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Growing Regional Variation: Demographic Change and its Implications

TIM DYSON

in Diversity and Change in Modern India: Economic, Social and Political Approaches

This chapter discusses some of the principal factors that have conditioned changes in the demography of India. The demographic trends at the regional and national level are examined, followed by a ... More

This chapter discusses some of the principal factors that have conditioned changes in the demography of India. The demographic trends at the regional and national level are examined, followed by a discussion of the likely consequences of current population trends. The last section of the chapter includes comments on recent work that has attempted to explain demographic change. Population growth, mortality, and fertility are some topics covered in this chapter.Less

Cultural Archipelagos

Amin Ghaziani

in There Goes the Gayborhood?

This chapter examines how gayborhoods can persist in the present and how they will live on into the future. It is unrealistic to think that gayborhoods have always been around, that they will remain ... More

This chapter examines how gayborhoods can persist in the present and how they will live on into the future. It is unrealistic to think that gayborhoods have always been around, that they will remain stable in their character and composition, or that they will never change. All neighborhoods, along with the cities that surround them, are organic, continually evolving places. However, it is equally naive to declare the death of the gayborhood. The chapter first considers demographic trends based on the 2000 and 2010 U.S. censuses before discussing the many different ways that our sexuality continues to direct the decisions we make about where to put down our roots. It shows that gayborhoods can reform from one place to another. This is evident in Chicago, where gays and lesbians have moved steadily north for more than a century now, colonizing one neighborhood after the next.Less

Muslim Integration and European Islam in the Next Generation

Jonathan Laurence

in The Emancipation of Europe's Muslims: The State's Role in Minority Integration

This chapter discusses the future prospects for Muslims' political and social integration. A number of the social, cultural, and political adjustments that will characterize Europe in coming ... More

This chapter discusses the future prospects for Muslims' political and social integration. A number of the social, cultural, and political adjustments that will characterize Europe in coming generations are already under way, although often the results are not visible to the naked eye. This chapter examines the pre-electoral political behavior and earliest known voting preferences and demographic future of the postcolonial—and post-guestworker—Muslim minorities of Europe. It argues that the most serious threats to successful emancipation—violent extremism among Muslims and right-wing nativism among “host societies”—may ultimately be weakened by a confluence of demographic trends and old-fashioned integration processes.Less

Contexts of Mothers’ Lives

Robert A. Levine, Sarah E. Levine, Beatrice Schnell-Anzola, Meredith L. Rowe, and Emily Dexter

in Literacy and Mothering: How Women’s Schooling Changes the Lives of the World's Children

This chapter provides an overview of the community-level field research on maternal literacy carried out in four countries: Mexico, Nepal, Venezuela and Zambia. It begins with the ways in which ... More

This chapter provides an overview of the community-level field research on maternal literacy carried out in four countries: Mexico, Nepal, Venezuela and Zambia. It begins with the ways in which fieldwork was conducted and how it changed. The socioeconomic, institutional and demographic trends and local contexts affecting women in those communities are described, for the period when they were school-aged children and years later when they were mothers. The social characteristics of the samples are reported. There is also a description of the contexts of mothers in the UNICEF Nepal Literacy and Health Survey carried out after the four-country study. The substantial variation between communities in urbanization, income, average level of women’s education and mortality and fertility levels, even though demographic transition was under way in all the field sites, suggest that they represent drastically differing environments in which to test hypotheses about the effects of schooling.Less

Jewish Demography: Fundamentals of the Research Field

Sergio DellaPergola

in The Social Scientific Study of Jewry: Sources, Approaches, Debates

This chapter provides an overview of the discipline of world Jewish demography. It discusses the quality of demographic data, the boundaries of the Jewish collective and the scholars involved in ... More

This chapter provides an overview of the discipline of world Jewish demography. It discusses the quality of demographic data, the boundaries of the Jewish collective and the scholars involved in Jewish population study in the modern era including Alfred Nossig, Jacob Lestschinsky, and Joseph Jacobs. It also analyzes the social and demographic trends and the causes of demographic changes in two largest Jewish populations in the world, those in the U.S. and Israel.Less

Demographic Change in the Early Spanish Philippines

Linda A. Newson

in Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines

This concluding chapter discusses demographic change in the Philippines during the early Spanish colonial period. The initial impact of Spanish conquest and the types of transformations the Spanish ... More

This concluding chapter discusses demographic change in the Philippines during the early Spanish colonial period. The initial impact of Spanish conquest and the types of transformations the Spanish sought to bring to native societies in Southeast Asia and in the Americas were similar. However, the Philippines differed from Spanish America in terms of geographical location, physical configuration, and the character of its natural resources and societies. This chapter considers the factors that may have contributed to low population density throughout the Philippines, and Southeast Asia more generally, in pre-Spanish times, including famines and epidemics. It also examines temporal and regional population trends in the early Spanish Philippines, with particular emphasis on the initial impact of conquest, the demographic crisis of the seventeenth century, and demographic recovery in the eighteenth century. Finally, it analyzes demographic trends in the Philippines in the wider Southeast Asian context, suggesting that the islands suffered greater population decline in part due to the more pervasive nature of Spanish colonial rule.Less

The demographic characteristics of people from minority ethnic groups in Britain

David Owen

in Explaining ethnic differences: Changing patterns of disadvantage in Britain

This chapter analyses the demographic characteristics of people from minority ethnic groups in Britain. It describes the growth of the minority population, the current ethnic profile of the British ... More

This chapter analyses the demographic characteristics of people from minority ethnic groups in Britain. It describes the growth of the minority population, the current ethnic profile of the British population, and the geographical distribution of minority ethnic groups. The chapter also discusses the evolution of the minority-ethnic-group population and the demographic trends underlying the continued growth in the minority population over the medium term.Less

A Demographic Focus on Baby Boomers of Color

Melvin Delgado

in Baby Boomers of Color: Implications for Social Work Policy and Practice

This chapter introduces various demographic facets of baby boomers of color. According to the 2011 U.S. Census, no racial or ethnic group of color has more than 10% of its population in the boomer ... More

This chapter introduces various demographic facets of baby boomers of color. According to the 2011 U.S. Census, no racial or ethnic group of color has more than 10% of its population in the boomer category, with Asians/Pacific Islanders (9.8%) having the largest percentage of boomers, followed by African Americans (9%), Latino/as (6.1%), and American/Alaskan Natives (0.9%). In 2008 almost 60% of Asians, Hawaiians, and Pacific Islander older adults lived in three states: California, Hawaii, and New York. African Americans, however, had a wider national distribution, with 50% living in eight states, including New York, Florida, and California. The remainder of the chapter discusses how the boomer generation is best understood within the context of two powerful and distinct demographic trends in the United States: the nation is graying (getting older) and also becoming more diverse ethnically and racially, that is, browning.Less

A Changing Southern Demography

Daniel P. Gitterman and Peter A. Coclanis

in A Way Forward: Building a Globally Competitive South

This chapter shows how the population of the American South changed dramatically—in size, composition, and distribution—during the first decade of the new millennium. Some of the changes were a ... More

This chapter shows how the population of the American South changed dramatically—in size, composition, and distribution—during the first decade of the new millennium. Some of the changes were a continuation or an acceleration of late-twentieth-century trends. Others were decade-specific, newly emergent trends. Irrespective of timing and periodicity, the observed population shifts have drastically altered the social, economic, and political fabric of the American South, leading the author and his colleague, Jack Kasarda, to label them “disruptive” demographic trends. This chapter provides snapshots of two of the disruptive demographic trends that are transforming the American South—the browning and graying of the region's population. It draws on data from a diverse array of sources, including the 2010 Census, the American Community Survey, and the Current Population Survey, to describe the nature and magnitude of these two disruptive trends as well as to assess the underlying opportunities and challenges.Less

Introduction: Talking About Demography in Israel

Alon Tal

in The Land Is Full: Addressing Overpopulation in Israel

This introductory chapter begins by discussing demographic trends in Israel, in particular its population growth which has resulted in a social and environmental crisis. Rapid demographic growth ... More

This introductory chapter begins by discussing demographic trends in Israel, in particular its population growth which has resulted in a social and environmental crisis. Rapid demographic growth exacerbates poverty and inequality, which have reached unprecedented dimensions in Israel. While public protesters demand social change, and government ministries suggest sundry solutions, the proposed responses ultimately only address symptoms. The proximate cause of Israel's ailing social predicament is overpopulation: crowded classrooms, crowded hospitals, crowded highways, and crowded courtrooms are all manifestations of an infrastructure unable to keep pace with growing demand. The chapter then sets out the book's purpose, which is to answer the following question: What should Israel's demographic objectives be, and what public policies are needed to attain them? It argues that while Israel has made remarkable efforts to accommodate its growing population, this extraordinary demographic expansion is ultimately unsustainable.Less

Demographic Trends, Housing Equity, and the Financial Security of Future Retirees

James M. Poterba, Steven F. Venti, and David A. Wise

in Demography and the Economy

This chapter explores one of the largest asset categories for present and future retirees, namely the equity in their homes. For most people, the big three asset categories in retirement are social ... More

This chapter explores one of the largest asset categories for present and future retirees, namely the equity in their homes. For most people, the big three asset categories in retirement are social security wealth, pension accumulations, and home equity. This chapter does similar cohort analyses for home equity. It is found that the likelihood of home ownership by age changed very little over the past twenty-five years for married couples, single women, and single men. It is well known that most retirees stay in their home and retain their home equity until late in retirement, when shocks such as the death of a spouse or entry into a nursing home may cause the home to be sold. In a way, the house serves as a “rainy day fund” for potential life changes or expensive developments later in life. This raises the natural question about whether home equity is a safe store of wealth for the rainy day fund.Less

Interior Luzon

Linda A. Newson

in Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines

This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of interior Luzon, with particular emphasis on groups living within the southern and central Cordillera. It begins with a ... More

This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of interior Luzon, with particular emphasis on groups living within the southern and central Cordillera. It begins with a brief review of the incidence and timing of Spanish contacts in the southern and central Cordillera, including the regions of Ituy and Paniqui, Italon and Abaca, and Igorot territory. It then considers the demographic history of the Igorot in Benguet, Kankanai and Bontoc, and Ifugao. It also discusses Dominican missionary efforts in northern Cordillera, along with demographic trends in the entire Cordillera region. It cites population estimates for interior Luzon for the period 1570–1800 and suggests that the region experienced an overall population decline of approximately 36 percent in 1570.Less

Households and families

David Clapham

in The meaning of housing: A pathways approach

This chapter focuses on the household, which is at the heart of the pathways approach. In this chapter, the demographic trends in the number and make-up of households are reviewed and linked to the ... More

This chapter focuses on the household, which is at the heart of the pathways approach. In this chapter, the demographic trends in the number and make-up of households are reviewed and linked to the changing nature of the family. The trends are made up of action and choices, but these are influenced by discourses that shape popular perceptions and political debate, and, therefore, influence policy in areas such as housing. Discussed in this chapter are the main discourses of family and their impact on policy. The chapter also discusses how the household functions in terms of the dynamics of interpersonal relationships that create and sustain the routines and actions of the household in order to understand the perceptions and actions of households. The chapter also points out the need for more research to increase the knowledge on the way that different types of households function and the factors that influence their decisions.Less

Cagayan

Linda A. Newson

in Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines

This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of Cagayan. During the colonial period the Cagayan Valley formed the backbone of the Dominican province of Cagayan. Juan de ... More

This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of Cagayan. During the colonial period the Cagayan Valley formed the backbone of the Dominican province of Cagayan. Juan de Salcedo first made contact with the inhabitants of Cagayan during his circumnavigation of the island of Luzon in 1572, but he received a hostile reception and continued on his journey without establishing a settlement. Permanent Spanish settlement was established in Cagayan in 1581; by then much of the region had already been allocated in encomiendas. This chapter begins with an overview of Cagayan Valley in 1570, focusing on its physical geography, society, population trends, and settlement patterns. It then considers the Dominican missionaries' conversion efforts in the region, along with demographic trends. It also discusses the possible causes of population decline in Cagayan during the period, including epidemics.Less

Patterns and trends in ageing and health

Liz Lloyd

in Health and care in ageing societies: A new international approach

This chapter sets the scene for the subsequent discussion through a focus on global data on life expectancy, morbidity and mortality and a critical analysis of the production and presentation of ... More

This chapter sets the scene for the subsequent discussion through a focus on global data on life expectancy, morbidity and mortality and a critical analysis of the production and presentation of these data. It provides a discussion of how the data have shaped ideas about ageing, health and care and have influenced global policy agendas. Key points explored include inequalities in health, dependency ratios and the compression of morbidity thesis. It is argued that there is a need for a better understanding of dependency and life expectancy and that, equally necessary, is a better understanding of the ethical complexities of inequalities in health and the extension of life expectancy.Less

The “Perfect Educational Storm”

Frederick J. Morrison

in Improving Literacy in America: Guidelines from Research

Significant changes in both parenting and teaching over the last half century have serious negative consequences for some children's educational achievement. This historical convergence is termed the ... More

Significant changes in both parenting and teaching over the last half century have serious negative consequences for some children's educational achievement. This historical convergence is termed the “perfect educational storm.” This chapter discusses the historical trends and their impact in the state of literacy in America's children. It examines the psychological impacts and demographic and social trends relevant to child development and literacy.Less

Introduction

in The Hierarchies of Slavery in Santos, Brazil, 1822-1888

This introductory chapter discusses the history and hierarchies of slavery in Santos in São Paulo, Brazil during the period from 1822 to 1888. The book is divided into two sections. The first ... More

This introductory chapter discusses the history and hierarchies of slavery in Santos in São Paulo, Brazil during the period from 1822 to 1888. The book is divided into two sections. The first examines the wealth and material conditions of households, neighborhoods, and farming communities, and offers information on owner and slave occupations. The second section explores the changing social conditions and demographic trends while emphasizing the changing life conditions and treatment of slaves.Less