing nations often find themselves in opposing camps. The chapter reveals that as developed nations moved into high-technology industries and services in the last few decades of the twentieth century, they came to rely on knowledge as the central component of their economies. The movement of manufacturing to the developing world has rendered intellectual capital the most important asset of developed nations. Developing nations, on the other hand, resist Western standards of intellectual property, charging that they are economically self-serving and that the developed world, led by the United States, applies these standards in an inconsistent manner. The chapter also discusses the concept of United States champions' worldwide originality and innovation as objective criteria that establish a claim on intellectual property.
Philip Martin, Manolo Abella, and Christiane Kuptsch
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300109047
- eISBN:
- 9780300129960
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300109047.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter shows how economic instruments can align the rights and obligations of employers and migrants to keep guest worker programs truer to their purpose. It further explains how to minimize ...
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This chapter shows how economic instruments can align the rights and obligations of employers and migrants to keep guest worker programs truer to their purpose. It further explains how to minimize the distortion and dependence that are inevitable in guest worker programs, how cooperation can ensure that the exodus of highly skilled migrants does not slow development in countries of origin, and how various policies can protect the rights of migrants. The chapter addresses an important question: “How can guest worker programs be managed so that the inequalities promoting migration narrow over time?” It also proposes that developed nations partially replenish the human capital they have attracted from developing countries by supporting and strengthening primary and secondary schooling systems in migrant countries of origin. For unskilled migrants, the chapter proposes taxes and subsidies to align the rights and duties of employers and migrants.Less
This chapter shows how economic instruments can align the rights and obligations of employers and migrants to keep guest worker programs truer to their purpose. It further explains how to minimize the distortion and dependence that are inevitable in guest worker programs, how cooperation can ensure that the exodus of highly skilled migrants does not slow development in countries of origin, and how various policies can protect the rights of migrants. The chapter addresses an important question: “How can guest worker programs be managed so that the inequalities promoting migration narrow over time?” It also proposes that developed nations partially replenish the human capital they have attracted from developing countries by supporting and strengthening primary and secondary schooling systems in migrant countries of origin. For unskilled migrants, the chapter proposes taxes and subsidies to align the rights and duties of employers and migrants.
Grzegorz W. Kolodko
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231150699
- eISBN:
- 9780231521567
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231150699.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter discusses how there can be no development and growth without capital, but capital alone does not suffice for development. Other things—phenomena and processes—must happen simultaneously ...
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This chapter discusses how there can be no development and growth without capital, but capital alone does not suffice for development. Other things—phenomena and processes—must happen simultaneously to mobilize capital in ways that would bring about higher output levels and better living standards. Socioeconomic development is an upward movement of the entire socioeconomic system. It occurs through quantitative and qualitative changes in the sphere of production and consumption. Development can also be manifested through the technology of production, methods of management, economic policies, cultural preferences and values, social relations formed within the course of the reproduction processes, and the state of natural environment. The question of output growth and socioeconomic development must be seen as part of a worldwide configuration, laid out in two approaches: the first begins with the economically developed and advanced countries with fixed capitalistic systems; and the other focuses on those that are frequently referred to as “developing” nations.Less
This chapter discusses how there can be no development and growth without capital, but capital alone does not suffice for development. Other things—phenomena and processes—must happen simultaneously to mobilize capital in ways that would bring about higher output levels and better living standards. Socioeconomic development is an upward movement of the entire socioeconomic system. It occurs through quantitative and qualitative changes in the sphere of production and consumption. Development can also be manifested through the technology of production, methods of management, economic policies, cultural preferences and values, social relations formed within the course of the reproduction processes, and the state of natural environment. The question of output growth and socioeconomic development must be seen as part of a worldwide configuration, laid out in two approaches: the first begins with the economically developed and advanced countries with fixed capitalistic systems; and the other focuses on those that are frequently referred to as “developing” nations.
Antoine Halff, Benjamin K. Sovacool, and Jon Rozhon (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199682362
- eISBN:
- 9780191762925
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199682362.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This volume examines all aspects of energy poverty—lack of access to electricity, modern energy services, and mechanical power. Close to one quarter of humanity still lives without electricity or ...
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This volume examines all aspects of energy poverty—lack of access to electricity, modern energy services, and mechanical power. Close to one quarter of humanity still lives without electricity or other modern forms of energy¸ while as much as a third of the world’s population still relies at least in part on traditional biofuels such as cow dung or firewood, at great cost to its health, security, and economic welfare. Part I considers definition and measurement issues and takes stock of the problem—surveying the issue, assessing its scope, proposing a methodology to measure the size of the world’s energy-poor population, analyzing the causes and consequences of energy poverty, and outlining an approach to assess the global cost of fixing the problem. Part II focuses on case and country studies and lessons learned, including a detailed look at specific policies deployed around the world by various countries, with mixed results and unequal success, to remove energy poverty. Regions under review include China, India, Brazil, the Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Part III weighs challenges and policy options, including the financial engineering tools available to jump start and facilitate investment in energy access, and a discussion of the potential role of various actors and stakeholders, such as developed nations, energy producers, NGOs, private capital, the financial sector, and local entrepreneurs.Less
This volume examines all aspects of energy poverty—lack of access to electricity, modern energy services, and mechanical power. Close to one quarter of humanity still lives without electricity or other modern forms of energy¸ while as much as a third of the world’s population still relies at least in part on traditional biofuels such as cow dung or firewood, at great cost to its health, security, and economic welfare. Part I considers definition and measurement issues and takes stock of the problem—surveying the issue, assessing its scope, proposing a methodology to measure the size of the world’s energy-poor population, analyzing the causes and consequences of energy poverty, and outlining an approach to assess the global cost of fixing the problem. Part II focuses on case and country studies and lessons learned, including a detailed look at specific policies deployed around the world by various countries, with mixed results and unequal success, to remove energy poverty. Regions under review include China, India, Brazil, the Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Part III weighs challenges and policy options, including the financial engineering tools available to jump start and facilitate investment in energy access, and a discussion of the potential role of various actors and stakeholders, such as developed nations, energy producers, NGOs, private capital, the financial sector, and local entrepreneurs.
Masooda Bano
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804781329
- eISBN:
- 9780804781848
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804781329.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Thirty percent of foreign development aid is channeled through NGOs or community-based organizations to improve service delivery to the poor, build social capital, and establish democracy in ...
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Thirty percent of foreign development aid is channeled through NGOs or community-based organizations to improve service delivery to the poor, build social capital, and establish democracy in developing nations. However, growing evidence suggests that aid often erodes, rather than promotes, cooperation within developing nations. This book presents a rare, micro level account of the complex decision-making processes that bring individuals together to form collective-action platforms. It then examines why aid often breaks down the very institutions for collective action that it aims to promote. The book identifies concrete measures to check the erosion of cooperation in foreign aid scenarios. Pakistan is one of the largest recipients of international development aid, and therefore the empirical details presented are particularly relevant for policy. The book's argument is equally applicable to a number of other developing countries, and has important implications for recent discussions within the field of economics.Less
Thirty percent of foreign development aid is channeled through NGOs or community-based organizations to improve service delivery to the poor, build social capital, and establish democracy in developing nations. However, growing evidence suggests that aid often erodes, rather than promotes, cooperation within developing nations. This book presents a rare, micro level account of the complex decision-making processes that bring individuals together to form collective-action platforms. It then examines why aid often breaks down the very institutions for collective action that it aims to promote. The book identifies concrete measures to check the erosion of cooperation in foreign aid scenarios. Pakistan is one of the largest recipients of international development aid, and therefore the empirical details presented are particularly relevant for policy. The book's argument is equally applicable to a number of other developing countries, and has important implications for recent discussions within the field of economics.
Manjari Chatterjee Miller
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804786522
- eISBN:
- 9780804788434
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804786522.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The book concludes by showing how statements from leaders in India and China today still reek of victimization. Rather then emphasizing the fact that India and China were the victors in colonialism, ...
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The book concludes by showing how statements from leaders in India and China today still reek of victimization. Rather then emphasizing the fact that India and China were the victors in colonialism, they continue to emphasize the wrongs done to them. It shows how this book has offered a new way to think about both international relations theory and India, and China. It then offers new pathways for research.Less
The book concludes by showing how statements from leaders in India and China today still reek of victimization. Rather then emphasizing the fact that India and China were the victors in colonialism, they continue to emphasize the wrongs done to them. It shows how this book has offered a new way to think about both international relations theory and India, and China. It then offers new pathways for research.
Jonathan Wolff
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780195379907
- eISBN:
- 9780190267711
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195379907.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter raises the question of the basis of global health duty to wealthy and developed nations—that they should make a concerted effort to provide medical care for developing nations. There are ...
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This chapter raises the question of the basis of global health duty to wealthy and developed nations—that they should make a concerted effort to provide medical care for developing nations. There are two approaches that can be used to address the global health duty: language and human rights. Language can determine how a problem is framed and offer a variety of solutions to that effect. The human rights angle is based on judiciary concerns, although there has yet to be a specific mandate for that right.Less
This chapter raises the question of the basis of global health duty to wealthy and developed nations—that they should make a concerted effort to provide medical care for developing nations. There are two approaches that can be used to address the global health duty: language and human rights. Language can determine how a problem is framed and offer a variety of solutions to that effect. The human rights angle is based on judiciary concerns, although there has yet to be a specific mandate for that right.
Ann Harrison (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226317946
- eISBN:
- 9780226318004
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226318004.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Over the past two decades, the percentage of the world's population living on less than a dollar a day has been cut in half. How much of that improvement is because of—or in spite of—globalization? ...
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Over the past two decades, the percentage of the world's population living on less than a dollar a day has been cut in half. How much of that improvement is because of—or in spite of—globalization? While anti-globalization activists mount loud critiques and the media report breathlessly on globalization's perils and promises, economists have largely remained silent, in part because of an entrenched institutional divide between those who study poverty and those who study trade and finance. This book bridges that gap, bringing together experts on both international trade and poverty to provide a detailed view of the effects of globalization on the poor in developing nations, answering such questions as: Do lower import tariffs improve the lives of the poor? Has increased financial integration led to more or less poverty? How have the poor fared during various currency crises? Does food aid hurt or help the poor? Poverty, the chapters show here, has been used as a popular and convenient catchphrase by parties on both sides of the globalization debate to further the book's various arguments. This book provides the more nuanced understanding necessary to move that debate beyond the slogans.Less
Over the past two decades, the percentage of the world's population living on less than a dollar a day has been cut in half. How much of that improvement is because of—or in spite of—globalization? While anti-globalization activists mount loud critiques and the media report breathlessly on globalization's perils and promises, economists have largely remained silent, in part because of an entrenched institutional divide between those who study poverty and those who study trade and finance. This book bridges that gap, bringing together experts on both international trade and poverty to provide a detailed view of the effects of globalization on the poor in developing nations, answering such questions as: Do lower import tariffs improve the lives of the poor? Has increased financial integration led to more or less poverty? How have the poor fared during various currency crises? Does food aid hurt or help the poor? Poverty, the chapters show here, has been used as a popular and convenient catchphrase by parties on both sides of the globalization debate to further the book's various arguments. This book provides the more nuanced understanding necessary to move that debate beyond the slogans.
