Louise Fawcett and Yezid Sayigh (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295518
- eISBN:
- 9780191599217
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295510.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The book analyses the changes that have occurred in developing countries since the end of the Cold War. The first section highlights major areas of change in economics, politics, and security and ...
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The book analyses the changes that have occurred in developing countries since the end of the Cold War. The first section highlights major areas of change in economics, politics, and security and institutions, while the second section develops these themes and reveals the diversity of experience through regional case studies (Latin America, Asia Pacific, Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East).Less
The book analyses the changes that have occurred in developing countries since the end of the Cold War. The first section highlights major areas of change in economics, politics, and security and institutions, while the second section develops these themes and reveals the diversity of experience through regional case studies (Latin America, Asia Pacific, Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East).
Olivier Cadot, Antoni Estevadeordal, Akiko Suwa-Eisenmann, and Thierry Verdier
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199290482
- eISBN:
- 9780191603471
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199290482.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter presents information on the utilization by the sub-Saharan African developing countries of EU, US, and Japanese trade preferences, and explores the reasons why rules of origin may ...
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This chapter presents information on the utilization by the sub-Saharan African developing countries of EU, US, and Japanese trade preferences, and explores the reasons why rules of origin may constrain the take-up of the preferences. Unlike previous studies, which have concentrated on the overall level of utilization of available preferences, the variations in the rate of utilization of preferences across beneficiaries and across the three developed-country preferential schemes are highlighted.Less
This chapter presents information on the utilization by the sub-Saharan African developing countries of EU, US, and Japanese trade preferences, and explores the reasons why rules of origin may constrain the take-up of the preferences. Unlike previous studies, which have concentrated on the overall level of utilization of available preferences, the variations in the rate of utilization of preferences across beneficiaries and across the three developed-country preferential schemes are highlighted.
J. E. Stiglitz
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195168006
- eISBN:
- 9780199783458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168003.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter looks at the ethical aspects of globalization during the 1990s. It argues that in the way that they have sought to shape globalization, the advanced industrial countries and some of the ...
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This chapter looks at the ethical aspects of globalization during the 1990s. It argues that in the way that they have sought to shape globalization, the advanced industrial countries and some of the multilateral institutions that they control have violated some basic ethical norms. Three central issues in the context of global finance are analyzed: the design of debt contracts between developed and developing countries and other aspects of lending behavior; the consequences of excessive debt; and broader issues associated with the global reserve system. Three types of ethical problems are discussed: (1) where markets (or international institutions) take advantage of their “power” and the weaknesses of the developing country to pursue their own interests at the expense of or risk to those in the developing countries; (2) where international financial institutions provide advice that works to the disadvantage of the developing countries; and (3) where the markets, and especially the international financial institutions, have not done as much as they could for the well-being of the developed countries.Less
This chapter looks at the ethical aspects of globalization during the 1990s. It argues that in the way that they have sought to shape globalization, the advanced industrial countries and some of the multilateral institutions that they control have violated some basic ethical norms. Three central issues in the context of global finance are analyzed: the design of debt contracts between developed and developing countries and other aspects of lending behavior; the consequences of excessive debt; and broader issues associated with the global reserve system. Three types of ethical problems are discussed: (1) where markets (or international institutions) take advantage of their “power” and the weaknesses of the developing country to pursue their own interests at the expense of or risk to those in the developing countries; (2) where international financial institutions provide advice that works to the disadvantage of the developing countries; and (3) where the markets, and especially the international financial institutions, have not done as much as they could for the well-being of the developed countries.
Richard W. Miller
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199581986
- eISBN:
- 9780191723247
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581986.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
The claim that people in developed countries have vast, unmet obligations to help people in developing countries is usually based on duties of kindness or a global extrapolation of justice among ...
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The claim that people in developed countries have vast, unmet obligations to help people in developing countries is usually based on duties of kindness or a global extrapolation of justice among compatriots. This book constructs a different basis, the need for responsible engagement in transnational interactions in which power is currently abused. After arguing for an undemanding principle of beneficence and deriving duties of justice among compatriots from their special relations, the book develops standards of responsible conduct in current global interactions that determine: what must be done to avoid exploitation in transnational manufacturing, what framework for world trade and investment would be fair, what response to the challenge of global warming is adequate and equitable, what responsibilities to help meet basic needs arise when foreign powers steer the course of development, and what obligations are created by uses of violence to sustain global power. Through detailed empirical inquiries, the book argues that there has been a massive failure to live up to these standards, creating demanding duties to avoid undue advantage and repair abuses of power, on the part of developed countries in general and especially the United States. The book describes policies that would meet these obligations, leading obstacles, and the role of social movements in reducing injustice, especially a global form of social democracy expressing the book's perspectiveLess
The claim that people in developed countries have vast, unmet obligations to help people in developing countries is usually based on duties of kindness or a global extrapolation of justice among compatriots. This book constructs a different basis, the need for responsible engagement in transnational interactions in which power is currently abused. After arguing for an undemanding principle of beneficence and deriving duties of justice among compatriots from their special relations, the book develops standards of responsible conduct in current global interactions that determine: what must be done to avoid exploitation in transnational manufacturing, what framework for world trade and investment would be fair, what response to the challenge of global warming is adequate and equitable, what responsibilities to help meet basic needs arise when foreign powers steer the course of development, and what obligations are created by uses of violence to sustain global power. Through detailed empirical inquiries, the book argues that there has been a massive failure to live up to these standards, creating demanding duties to avoid undue advantage and repair abuses of power, on the part of developed countries in general and especially the United States. The book describes policies that would meet these obligations, leading obstacles, and the role of social movements in reducing injustice, especially a global form of social democracy expressing the book's perspective
Gautam Sen
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295518
- eISBN:
- 9780191599217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295510.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The first section of this chapter examines the political and economic context of change in developing countries: the two themes are the evolution of the international economy, especially since the ...
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The first section of this chapter examines the political and economic context of change in developing countries: the two themes are the evolution of the international economy, especially since the 1970s, and the political impact of the ending of the cold war. The next section addresses the key issues of liberalization and globalization, which preceded the end of the cold war but are now influenced by that event. The next section identifies the deepening of liberalization and globalization, and the phenomenon of regional integration and asymmetric competition between developed and developing countries. A more detailed discussion of two important expressions of liberalization and globalization follows, in the context of the political implications for developing countries: these are the importance of structural adjustment programmes for the advance of the new market forms and their associated ideology, and the GATT Uruguay Round of trade negotiations. The two final sections of the chapter evaluate the use of political power by developed countries to achieve economic ends, and a concluding section assesses the possible future pattern of interaction between developed and developing countries.Less
The first section of this chapter examines the political and economic context of change in developing countries: the two themes are the evolution of the international economy, especially since the 1970s, and the political impact of the ending of the cold war. The next section addresses the key issues of liberalization and globalization, which preceded the end of the cold war but are now influenced by that event. The next section identifies the deepening of liberalization and globalization, and the phenomenon of regional integration and asymmetric competition between developed and developing countries. A more detailed discussion of two important expressions of liberalization and globalization follows, in the context of the political implications for developing countries: these are the importance of structural adjustment programmes for the advance of the new market forms and their associated ideology, and the GATT Uruguay Round of trade negotiations. The two final sections of the chapter evaluate the use of political power by developed countries to achieve economic ends, and a concluding section assesses the possible future pattern of interaction between developed and developing countries.
Joseph E. Stiglitz, José Antonio Ocampo, Shari Spiegel, Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, and Deepak Nayyar
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199288144
- eISBN:
- 9780191603884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199288143.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines some of the other outstanding debates on capital market liberalization (CML). In particular, it focuses on when a country is sufficiently developed to risk capital market ...
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This chapter examines some of the other outstanding debates on capital market liberalization (CML). In particular, it focuses on when a country is sufficiently developed to risk capital market liberalization, whether all countries should make liberalization their long-term goal, and whether capital market liberalization is reversible; even if it was a mistake in the first place, should countries that have already liberalized now stick with it? For example, proponents of liberalization often argue that the issue is not whether countries should liberalize their capital markets, but rather that liberalization should occur within the ‘proper’ sequence of reforms. Critics, however, argue that CML should not necessarily be the long run goal of all countries and that there are better ways for developing countries to integrate into the global economy. The chapter also contains a section that examines the appropriateness of different techniques of capital market liberalization for countries in various stages of development.Less
This chapter examines some of the other outstanding debates on capital market liberalization (CML). In particular, it focuses on when a country is sufficiently developed to risk capital market liberalization, whether all countries should make liberalization their long-term goal, and whether capital market liberalization is reversible; even if it was a mistake in the first place, should countries that have already liberalized now stick with it? For example, proponents of liberalization often argue that the issue is not whether countries should liberalize their capital markets, but rather that liberalization should occur within the ‘proper’ sequence of reforms. Critics, however, argue that CML should not necessarily be the long run goal of all countries and that there are better ways for developing countries to integrate into the global economy. The chapter also contains a section that examines the appropriateness of different techniques of capital market liberalization for countries in various stages of development.
Carolyn Deere
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199550616
- eISBN:
- 9780191720284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550616.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
This chapter introduces the global debate on IP and presents the core arguments advanced in the book. It begins by placing contemporary global IP debates in the context of long‐standing tensions on ...
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This chapter introduces the global debate on IP and presents the core arguments advanced in the book. It begins by placing contemporary global IP debates in the context of long‐standing tensions on IP regulation and the rocky, political road to the conclusion of TRIPS. It then introduces the core elements of variation in developing country approaches to TRIPS implementation, emphasizing variation in timing of IP reforms and in the use of TRIPS flexibilities. The heart of the chapter sets out an analytical framework for explaining TRIPS implementation as a complex political game, involving the interplay of global IP debates, international pressures, and political dynamics within developing countries. The chapter then previews this book's contribution to the international relations literature and global policy debates, and concludes with a note on research methods, sources and the scope of the book.Less
This chapter introduces the global debate on IP and presents the core arguments advanced in the book. It begins by placing contemporary global IP debates in the context of long‐standing tensions on IP regulation and the rocky, political road to the conclusion of TRIPS. It then introduces the core elements of variation in developing country approaches to TRIPS implementation, emphasizing variation in timing of IP reforms and in the use of TRIPS flexibilities. The heart of the chapter sets out an analytical framework for explaining TRIPS implementation as a complex political game, involving the interplay of global IP debates, international pressures, and political dynamics within developing countries. The chapter then previews this book's contribution to the international relations literature and global policy debates, and concludes with a note on research methods, sources and the scope of the book.
Carolyn Deere
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199550616
- eISBN:
- 9780191720284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550616.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
This chapter traces the evolution of developing country engagement with the international IP regulation through three phases. The colonial era marked the first formal encounters between developing ...
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This chapter traces the evolution of developing country engagement with the international IP regulation through three phases. The colonial era marked the first formal encounters between developing countries, Western concepts of IP, and international IP rules. A second phase began in the late 1960s when a core group of developing countries advanced a reformist discourse on international IP regulation, calling for fairer global rules. While there were some important regional differences among developing countries, local expertise and institutional capacity were generally weak, and former colonial powers continued to dominate many national IP systems. A third phase began in the mid‐1980s, when developing countries faced intense pressures to include strengthened international IP commitments in the multilateral trading system. A North–South standoff persisted throughout the TRIPS negotiations, resulting in a deeply contested final agreement. Dissatisfaction on both sides with the TRIPS deal set the stage for intense struggles over its implementation.Less
This chapter traces the evolution of developing country engagement with the international IP regulation through three phases. The colonial era marked the first formal encounters between developing countries, Western concepts of IP, and international IP rules. A second phase began in the late 1960s when a core group of developing countries advanced a reformist discourse on international IP regulation, calling for fairer global rules. While there were some important regional differences among developing countries, local expertise and institutional capacity were generally weak, and former colonial powers continued to dominate many national IP systems. A third phase began in the mid‐1980s, when developing countries faced intense pressures to include strengthened international IP commitments in the multilateral trading system. A North–South standoff persisted throughout the TRIPS negotiations, resulting in a deeply contested final agreement. Dissatisfaction on both sides with the TRIPS deal set the stage for intense struggles over its implementation.
Martin Khor
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534081
- eISBN:
- 9780191714658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534081.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter deals with trade policy and the world trading system from a development perspective, and concludes with proposals for making the global trading system more development-oriented, ...
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This chapter deals with trade policy and the world trading system from a development perspective, and concludes with proposals for making the global trading system more development-oriented, beginning with a re-orientation of the WTO. As trade is a means to development, not an end in itself, the Organization's policies should be judged not on whether they are ‘trade-distorting’ but whether they are ‘development-distorting’. Second, the WTO must make structural changes to compensate for the handicaps of developing countries in the WTO system; reciprocity among members with different capacities leads to unequal outcomes. Thirdly, developing countries need policy space, and must be allowed to consider national treatment, subsidies, and tariffs when these are development-inducing. Finally, the WTO should stick to trade issues — not intellectual property and other non-trade issues. Other agencies exist to handle other issues. With these changes, the WTO could better play its role in the design and maintenance of fair rules for trade, and thus contribute towards a balanced, predictable international trading system which is designed to produce and promote development.Less
This chapter deals with trade policy and the world trading system from a development perspective, and concludes with proposals for making the global trading system more development-oriented, beginning with a re-orientation of the WTO. As trade is a means to development, not an end in itself, the Organization's policies should be judged not on whether they are ‘trade-distorting’ but whether they are ‘development-distorting’. Second, the WTO must make structural changes to compensate for the handicaps of developing countries in the WTO system; reciprocity among members with different capacities leads to unequal outcomes. Thirdly, developing countries need policy space, and must be allowed to consider national treatment, subsidies, and tariffs when these are development-inducing. Finally, the WTO should stick to trade issues — not intellectual property and other non-trade issues. Other agencies exist to handle other issues. With these changes, the WTO could better play its role in the design and maintenance of fair rules for trade, and thus contribute towards a balanced, predictable international trading system which is designed to produce and promote development.
Roland Dannreuther
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198295518
- eISBN:
- 9780191599217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295510.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Aims to contribute to the emerging debate over the nature of capitalist development and its relationship to the social and political developments in different regions of the world, by suggesting an ...
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Aims to contribute to the emerging debate over the nature of capitalist development and its relationship to the social and political developments in different regions of the world, by suggesting an analytical framework for assessing the implications of these recent developments for the political structures within developing countries. The first section seeks to isolate the most important structural and international factors that have contributed to the democratizing trend in the developing world. The second section looks beyond these general trends and assesses the existing social, economic and political conditions of most developing countries, focussing, in particular on the continuing internal and external obstacles to democratization. The final section attempts to draw from this analysis an overarching assessment of the direction of political change in the developing world, and the most appropriate models or approaches for understanding the underlying dynamic of these changes.Less
Aims to contribute to the emerging debate over the nature of capitalist development and its relationship to the social and political developments in different regions of the world, by suggesting an analytical framework for assessing the implications of these recent developments for the political structures within developing countries. The first section seeks to isolate the most important structural and international factors that have contributed to the democratizing trend in the developing world. The second section looks beyond these general trends and assesses the existing social, economic and political conditions of most developing countries, focussing, in particular on the continuing internal and external obstacles to democratization. The final section attempts to draw from this analysis an overarching assessment of the direction of political change in the developing world, and the most appropriate models or approaches for understanding the underlying dynamic of these changes.
Gil Loescher
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199246915
- eISBN:
- 9780191599781
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246912.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The 1960s brought fundamental changes to the UN system of refugee assistance and protection. The developing world replaced Europe as the central focus of the UNHCR's world. The expansion of the UNHCR ...
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The 1960s brought fundamental changes to the UN system of refugee assistance and protection. The developing world replaced Europe as the central focus of the UNHCR's world. The expansion of the UNHCR under the third High Commissioner, Felix Schnyder, coincided with the decolonization and the ensuing emergence of newly independent states in Africa and Asia. Using his ‘good offices’, Schnyder undertook a de facto expansion of the UNHCR's refugee definition and through the development of rural settlement schemes and ‘zonal’ development, progressively increased the range of the services UNHCR provided both to refugees and to host governments.Less
The 1960s brought fundamental changes to the UN system of refugee assistance and protection. The developing world replaced Europe as the central focus of the UNHCR's world. The expansion of the UNHCR under the third High Commissioner, Felix Schnyder, coincided with the decolonization and the ensuing emergence of newly independent states in Africa and Asia. Using his ‘good offices’, Schnyder undertook a de facto expansion of the UNHCR's refugee definition and through the development of rural settlement schemes and ‘zonal’ development, progressively increased the range of the services UNHCR provided both to refugees and to host governments.
Mathias Dewatripont, André Sapir, and Khalid Sekkat (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198293606
- eISBN:
- 9780191601262
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293607.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This book explores the impact of trade with less developed countries (LDCs) on employment in Europe. It supports the view that trade with LDCs has had limited impact on the labour market. Among its ...
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This book explores the impact of trade with less developed countries (LDCs) on employment in Europe. It supports the view that trade with LDCs has had limited impact on the labour market. Among its main findings are that trade with LDCs would be less harmful for Europe than for the USA, that the inequality problem in Europe is not wage inequality but the widespread unemployment of unskilled workers, and that technology has contributed to unemployment. The book has nine chapters. The first seven examine the impact of LDC trade on the European labour market; the final two address the social clause problem.Less
This book explores the impact of trade with less developed countries (LDCs) on employment in Europe. It supports the view that trade with LDCs has had limited impact on the labour market. Among its main findings are that trade with LDCs would be less harmful for Europe than for the USA, that the inequality problem in Europe is not wage inequality but the widespread unemployment of unskilled workers, and that technology has contributed to unemployment. The book has nine chapters. The first seven examine the impact of LDC trade on the European labour market; the final two address the social clause problem.
Serkan Arslanalp and Peter Blair Henry
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195168006
- eISBN:
- 9780199783458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168003.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter discusses the central economic question of debt relief: does debt relief work to promote economic growth? This seemingly straightforward question — often taken for granted by debt ...
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This chapter discusses the central economic question of debt relief: does debt relief work to promote economic growth? This seemingly straightforward question — often taken for granted by debt campaigners — merits closer attention to ensure that relief bears constructive and sustainable outcomes. It is argued that debt relief is highly effective at promoting growth in countries suffering from a “debt overhang”, where reducing debt levels will stimulate investment and net resource transfers from abroad, but less effective in countries where infrastructure is weak and where net resource transfers are already positive.Less
This chapter discusses the central economic question of debt relief: does debt relief work to promote economic growth? This seemingly straightforward question — often taken for granted by debt campaigners — merits closer attention to ensure that relief bears constructive and sustainable outcomes. It is argued that debt relief is highly effective at promoting growth in countries suffering from a “debt overhang”, where reducing debt levels will stimulate investment and net resource transfers from abroad, but less effective in countries where infrastructure is weak and where net resource transfers are already positive.
Mukesh Eswaran and Ashok Kotwal
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305197
- eISBN:
- 9780199783519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305191.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
As countries develop, their labor force shifts from agriculture to industry and services, and in the process, the well-being of the people improves. This essay sheds some light on the economic logic ...
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As countries develop, their labor force shifts from agriculture to industry and services, and in the process, the well-being of the people improves. This essay sheds some light on the economic logic that drives the process and on the important role that agricultural productivity plays in it. It argues that agricultural productivity growth is the key to poverty alleviation, and then discusses the policy implications for developing countries. The first section shows how the process of secular decline in poverty is inevitably associated with a movement of labor from agriculture to other sectors, and how agricultural productivity growth facilitates such a movement. The second section discusses the importance of international trade in this process. Both agricultural and trade policies tend to generate political battles because they redistribute incomes from one group to another. This political economy question is addressed in the third section, which also discusses the causes (and consequences) of the observed policy bias against agriculture. The fourth section discusses the two main determinants of agricultural growth-technology and crop diversification, and reflects on the policy options available to poor countries to induce agricultural growth without causing domestic upheavals.Less
As countries develop, their labor force shifts from agriculture to industry and services, and in the process, the well-being of the people improves. This essay sheds some light on the economic logic that drives the process and on the important role that agricultural productivity plays in it. It argues that agricultural productivity growth is the key to poverty alleviation, and then discusses the policy implications for developing countries. The first section shows how the process of secular decline in poverty is inevitably associated with a movement of labor from agriculture to other sectors, and how agricultural productivity growth facilitates such a movement. The second section discusses the importance of international trade in this process. Both agricultural and trade policies tend to generate political battles because they redistribute incomes from one group to another. This political economy question is addressed in the third section, which also discusses the causes (and consequences) of the observed policy bias against agriculture. The fourth section discusses the two main determinants of agricultural growth-technology and crop diversification, and reflects on the policy options available to poor countries to induce agricultural growth without causing domestic upheavals.
John Toye
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199251209
- eISBN:
- 9780191599293
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199251207.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Toye focuses on issues relating to substantive justice as mediated through the international trade regime. He argues that the transition from the GATT to the WTO is leading to the continuation, ...
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Toye focuses on issues relating to substantive justice as mediated through the international trade regime. He argues that the transition from the GATT to the WTO is leading to the continuation, possibly even the worsening, of inequality amongst countries. Toye concludes that formal justice is at odds with substantive justice since the inequalities of political and economic power between developed and developing countries have not been compensated for in the enactment of supposedly improved trade procedural rules.Less
Toye focuses on issues relating to substantive justice as mediated through the international trade regime. He argues that the transition from the GATT to the WTO is leading to the continuation, possibly even the worsening, of inequality amongst countries. Toye concludes that formal justice is at odds with substantive justice since the inequalities of political and economic power between developed and developing countries have not been compensated for in the enactment of supposedly improved trade procedural rules.
Lance Taylor (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195145465
- eISBN:
- 9780199783960
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195145465.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Reports on the effects of the fundamental economic policy shift in transition and developing countries after the mid‐1980s. Since that time, the “external liberalization” of international trade and ...
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Reports on the effects of the fundamental economic policy shift in transition and developing countries after the mid‐1980s. Since that time, the “external liberalization” of international trade and finance has been among the principal forces for increasing global integration. This wave of deregulation was the central feature of globalization for the non‐industrialized world. The chapters in this book look at the experiences of nine countries – Argentina, Columbia, Cuba, India, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, Turkey, and Zimbabwe – and the often‐negative effects that liberalization has had on them. At best, the liberalization packages generated modest improvements in economic growth and distributional equity; at worst, they have been associated with increasing income inequality and slower growth, even in the presence of rising capital inflows. The country studies suggest that the effects of liberalization on growth, employment, and income distribution emerge from a complex set of forces on both the supply and demand sides of the economy. Redistribution of income and production across industries (typically from those producing traded goods to those producing nontraded goods) and groups within the labor force (typically from unskilled to skilled), as well as adverse shifts in “macro” prices such as real wage, interest, and exchange rates are part of the process. This degree of complexity and most of the unfavorable effects of deregulation were not anticipated, and are only now being widely recognized. The implication is that the liberalization strategy needs to be rethought. The contributors include policy recommendations for often‐overlooked problems and challenges posed by globalization.Less
Reports on the effects of the fundamental economic policy shift in transition and developing countries after the mid‐1980s. Since that time, the “external liberalization” of international trade and finance has been among the principal forces for increasing global integration. This wave of deregulation was the central feature of globalization for the non‐industrialized world. The chapters in this book look at the experiences of nine countries – Argentina, Columbia, Cuba, India, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, Turkey, and Zimbabwe – and the often‐negative effects that liberalization has had on them. At best, the liberalization packages generated modest improvements in economic growth and distributional equity; at worst, they have been associated with increasing income inequality and slower growth, even in the presence of rising capital inflows. The country studies suggest that the effects of liberalization on growth, employment, and income distribution emerge from a complex set of forces on both the supply and demand sides of the economy. Redistribution of income and production across industries (typically from those producing traded goods to those producing nontraded goods) and groups within the labor force (typically from unskilled to skilled), as well as adverse shifts in “macro” prices such as real wage, interest, and exchange rates are part of the process. This degree of complexity and most of the unfavorable effects of deregulation were not anticipated, and are only now being widely recognized. The implication is that the liberalization strategy needs to be rethought. The contributors include policy recommendations for often‐overlooked problems and challenges posed by globalization.
Tracey D Epps and Michael J Trebilcock
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195383614
- eISBN:
- 9780199855445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383614.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) has emerged as a key issue in the agricultural talks of the Doha Round Negotiations. Developed and developing countries have been unable to agree on a ...
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Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) has emerged as a key issue in the agricultural talks of the Doha Round Negotiations. Developed and developing countries have been unable to agree on a mutually satisfactory way forward. This chapter reviews the role of SDT policies in agricultural trade and explores the possibilities for an approach that takes account both of political realities and the ultimate goal of economic improvement for developing countries. The chapter also reviews the historical development of SDT policies, and pays particular attention to agriculture in the Uruguay Round and considers whether such policies have achieved what developing countries hoped they would. The chapter then explores what is at stake for developing countries in the Doha Development Round and examines the arguments relating to SDT policies in the agricultural sector. Finally, the chapter considers possibilities for a way forward that takes account of the goal of SDT policies as they have been conceived by developing countries, as well as the interests of developed countries and the realpolitik of trade negotiations.Less
Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) has emerged as a key issue in the agricultural talks of the Doha Round Negotiations. Developed and developing countries have been unable to agree on a mutually satisfactory way forward. This chapter reviews the role of SDT policies in agricultural trade and explores the possibilities for an approach that takes account both of political realities and the ultimate goal of economic improvement for developing countries. The chapter also reviews the historical development of SDT policies, and pays particular attention to agriculture in the Uruguay Round and considers whether such policies have achieved what developing countries hoped they would. The chapter then explores what is at stake for developing countries in the Doha Development Round and examines the arguments relating to SDT policies in the agricultural sector. Finally, the chapter considers possibilities for a way forward that takes account of the goal of SDT policies as they have been conceived by developing countries, as well as the interests of developed countries and the realpolitik of trade negotiations.
Stephen D. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195179354
- eISBN:
- 9780199783779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179354.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
One of the most sensitive issues regarding FDI and MNCs is their impact on relatively less developed countries (LDCs). This chapter makes no effort to “prove” net harm or benefits to LDCs. Instead, ...
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One of the most sensitive issues regarding FDI and MNCs is their impact on relatively less developed countries (LDCs). This chapter makes no effort to “prove” net harm or benefits to LDCs. Instead, the thesis developed here is that it is impossible to determine scientifically that all MNCs are collectively harmful or beneficial to all LDCs on a permanent basis. To demonstrate the critical importance of heterogeneity, complexity, perceptions, and the fallacy of generalization, the nature of the conceptual obstacles to a definitive black-or-white judgment is examined. An examination of the many plausible arguments that incoming FDI is harmful on balance to the economic development of LDCs is followed by an examination of the many plausible arguments on behalf of the opposite conclusion, namely that on balance FDI has had a positive impact. A fourth section focuses on the difficulty in determining whether pre-existing economic conditions in a developing country determine the effects of incoming FDI, or whether FDI itself determines economic progress. The final section makes the case that the preferred answer to the question of the impact of MNCs and FDI on economic development is that it is indeterminate.Less
One of the most sensitive issues regarding FDI and MNCs is their impact on relatively less developed countries (LDCs). This chapter makes no effort to “prove” net harm or benefits to LDCs. Instead, the thesis developed here is that it is impossible to determine scientifically that all MNCs are collectively harmful or beneficial to all LDCs on a permanent basis. To demonstrate the critical importance of heterogeneity, complexity, perceptions, and the fallacy of generalization, the nature of the conceptual obstacles to a definitive black-or-white judgment is examined. An examination of the many plausible arguments that incoming FDI is harmful on balance to the economic development of LDCs is followed by an examination of the many plausible arguments on behalf of the opposite conclusion, namely that on balance FDI has had a positive impact. A fourth section focuses on the difficulty in determining whether pre-existing economic conditions in a developing country determine the effects of incoming FDI, or whether FDI itself determines economic progress. The final section makes the case that the preferred answer to the question of the impact of MNCs and FDI on economic development is that it is indeterminate.
Carolyn Deere
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199550616
- eISBN:
- 9780191720284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550616.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Economy
This chapter draws together my core arguments about the politics of TRIPS implementation. It summarizes my findings as to why so many countries went beyond TRIPS‐minimum requirements, while some ...
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This chapter draws together my core arguments about the politics of TRIPS implementation. It summarizes my findings as to why so many countries went beyond TRIPS‐minimum requirements, while some countries did indeed use important flexibilities. In so doing, it considers the reasons why the extent of TRIPS‐plus reforms varied by issue, and why some TRIPS flexibilities were used more than others. Stepping back, it reviews the evolution of developing country perspectives on international IP protection, noting the fragmentation and consolidation of their views in the face of an increasingly complex global IP system. It also previews several of the emerging policy controversies and trends that shape ongoing debates about TRIPS implementation and related IP reforms. It concludes by distilling some practical implications for those working to promote IP‐related policies, laws, and institutions in developing countries advance development goals.Less
This chapter draws together my core arguments about the politics of TRIPS implementation. It summarizes my findings as to why so many countries went beyond TRIPS‐minimum requirements, while some countries did indeed use important flexibilities. In so doing, it considers the reasons why the extent of TRIPS‐plus reforms varied by issue, and why some TRIPS flexibilities were used more than others. Stepping back, it reviews the evolution of developing country perspectives on international IP protection, noting the fragmentation and consolidation of their views in the face of an increasingly complex global IP system. It also previews several of the emerging policy controversies and trends that shape ongoing debates about TRIPS implementation and related IP reforms. It concludes by distilling some practical implications for those working to promote IP‐related policies, laws, and institutions in developing countries advance development goals.
Mary Daly
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240920
- eISBN:
- 9780191600180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240922.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
One of the central causes of change in the welfare state has been the changing economic role and employment behaviour of women, especially of married women. Factors related to gender are the key to ...
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One of the central causes of change in the welfare state has been the changing economic role and employment behaviour of women, especially of married women. Factors related to gender are the key to explaining labour‐market variation among developed countries. In explaining how women's presence has transformed labour markets in 23 OECD countries, the chapter draws on a wide range of possible factors, including policy packages, historical trends, and cultural norms about the family and women's roles. The analysis is based on a three‐fold model that includes supply, demand, and country‐specific contextual factors.Less
One of the central causes of change in the welfare state has been the changing economic role and employment behaviour of women, especially of married women. Factors related to gender are the key to explaining labour‐market variation among developed countries. In explaining how women's presence has transformed labour markets in 23 OECD countries, the chapter draws on a wide range of possible factors, including policy packages, historical trends, and cultural norms about the family and women's roles. The analysis is based on a three‐fold model that includes supply, demand, and country‐specific contextual factors.
