David Beresford-Jones
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264768
- eISBN:
- 9780191754005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264768.003.0004
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
This chapter sets out the geomorphological history of the basins of the lower Ica Valley — those processes of erosion and deposition which have formed and destroyed their archaeological record, and ...
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This chapter sets out the geomorphological history of the basins of the lower Ica Valley — those processes of erosion and deposition which have formed and destroyed their archaeological record, and indeed given rise to today's landscape there. It reviews the results and interpretations of the geomorphological survey, which included: the definition of the basic geomorphic units across the lower Ica Valley; investigating the character of the relict river terraces of H-13 and G-8/9, which underlie most of their archaeology; understanding the extent of landscape and ecological change across the Samaca and Ullujaya basins, as revealed by buried ancient land surfaces; and evaluating those contexts from which archaeological and archaeobotanical data were extracted and subsequently analysed.Less
This chapter sets out the geomorphological history of the basins of the lower Ica Valley — those processes of erosion and deposition which have formed and destroyed their archaeological record, and indeed given rise to today's landscape there. It reviews the results and interpretations of the geomorphological survey, which included: the definition of the basic geomorphic units across the lower Ica Valley; investigating the character of the relict river terraces of H-13 and G-8/9, which underlie most of their archaeology; understanding the extent of landscape and ecological change across the Samaca and Ullujaya basins, as revealed by buried ancient land surfaces; and evaluating those contexts from which archaeological and archaeobotanical data were extracted and subsequently analysed.
Todd V. Crawford, Charles W. Miller, and Allen H. Weber
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195127270
- eISBN:
- 9780199869121
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195127270.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This chapter assists professionals in selecting and properly using atmospheric transport, diffusion, and deposition models to estimate the transport and deposition of radionuclides released into the ...
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This chapter assists professionals in selecting and properly using atmospheric transport, diffusion, and deposition models to estimate the transport and deposition of radionuclides released into the atmosphere. After presenting meteorological fundamentals applicable to atmospheric processes, different types of mathematical models and modeling approaches are discussed. Fundamental principles and guidelines are also presented to help professionals select the most appropriate model for a given assessment problem, and to sensitize model users to the need for using appropriate and accurate site data in model calculations.Less
This chapter assists professionals in selecting and properly using atmospheric transport, diffusion, and deposition models to estimate the transport and deposition of radionuclides released into the atmosphere. After presenting meteorological fundamentals applicable to atmospheric processes, different types of mathematical models and modeling approaches are discussed. Fundamental principles and guidelines are also presented to help professionals select the most appropriate model for a given assessment problem, and to sensitize model users to the need for using appropriate and accurate site data in model calculations.
Nasr M. Ghoniem and Daniel D. Walgraef
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298686
- eISBN:
- 9780191720222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298686.003.0015
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter presents a method for quantitatively studying the evolution (i.e., nucleation and growth) of the solid phase from the vapour phase. The technical applications of the methods developed is ...
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This chapter presents a method for quantitatively studying the evolution (i.e., nucleation and growth) of the solid phase from the vapour phase. The technical applications of the methods developed is mainly in chemical vapour deposition (CVD), physical vapour deposition (PVD), chemical vapour infiltration (CVI), epitaxial growth of semiconductors, plasma and laser processing, etc. The definition of vapour is broadened to include all energetic processes, such as plasma, electron, ion, or laser, in which low-density material (vapour) is employed. The latter part of the chapter examines heat and mass transport during CVD processes.Less
This chapter presents a method for quantitatively studying the evolution (i.e., nucleation and growth) of the solid phase from the vapour phase. The technical applications of the methods developed is mainly in chemical vapour deposition (CVD), physical vapour deposition (PVD), chemical vapour infiltration (CVI), epitaxial growth of semiconductors, plasma and laser processing, etc. The definition of vapour is broadened to include all energetic processes, such as plasma, electron, ion, or laser, in which low-density material (vapour) is employed. The latter part of the chapter examines heat and mass transport during CVD processes.
Marie-Louise Coolahan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199567652
- eISBN:
- 9780191722011
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567652.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature, Women's Literature
This book examines writing in English, Irish, and Spanish by women living in Ireland and by Irish women living on the continent between the years 1574 and 1676. This was a tumultuous period of ...
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This book examines writing in English, Irish, and Spanish by women living in Ireland and by Irish women living on the continent between the years 1574 and 1676. This was a tumultuous period of political, religious, and linguistic contestation that encompassed the key power‐struggles of early modern Ireland. This study brings to light the ways in which women contributed; they strove to be heard and to make sense of their situations, forging space for their voices in complex ways and engaging with native and new language‐traditions. The book investigates the genres in which women wrote: poetry, nuns' writing, petition‐letters, depositions, biography, and autobiography. It argues for a complex understanding of authorial agency that centres on the act of creating or composing a text, which does not necessarily equate with the physical act of writing. The Irish, English, and European contexts for women's production of texts are identified and assessed. The literary traditions and languages of the different communities living on the island are juxtaposed in order to show how identities were shaped and defined in relation to each other. The book elucidates the social, political, and economic imperatives for women's writing, examines the ways in which women characterized female composition, and describes an extensive range of cross‐cultural, multilingual activity.Less
This book examines writing in English, Irish, and Spanish by women living in Ireland and by Irish women living on the continent between the years 1574 and 1676. This was a tumultuous period of political, religious, and linguistic contestation that encompassed the key power‐struggles of early modern Ireland. This study brings to light the ways in which women contributed; they strove to be heard and to make sense of their situations, forging space for their voices in complex ways and engaging with native and new language‐traditions. The book investigates the genres in which women wrote: poetry, nuns' writing, petition‐letters, depositions, biography, and autobiography. It argues for a complex understanding of authorial agency that centres on the act of creating or composing a text, which does not necessarily equate with the physical act of writing. The Irish, English, and European contexts for women's production of texts are identified and assessed. The literary traditions and languages of the different communities living on the island are juxtaposed in order to show how identities were shaped and defined in relation to each other. The book elucidates the social, political, and economic imperatives for women's writing, examines the ways in which women characterized female composition, and describes an extensive range of cross‐cultural, multilingual activity.
Roger W. Shuy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328837
- eISBN:
- 9780199870165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328837.003.0019
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
A complex procurement process is used by corporations that try to secure business with government agencies. It involves cost or pricing data, vendor quotations, production methods, cost trends, ...
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A complex procurement process is used by corporations that try to secure business with government agencies. It involves cost or pricing data, vendor quotations, production methods, cost trends, decrements, resources, and other things. A government auditor reviewed one such contract more than twenty years after the planes had been manufactured and concluded that fraud had been involved. The government first alleged that the contract used plain language and that this showed fraud. Linguistic analysis agreed that plain language was used, but that this language showed that nothing was fraudulent. Syntax and lexical uses (“assessment” and “estimate” in particular) were shown to be clear and supported by dictionary citations. After reviewing the linguistic analysis, the government changed its theory, now arguing that the corporation's words, such as “consideration,” “estimates,” “appropriate,” and “based on our review of,” were clear plain language but that the government's understanding was different from the corporation's. This opened the door to discovery of what those understandings were, appearing largely in the depositions of the government auditors. These revealed their inferences about the meanings of words and expressions the corporation had used in its proposal. The plaintiff's confusion was located in what the corporation did not say in its proposal. If the auditors did not understand how these expressions were being used, the speech act of requesting clarification was readily available. It was pointed out that requesting this would have been appropriate before the government granted the proposal.Less
A complex procurement process is used by corporations that try to secure business with government agencies. It involves cost or pricing data, vendor quotations, production methods, cost trends, decrements, resources, and other things. A government auditor reviewed one such contract more than twenty years after the planes had been manufactured and concluded that fraud had been involved. The government first alleged that the contract used plain language and that this showed fraud. Linguistic analysis agreed that plain language was used, but that this language showed that nothing was fraudulent. Syntax and lexical uses (“assessment” and “estimate” in particular) were shown to be clear and supported by dictionary citations. After reviewing the linguistic analysis, the government changed its theory, now arguing that the corporation's words, such as “consideration,” “estimates,” “appropriate,” and “based on our review of,” were clear plain language but that the government's understanding was different from the corporation's. This opened the door to discovery of what those understandings were, appearing largely in the depositions of the government auditors. These revealed their inferences about the meanings of words and expressions the corporation had used in its proposal. The plaintiff's confusion was located in what the corporation did not say in its proposal. If the auditors did not understand how these expressions were being used, the speech act of requesting clarification was readily available. It was pointed out that requesting this would have been appropriate before the government granted the proposal.
Kenneth Baxter Wolf
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199732586
- eISBN:
- 9780199894895
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732586.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The first commission pertaining to Elizabeth’s cause was convened in January 1233 in Marburg to accept sworn depositions from witnesses to the miracles attributed to Elizabeth’s intercession. They ...
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The first commission pertaining to Elizabeth’s cause was convened in January 1233 in Marburg to accept sworn depositions from witnesses to the miracles attributed to Elizabeth’s intercession. They interviewed hundreds of people and produced a detailed account of 106 miracles.Less
The first commission pertaining to Elizabeth’s cause was convened in January 1233 in Marburg to accept sworn depositions from witnesses to the miracles attributed to Elizabeth’s intercession. They interviewed hundreds of people and produced a detailed account of 106 miracles.
Kenneth Baxter Wolf
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199732586
- eISBN:
- 9780199894895
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732586.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
In a letter, written on October 11, 1233, Gregory IX asked Bishop Conrad of Hildesheim and Abbot Hermann of Georgental to pick up where the earlier commission had left off. This led to twenty-four ...
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In a letter, written on October 11, 1233, Gregory IX asked Bishop Conrad of Hildesheim and Abbot Hermann of Georgental to pick up where the earlier commission had left off. This led to twenty-four additional miracle depositions taken in January 1235.Less
In a letter, written on October 11, 1233, Gregory IX asked Bishop Conrad of Hildesheim and Abbot Hermann of Georgental to pick up where the earlier commission had left off. This led to twenty-four additional miracle depositions taken in January 1235.
Stefania Tutino
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740536
- eISBN:
- 9780199894765
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740536.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter focuses on France, where both James’s Oath of Allegiance and Bellarmine’s theory were vivaciously and dramatically debated, especially after the assassination of King Henri IV by a ...
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This chapter focuses on France, where both James’s Oath of Allegiance and Bellarmine’s theory were vivaciously and dramatically debated, especially after the assassination of King Henri IV by a Catholic fanatic and supporter of the Jesuits in 1610. The first section of this chapter offers an overview of the issues at stake by exploring the link between Papal authority, tyrannicide, and the doctrine of Papal deposition of heretical princes. A second section shows how Bellarmine’ theories were at the forefront of a crucial political debate involving Rome, London, and Paris by analyzing the reaction of the Parlement to Bellarmine’s theory. Another section of this chapter illustrates the significance of Bellarmine’s theory in another, parallel, debate, involving the role and nature of the Catholic Church in France, the relationship between the French Gallican tradition and the Roman centralizing tendencies, the political and ecclesiological force of Conciliarist theories. More specifically, this section will examine closely the theological debate within the Sorbonne between Edmond Richer and André Duval.Less
This chapter focuses on France, where both James’s Oath of Allegiance and Bellarmine’s theory were vivaciously and dramatically debated, especially after the assassination of King Henri IV by a Catholic fanatic and supporter of the Jesuits in 1610. The first section of this chapter offers an overview of the issues at stake by exploring the link between Papal authority, tyrannicide, and the doctrine of Papal deposition of heretical princes. A second section shows how Bellarmine’ theories were at the forefront of a crucial political debate involving Rome, London, and Paris by analyzing the reaction of the Parlement to Bellarmine’s theory. Another section of this chapter illustrates the significance of Bellarmine’s theory in another, parallel, debate, involving the role and nature of the Catholic Church in France, the relationship between the French Gallican tradition and the Roman centralizing tendencies, the political and ecclesiological force of Conciliarist theories. More specifically, this section will examine closely the theological debate within the Sorbonne between Edmond Richer and André Duval.
Catherine Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719065446
- eISBN:
- 9781781701164
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719065446.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
In a theatre that self-consciously cultivated its audiences' imagination, how and what did playgoers ‘see’ on the stage? This book reconstructs one aspect of that imaginative process, considering a ...
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In a theatre that self-consciously cultivated its audiences' imagination, how and what did playgoers ‘see’ on the stage? This book reconstructs one aspect of that imaginative process, considering a range of printed and documentary evidence for the way ordinary individuals thought about their houses and households. It then explores how writers of domestic tragedies engaged those attitudes to shape their representations of domesticity. The book therefore offers a way of understanding theatrical representations based around a truly interdisciplinary study of the interaction between literary and historical methods. The opening chapters use household manuals, court depositions, wills and inventories to reconstruct the morality of household space and its affective meanings, and to explore ways of imaging these spaces. Further chapters discuss Arden of Faversham, Two Lamentable Tragedies, A Woman Killed With Kindness and A Yorkshire Tragedy, considering how the dynamics of the early modern house were represented on the stage. They identify a grammar of domestic representation stretching from subtle identifications of location to stage properties and the use of stage space. Investigating the connections between the seen and the unseen, between secret and revelation, between inside and outside, household and community, these plays are shown to offer a uniquely developed domestic mimesis.Less
In a theatre that self-consciously cultivated its audiences' imagination, how and what did playgoers ‘see’ on the stage? This book reconstructs one aspect of that imaginative process, considering a range of printed and documentary evidence for the way ordinary individuals thought about their houses and households. It then explores how writers of domestic tragedies engaged those attitudes to shape their representations of domesticity. The book therefore offers a way of understanding theatrical representations based around a truly interdisciplinary study of the interaction between literary and historical methods. The opening chapters use household manuals, court depositions, wills and inventories to reconstruct the morality of household space and its affective meanings, and to explore ways of imaging these spaces. Further chapters discuss Arden of Faversham, Two Lamentable Tragedies, A Woman Killed With Kindness and A Yorkshire Tragedy, considering how the dynamics of the early modern house were represented on the stage. They identify a grammar of domestic representation stretching from subtle identifications of location to stage properties and the use of stage space. Investigating the connections between the seen and the unseen, between secret and revelation, between inside and outside, household and community, these plays are shown to offer a uniquely developed domestic mimesis.
Marie‐Louise Coolahan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199567652
- eISBN:
- 9780191722011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567652.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Early and Medieval Literature, Women's Literature
This chapter examines the depositions collected from protestant women who were victims of the 1641 rising. These are controversial historical sources; this discussion interprets them from a literary ...
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This chapter examines the depositions collected from protestant women who were victims of the 1641 rising. These are controversial historical sources; this discussion interprets them from a literary perspective. This chapter investigates the mechanisms of textual production, analysing the process of composition from oral delivery through to written record. Speech permeates these texts; orally delivered and preoccupied with reportage, they uncover the realities of linguistic hybridity on the island. The depositions also served as the repository for, and stimulus to, different genres of writing. The siege‐letters of Lettice, Baroness Offaly, and the first‐person memoir of Lady Elizabeth Dowdall display the value of feminine discourses of innocence and vulnerability to the construction of belligerent resistance. These writers counter representations of female victimhood in the depositions themselves.Less
This chapter examines the depositions collected from protestant women who were victims of the 1641 rising. These are controversial historical sources; this discussion interprets them from a literary perspective. This chapter investigates the mechanisms of textual production, analysing the process of composition from oral delivery through to written record. Speech permeates these texts; orally delivered and preoccupied with reportage, they uncover the realities of linguistic hybridity on the island. The depositions also served as the repository for, and stimulus to, different genres of writing. The siege‐letters of Lettice, Baroness Offaly, and the first‐person memoir of Lady Elizabeth Dowdall display the value of feminine discourses of innocence and vulnerability to the construction of belligerent resistance. These writers counter representations of female victimhood in the depositions themselves.
Christopher Fletcher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546916
- eISBN:
- 9780191720826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546916.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter introduces a number of texts which attacked Richard II as a boy not a man, or by ascribing to him the faults of youth, at his deposition at the age of 32. Historians and literary critics ...
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This chapter introduces a number of texts which attacked Richard II as a boy not a man, or by ascribing to him the faults of youth, at his deposition at the age of 32. Historians and literary critics have tended to assume that these texts contain a grain of truth, however tendentiously presented. In doing so, they attenuate criticisms whose origins, on closer examination, appear considerably more complex. Since there are, in fact, a number of reasons to doubt almost every aspect of Richard II's traditional reputation, and since these texts also seem to present a very partial account of the properties of manhood, it is argued that if these texts and their political significance are to be understood, it is necessary to place their rhetoric back in the context of the full range of late medieval ideas of youth and manhood.Less
This chapter introduces a number of texts which attacked Richard II as a boy not a man, or by ascribing to him the faults of youth, at his deposition at the age of 32. Historians and literary critics have tended to assume that these texts contain a grain of truth, however tendentiously presented. In doing so, they attenuate criticisms whose origins, on closer examination, appear considerably more complex. Since there are, in fact, a number of reasons to doubt almost every aspect of Richard II's traditional reputation, and since these texts also seem to present a very partial account of the properties of manhood, it is argued that if these texts and their political significance are to be understood, it is necessary to place their rhetoric back in the context of the full range of late medieval ideas of youth and manhood.
Christopher Fletcher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199546916
- eISBN:
- 9780191720826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546916.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter considers how Richard II's youth, which ought to have faded into irrelevance after his return to pre-eminence in the mid-1390s, was nonetheless revived in the crisis which culminated in ...
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This chapter considers how Richard II's youth, which ought to have faded into irrelevance after his return to pre-eminence in the mid-1390s, was nonetheless revived in the crisis which culminated in his deposition in 1399. This was not a consequence of any unusual youth culture at his court, nor of an alternative conception of masculinity on Richard's part, but of the continuing affront which he found in the events of his teens to his status as a king and a man. It is suggested that the king's (ultimately fatal) pursuit of vengeance can best be explained not by any fresh plot against his authority, nor by his unusual ideas of kingship, nor even by mental instability, but by Richard's thoroughly conventional if unusually vehement attachment to the values encoded in the language of manhood, in which an assault on one's status must be undone by violent revenge.Less
This chapter considers how Richard II's youth, which ought to have faded into irrelevance after his return to pre-eminence in the mid-1390s, was nonetheless revived in the crisis which culminated in his deposition in 1399. This was not a consequence of any unusual youth culture at his court, nor of an alternative conception of masculinity on Richard's part, but of the continuing affront which he found in the events of his teens to his status as a king and a man. It is suggested that the king's (ultimately fatal) pursuit of vengeance can best be explained not by any fresh plot against his authority, nor by his unusual ideas of kingship, nor even by mental instability, but by Richard's thoroughly conventional if unusually vehement attachment to the values encoded in the language of manhood, in which an assault on one's status must be undone by violent revenge.
Cagan H. Sekercioglu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199554232
- eISBN:
- 9780191720666
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0004
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
In this chapter, Cagan H. Sekercioglu recapitulates natural ecosystem functions and services. Ecosystem services are the set of ecosystem functions that are useful to humans. These services make the ...
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In this chapter, Cagan H. Sekercioglu recapitulates natural ecosystem functions and services. Ecosystem services are the set of ecosystem functions that are useful to humans. These services make the planet inhabitable by supplying and purifying the air we breathe and the water we drink. Water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are the major global biogeochemical cycles. Disruptions of these cycles can lead to floods, droughts, climate change, pollution, acid rain, and many other environmental problems. Soils provide critical ecosystem services, especially for sustaining ecosystems and growing food crops, but soil erosion and degradation are serious problems worldwide. Higher biodiversity usually increases ecosystem efficiency and productivity, stabilizes overall ecosystem functioning, and makes ecosystems more resistant to perturbations. Mobile linked animal species provide critical ecosystem functions and increase ecosystem resilience by connecting habitats and ecosystems through their movements. Their services include pollination, seed dispersal, nutrient deposition, pest control, and scavenging. Thousands of species that are the components of ecosystems harbor unique chemicals and pharmaceuticals that can save people's lives, but traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is disappearing and many potentially valuable species are threatened with extinction. Increasing habitat loss, climate change, settlement of wild areas, and wildlife consumption facilitate the transition of diseases of animals to humans, and other ecosystem alterations are increasing the prevalence of other diseases. Valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs helps integrate these services into public decision‐making and can ensure the continuity of ecosystems that provide the services.Less
In this chapter, Cagan H. Sekercioglu recapitulates natural ecosystem functions and services. Ecosystem services are the set of ecosystem functions that are useful to humans. These services make the planet inhabitable by supplying and purifying the air we breathe and the water we drink. Water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are the major global biogeochemical cycles. Disruptions of these cycles can lead to floods, droughts, climate change, pollution, acid rain, and many other environmental problems. Soils provide critical ecosystem services, especially for sustaining ecosystems and growing food crops, but soil erosion and degradation are serious problems worldwide. Higher biodiversity usually increases ecosystem efficiency and productivity, stabilizes overall ecosystem functioning, and makes ecosystems more resistant to perturbations. Mobile linked animal species provide critical ecosystem functions and increase ecosystem resilience by connecting habitats and ecosystems through their movements. Their services include pollination, seed dispersal, nutrient deposition, pest control, and scavenging. Thousands of species that are the components of ecosystems harbor unique chemicals and pharmaceuticals that can save people's lives, but traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is disappearing and many potentially valuable species are threatened with extinction. Increasing habitat loss, climate change, settlement of wild areas, and wildlife consumption facilitate the transition of diseases of animals to humans, and other ecosystem alterations are increasing the prevalence of other diseases. Valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs helps integrate these services into public decision‐making and can ensure the continuity of ecosystems that provide the services.
I. M. Vardavas and F. W. Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199227471
- eISBN:
- 9780191711138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227471.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Geophysics, Atmospheric and Environmental Physics
The physical and chemical processes that determine atmospheric composition are examined. The continuity equation for the vertical distribution of molecular species is developed, including molecular ...
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The physical and chemical processes that determine atmospheric composition are examined. The continuity equation for the vertical distribution of molecular species is developed, including molecular and eddy diffusion, surface emission and deposition, chemical reactions, and photolysis; and photolysis mechanisms of key molecules are discussed. Ozone photochemistry is described, starting with the Chapman mechanism, then including the effects of the reactions of oxides of nitrogen, water vapour, chlorine, and the role of methane and hydrogen. The effects of increasing methane and carbon dioxide on atmospheric composition are examined. Model results for the vertical distribution of atmospheric composition are given, including tables of reactions and rates in the appendix.Less
The physical and chemical processes that determine atmospheric composition are examined. The continuity equation for the vertical distribution of molecular species is developed, including molecular and eddy diffusion, surface emission and deposition, chemical reactions, and photolysis; and photolysis mechanisms of key molecules are discussed. Ozone photochemistry is described, starting with the Chapman mechanism, then including the effects of the reactions of oxides of nitrogen, water vapour, chlorine, and the role of methane and hydrogen. The effects of increasing methane and carbon dioxide on atmospheric composition are examined. Model results for the vertical distribution of atmospheric composition are given, including tables of reactions and rates in the appendix.
Siân Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199560424
- eISBN:
- 9780191741814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560424.003.0021
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History, Cultural History
When the king delays approval for two decrees, against non-juring priests and for a provincial force in the capital, Roland addresses him a protest letter, partly or wholly written by his wife. The ...
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When the king delays approval for two decrees, against non-juring priests and for a provincial force in the capital, Roland addresses him a protest letter, partly or wholly written by his wife. The long letter is quoted and analysed. Louis dismisses the ‘Brissotin’ ministers, and the government falls. Back in private life, the Rolands witness the violent aftermath: the invasion of the Tuileries on 20 June – a stand-off with the king; and the revolutionary journée of 10 August, when Louis is effectively deposed. The Brissotin ministers, including Roland, are immediately recalled, plus Danton at Justice, but in dangerous circumstances. Invasion fears are rife.Less
When the king delays approval for two decrees, against non-juring priests and for a provincial force in the capital, Roland addresses him a protest letter, partly or wholly written by his wife. The long letter is quoted and analysed. Louis dismisses the ‘Brissotin’ ministers, and the government falls. Back in private life, the Rolands witness the violent aftermath: the invasion of the Tuileries on 20 June – a stand-off with the king; and the revolutionary journée of 10 August, when Louis is effectively deposed. The Brissotin ministers, including Roland, are immediately recalled, plus Danton at Justice, but in dangerous circumstances. Invasion fears are rife.
Eleanor Hubbard
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199609345
- eISBN:
- 9780191739088
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609345.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter lays out the aim of this book: reconstructing the lives of ordinary early modern London women from their own points of view, as individuals who moved from household to household across ...
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This chapter lays out the aim of this book: reconstructing the lives of ordinary early modern London women from their own points of view, as individuals who moved from household to household across the life cycle. It suggests that women actively pursued advancement via the means available to them, which included migration to London, where the marriage market was favorable to women. While women's lives were shaped by strong and widespread social anxieties about their gender, these sexual anxieties were sometimes countered by even stronger worries about economic stability; these competing priorities could open up moments of opportunity for women. This chapter also discusses the main archival sources for the book: the deposition books of the London consistory court, which include the depositions of roughly 2,500 women for the period 1570–1640.Less
This chapter lays out the aim of this book: reconstructing the lives of ordinary early modern London women from their own points of view, as individuals who moved from household to household across the life cycle. It suggests that women actively pursued advancement via the means available to them, which included migration to London, where the marriage market was favorable to women. While women's lives were shaped by strong and widespread social anxieties about their gender, these sexual anxieties were sometimes countered by even stronger worries about economic stability; these competing priorities could open up moments of opportunity for women. This chapter also discusses the main archival sources for the book: the deposition books of the London consistory court, which include the depositions of roughly 2,500 women for the period 1570–1640.
Nasr M. Ghoniem and Daniel D. Walgraef
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298686
- eISBN:
- 9780191720222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298686.003.0018
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter examines the morphological instabilities of interfaces between the liquid and solid phases as the phase transformation process is completed. It first presents the problem of melting and ...
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This chapter examines the morphological instabilities of interfaces between the liquid and solid phases as the phase transformation process is completed. It first presents the problem of melting and solidification, in which the classical ‘Stefan problem’ is introduced as a fundamental model upon which melting and solidification studies are based. It then discusses some general aspects of phase change in pure, single-species systems. The attractiveness of the Stefan problem stems from the fact that the model is amenable to analytical solutions, and as such, it furnishes the physical understanding of more complex analysis of coupled heat and mass transport in a binary system. It also leads to the analysis of morphological surface instabilities and dendrite formation. The emergence of interfacial morphological instabilities in electro-chemical deposition is studied, exposing the rich variety of interfacial structures that arise in this case.Less
This chapter examines the morphological instabilities of interfaces between the liquid and solid phases as the phase transformation process is completed. It first presents the problem of melting and solidification, in which the classical ‘Stefan problem’ is introduced as a fundamental model upon which melting and solidification studies are based. It then discusses some general aspects of phase change in pure, single-species systems. The attractiveness of the Stefan problem stems from the fact that the model is amenable to analytical solutions, and as such, it furnishes the physical understanding of more complex analysis of coupled heat and mass transport in a binary system. It also leads to the analysis of morphological surface instabilities and dendrite formation. The emergence of interfacial morphological instabilities in electro-chemical deposition is studied, exposing the rich variety of interfacial structures that arise in this case.
H. E. J. Cowdrey
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206460
- eISBN:
- 9780191677144
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206460.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, History of Religion
The reign of Pope Gregory VII (1073–1085), who gave his name to an era of Church reform, is critically important in the history of the medieval church and papacy. Thus ...
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The reign of Pope Gregory VII (1073–1085), who gave his name to an era of Church reform, is critically important in the history of the medieval church and papacy. Thus it is surprising that this is the first comprehensive biography to appear in any language for over fifty years. This book presents Gregory's life and work in their entirety, tracing his career from early days as a clerk of the Roman Church, through his political negotiations, ecclesiastical governance, and final exile at Salerno. Full account is taken of his turbulent relations with King Henry IV of Germany, from his first deposition and excommunication in 1076, to the absolution at Canossa and the imposition of a second sentence in 1080. Pope Gregory was also a contemporary of William the Conqueror, and, as the author shows, fully supported his conquest of England. Gregory VII is presented as an individual whose deep inner belief in iustitia (righteousness) did not waver in the face of new circumstances, although his broad outlook underwent changes. Deeply committed to the traditions of the past and especially to those of Pope Gregory the Great, his reign prepared the way for an age of strong papal monarchy in the western Church.Less
The reign of Pope Gregory VII (1073–1085), who gave his name to an era of Church reform, is critically important in the history of the medieval church and papacy. Thus it is surprising that this is the first comprehensive biography to appear in any language for over fifty years. This book presents Gregory's life and work in their entirety, tracing his career from early days as a clerk of the Roman Church, through his political negotiations, ecclesiastical governance, and final exile at Salerno. Full account is taken of his turbulent relations with King Henry IV of Germany, from his first deposition and excommunication in 1076, to the absolution at Canossa and the imposition of a second sentence in 1080. Pope Gregory was also a contemporary of William the Conqueror, and, as the author shows, fully supported his conquest of England. Gregory VII is presented as an individual whose deep inner belief in iustitia (righteousness) did not waver in the face of new circumstances, although his broad outlook underwent changes. Deeply committed to the traditions of the past and especially to those of Pope Gregory the Great, his reign prepared the way for an age of strong papal monarchy in the western Church.
Pierre Chaplais
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204497
- eISBN:
- 9780191676314
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204497.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
In 1327 the criticism that Edward II was an incompetent ruler was regarded as so decisive an argument for that king's removal from office that it was placed at the head of the complaints lodged ...
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In 1327 the criticism that Edward II was an incompetent ruler was regarded as so decisive an argument for that king's removal from office that it was placed at the head of the complaints lodged against him by the Hilary parliament in the ‘Articles of Deposition’. During the first five years of his reign, Edward's deputy was Piers Gaveston. All the main events in Gaveston's life from 1307 to 1312 have been examined by reviewing the evidence available in chronicles as well as in official records. The examination of the relevant records is emphasized in this book, in the hope that some new light might be thrown on some of the important events concerning both Edward and Gaveston, from the latter's return from exile in August 1307 to the settlement, after his death, of the jewel question in 1313.Less
In 1327 the criticism that Edward II was an incompetent ruler was regarded as so decisive an argument for that king's removal from office that it was placed at the head of the complaints lodged against him by the Hilary parliament in the ‘Articles of Deposition’. During the first five years of his reign, Edward's deputy was Piers Gaveston. All the main events in Gaveston's life from 1307 to 1312 have been examined by reviewing the evidence available in chronicles as well as in official records. The examination of the relevant records is emphasized in this book, in the hope that some new light might be thrown on some of the important events concerning both Edward and Gaveston, from the latter's return from exile in August 1307 to the settlement, after his death, of the jewel question in 1313.
William G. Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226364957
- eISBN:
- 9780226365145
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226365145.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
As a village grows into a city, its surfaces increasingly become covered by materials that prevent rain from soaking into the ground. Even small rainfalls on these impervious surfaces produce high ...
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As a village grows into a city, its surfaces increasingly become covered by materials that prevent rain from soaking into the ground. Even small rainfalls on these impervious surfaces produce high stormwater flows of short duration, which pick up sediments, heat, and pollutants, and requires the construction of pipes to carry the flow that further concentrates the stormwater. High volumes of polluted water discharged into streams causes loss and damage to downstream ecosystems and the water resources that people need. This book presents and explains the diverse scientific aspects of urban stormwater by summarizing the primary academic literature with more than 250 plots, figures, and tables, and a bibliography of more than 450 references. Ideally suited for individual study or an advanced undergraduate or graduate seminar, each chapter provides several suggested references for deeper analysis. The 13 chapters are grouped into three parts covering urban conditions, environmental harms, and solutions. Urban conditions covers the water cycle and climate change, pollution emissions and deposition, and the various facets of imperviousness. Individual chapters on environmental harms cover distinct pollutant categories such as nutrients, mercury, and heat, as well as chapters detailing stormwater influences on streams, groundwater, and ecosystem responses. Solutions are grouped into two chapters, one covering the services provided by natural ecosystems and another chapter discussing the benefits of design features ranging from rain barrels to porous pavement to careful construction practices.Less
As a village grows into a city, its surfaces increasingly become covered by materials that prevent rain from soaking into the ground. Even small rainfalls on these impervious surfaces produce high stormwater flows of short duration, which pick up sediments, heat, and pollutants, and requires the construction of pipes to carry the flow that further concentrates the stormwater. High volumes of polluted water discharged into streams causes loss and damage to downstream ecosystems and the water resources that people need. This book presents and explains the diverse scientific aspects of urban stormwater by summarizing the primary academic literature with more than 250 plots, figures, and tables, and a bibliography of more than 450 references. Ideally suited for individual study or an advanced undergraduate or graduate seminar, each chapter provides several suggested references for deeper analysis. The 13 chapters are grouped into three parts covering urban conditions, environmental harms, and solutions. Urban conditions covers the water cycle and climate change, pollution emissions and deposition, and the various facets of imperviousness. Individual chapters on environmental harms cover distinct pollutant categories such as nutrients, mercury, and heat, as well as chapters detailing stormwater influences on streams, groundwater, and ecosystem responses. Solutions are grouped into two chapters, one covering the services provided by natural ecosystems and another chapter discussing the benefits of design features ranging from rain barrels to porous pavement to careful construction practices.
