Theodore Zeldin
- Published in print:
- 1977
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198221258
- eISBN:
- 9780191678424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221258.003.0019
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The demographic history of France is very revealing not only about the attitudes of individuals towards the most basic facts of life and the status of the family, but also about the clash between ...
More
The demographic history of France is very revealing not only about the attitudes of individuals towards the most basic facts of life and the status of the family, but also about the clash between their interests and the nationalist aspirations of the politicians. This conflict and the contrast between the ambitions of different sections of the community, and the way they could ignore each other, makes the problems of population much more than an exercise in statistics. The reasons why Frenchmen had small families but also deplored them are worth investigating. This chapter shows that the relationship between attitudes to death and behaviour in life, if it is ever worked out with greater precision, is unlikely to be a simple one, which can be stated by reference to a single, or even a few, social variables. It suggests, as do also the statistics on population and family, that several fundamentally opposed forms of behaviour coexisted. France was not all one in the way it tackled birth, death, or anything else.Less
The demographic history of France is very revealing not only about the attitudes of individuals towards the most basic facts of life and the status of the family, but also about the clash between their interests and the nationalist aspirations of the politicians. This conflict and the contrast between the ambitions of different sections of the community, and the way they could ignore each other, makes the problems of population much more than an exercise in statistics. The reasons why Frenchmen had small families but also deplored them are worth investigating. This chapter shows that the relationship between attitudes to death and behaviour in life, if it is ever worked out with greater precision, is unlikely to be a simple one, which can be stated by reference to a single, or even a few, social variables. It suggests, as do also the statistics on population and family, that several fundamentally opposed forms of behaviour coexisted. France was not all one in the way it tackled birth, death, or anything else.
Francisco Vidal Luna and Herbert S. Klein
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503602007
- eISBN:
- 9781503604124
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503602007.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This volume is the continuation of an earlier study of colonial and imperial São Paulo and covers the period 1850-1950. These volumes are the first full scale survey of the economy and society of the ...
More
This volume is the continuation of an earlier study of colonial and imperial São Paulo and covers the period 1850-1950. These volumes are the first full scale survey of the economy and society of the state of São Paulo in this two century period in any language. Today São Paulo is the most populated state of Brazil and also the richest and most industrialized one. It is also the world leader in the production of sugar cane and orange juice and houses one of the world’s major airplane manufacturers. Its GDP today is almost double the size of Portugal or Finland and close to the size of the entire economy of Colombia or Venezuela and its capital city is one of the top five metropolitan centers in the world. This volume shows how the region of São Paulo went from being one of the more marginal and backward areas of the nation to its leading agricultural, industrial and financial center. Special emphasis is given to the creation of a modern state government and finances in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as well as the evolution of tis coffee economy and its internal market as well as its leading role it played in the integration of over two million European and Asian immigrants into Brazilian society.Less
This volume is the continuation of an earlier study of colonial and imperial São Paulo and covers the period 1850-1950. These volumes are the first full scale survey of the economy and society of the state of São Paulo in this two century period in any language. Today São Paulo is the most populated state of Brazil and also the richest and most industrialized one. It is also the world leader in the production of sugar cane and orange juice and houses one of the world’s major airplane manufacturers. Its GDP today is almost double the size of Portugal or Finland and close to the size of the entire economy of Colombia or Venezuela and its capital city is one of the top five metropolitan centers in the world. This volume shows how the region of São Paulo went from being one of the more marginal and backward areas of the nation to its leading agricultural, industrial and financial center. Special emphasis is given to the creation of a modern state government and finances in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as well as the evolution of tis coffee economy and its internal market as well as its leading role it played in the integration of over two million European and Asian immigrants into Brazilian society.
Fabian Drixler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780520272439
- eISBN:
- 9780520953611
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520272439.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This introductory chapter presents an overview of the main themes covered in this book, which traces the persistence and eventual demise of Eastern Japan’s culture of infanticide. In the eighteenth ...
More
This introductory chapter presents an overview of the main themes covered in this book, which traces the persistence and eventual demise of Eastern Japan’s culture of infanticide. In the eighteenth century, the prevalence of infanticide meant that fewer children were raised and each generation was smaller than the one before it. By 1850, however, a typical couple in the same region raised four or five children; by the 1920s the average woman had six children. The reverse fertility transition in Eastern Japan confounds the assumption that fertility only changes from high to low.Less
This introductory chapter presents an overview of the main themes covered in this book, which traces the persistence and eventual demise of Eastern Japan’s culture of infanticide. In the eighteenth century, the prevalence of infanticide meant that fewer children were raised and each generation was smaller than the one before it. By 1850, however, a typical couple in the same region raised four or five children; by the 1920s the average woman had six children. The reverse fertility transition in Eastern Japan confounds the assumption that fertility only changes from high to low.
Jay Winter and Michael Teitelbaum
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300139068
- eISBN:
- 9780300195323
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300139068.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter explores the political dimension of the modern demographic history of China, which is one of its essential characteristics. Modernization theory has little purchase here, since it ...
More
This chapter explores the political dimension of the modern demographic history of China, which is one of its essential characteristics. Modernization theory has little purchase here, since it focused on a model derived from the western European transformation of rural, agrarian societies to urban, manufacturing ones. Chinese demographic history is not simply an echo of Western patterns. Fertility decline in China happened in both the cities and in the countryside, and with the state as its guiding force. Beck's concept of “risk” must be translated differently in China, in which the boundaries between “private” and “community” spheres differ notably from those in the West. For centuries, interventions in reproductive behavior that many Westerners might have considered authoritarian and intrusive have prevailed in the family decisions of Chinese couples.Less
This chapter explores the political dimension of the modern demographic history of China, which is one of its essential characteristics. Modernization theory has little purchase here, since it focused on a model derived from the western European transformation of rural, agrarian societies to urban, manufacturing ones. Chinese demographic history is not simply an echo of Western patterns. Fertility decline in China happened in both the cities and in the countryside, and with the state as its guiding force. Beck's concept of “risk” must be translated differently in China, in which the boundaries between “private” and “community” spheres differ notably from those in the West. For centuries, interventions in reproductive behavior that many Westerners might have considered authoritarian and intrusive have prevailed in the family decisions of Chinese couples.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Scholars have long assumed that Spanish colonial rule had only a limited demographic impact on the Philippines. Filipinos, they believed, had acquired immunity to Old World diseases prior to Spanish ...
More
Scholars have long assumed that Spanish colonial rule had only a limited demographic impact on the Philippines. Filipinos, they believed, had acquired immunity to Old World diseases prior to Spanish arrival; conquest was thought to have been more benignt han what took place in the Americas because of more enlightened colonial policies introduced by Philip II. This book illuminates the demographic history of the Spanish Philippines in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and, in the process, challenges these assumptions. The book demonstrates that the islands suffered a significant population decline in the early colonial period. It argues that the sparse population of the islands meant that Old World diseases could not become endemic in pre-Spanish times, and also shows that the initial conquest of the Philippines was far bloodier than has often been supposed. Comparisons are made with the impact of Spanish colonial rule in the Americas. The book examines critically each major area in Luzon and the Visayas in turn. It proposes a new estimate for the population of the Visayas and Luzon of 1.57 million in 1565 and calculates that by the mid-seventeenth century this figure may have fallen by about two-thidrs.Less
Scholars have long assumed that Spanish colonial rule had only a limited demographic impact on the Philippines. Filipinos, they believed, had acquired immunity to Old World diseases prior to Spanish arrival; conquest was thought to have been more benignt han what took place in the Americas because of more enlightened colonial policies introduced by Philip II. This book illuminates the demographic history of the Spanish Philippines in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and, in the process, challenges these assumptions. The book demonstrates that the islands suffered a significant population decline in the early colonial period. It argues that the sparse population of the islands meant that Old World diseases could not become endemic in pre-Spanish times, and also shows that the initial conquest of the Philippines was far bloodier than has often been supposed. Comparisons are made with the impact of Spanish colonial rule in the Americas. The book examines critically each major area in Luzon and the Visayas in turn. It proposes a new estimate for the population of the Visayas and Luzon of 1.57 million in 1565 and calculates that by the mid-seventeenth century this figure may have fallen by about two-thidrs.
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853237358
- eISBN:
- 9781846317651
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317651.007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter investigates the implications of a policy for migration from Ireland in the 1960s, at which time the international economy had a favourable impact on the Irish economy. The period in ...
More
This chapter investigates the implications of a policy for migration from Ireland in the 1960s, at which time the international economy had a favourable impact on the Irish economy. The period in Irish population history from 1958 until the early 1970s has been regarded as a ‘demographic transformation’. The data note that those who attained a higher level of education displayed more challenging income and occupational aspirations, which could be met by leaving the local community and the country. There was a reduction of the total number of Protestants in the Irish Republic. Irish ethnic identity was closely linked with the Roman Catholic church. The 1960s revealed a decrease in the number of people migrating to Britain. By the early 1970s, a significant return migrant flow was apparent, which was a novel development in modern Irish demographic history.Less
This chapter investigates the implications of a policy for migration from Ireland in the 1960s, at which time the international economy had a favourable impact on the Irish economy. The period in Irish population history from 1958 until the early 1970s has been regarded as a ‘demographic transformation’. The data note that those who attained a higher level of education displayed more challenging income and occupational aspirations, which could be met by leaving the local community and the country. There was a reduction of the total number of Protestants in the Irish Republic. Irish ethnic identity was closely linked with the Roman Catholic church. The 1960s revealed a decrease in the number of people migrating to Britain. By the early 1970s, a significant return migrant flow was apparent, which was a novel development in modern Irish demographic history.
Fabian Drixler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780520272439
- eISBN:
- 9780520953611
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520272439.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter presents some final thoughts from the author. Topics discussed include how social context influenced the reproductive culture in Japan; Eastern Japan in world demographic history; and ...
More
This chapter presents some final thoughts from the author. Topics discussed include how social context influenced the reproductive culture in Japan; Eastern Japan in world demographic history; and the relationship between fertility and modernity.Less
This chapter presents some final thoughts from the author. Topics discussed include how social context influenced the reproductive culture in Japan; Eastern Japan in world demographic history; and the relationship between fertility and modernity.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the evidence that can shed light on the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines and allow comparisons between population trends in the islands with other ...
More
This chapter examines the evidence that can shed light on the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines and allow comparisons between population trends in the islands with other parts of the Southeast Asian archipelago. Focusing on demographic trends for each major island and region in Luzon and the Visayas, the chapter shows that Spanish conquest and early colonial rule in the Philippines resulted in significant population decline that was more pervasive and prolonged than generally assumed, but varied regionally. The evidence includes early Spanish colonial sources such as letters and memorials written by the first explorers, conquistadors, and priests; civil records like fiscal accounts and censuses; ecclesiastical records; and corroborative evidence derived from records of native traditions and from archaeology. The chapter also discusses some of the problems associated with the use of early Spanish colonial sources for demographic analysis and the role of racial mixing in population losses. Finally, it considers a regional approach for evaluating the early demographic history of the Spanish Philippines.Less
This chapter examines the evidence that can shed light on the demographic impact of Spanish colonial rule on the Philippines and allow comparisons between population trends in the islands with other parts of the Southeast Asian archipelago. Focusing on demographic trends for each major island and region in Luzon and the Visayas, the chapter shows that Spanish conquest and early colonial rule in the Philippines resulted in significant population decline that was more pervasive and prolonged than generally assumed, but varied regionally. The evidence includes early Spanish colonial sources such as letters and memorials written by the first explorers, conquistadors, and priests; civil records like fiscal accounts and censuses; ecclesiastical records; and corroborative evidence derived from records of native traditions and from archaeology. The chapter also discusses some of the problems associated with the use of early Spanish colonial sources for demographic analysis and the role of racial mixing in population losses. Finally, it considers a regional approach for evaluating the early demographic history of the Spanish Philippines.
Fabian Drixler
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780520272439
- eISBN:
- 9780520953611
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520272439.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book tells the story of a society reversing deeply held worldviews and revolutionizing its demography. In parts of eighteenth-century Japan, couples raised only two or three children. As ...
More
This book tells the story of a society reversing deeply held worldviews and revolutionizing its demography. In parts of eighteenth-century Japan, couples raised only two or three children. As villages shrank and domain headcounts dwindled, posters of child-murdering she-devils began to appear, and governments offered to pay their subjects to have more children. In these pages, the long conflict over the meaning of infanticide comes to life once again. Those who killed babies saw themselves as responsible parents to their chosen children. Those who opposed infanticide redrew the boundaries of humanity so as to encompass newborn infants and exclude those who would not raise them. In Eastern Japan, the focus of this book, population growth resumed in the nineteenth century. According to its village registers, more and more parents reared all their children. Others persisted in the old ways, leaving traces of hundreds of thousands of infanticides in the statistics of the modern Japanese state. Nonetheless, by 1925, total fertility rates approached six children per woman in the very lands where raising four had once been considered profligate. This reverse fertility transition suggests that the demographic history of the world is more interesting than paradigms of unidirectional change would have us believe, and that the future of fertility and population growth may yet hold many surprises.Less
This book tells the story of a society reversing deeply held worldviews and revolutionizing its demography. In parts of eighteenth-century Japan, couples raised only two or three children. As villages shrank and domain headcounts dwindled, posters of child-murdering she-devils began to appear, and governments offered to pay their subjects to have more children. In these pages, the long conflict over the meaning of infanticide comes to life once again. Those who killed babies saw themselves as responsible parents to their chosen children. Those who opposed infanticide redrew the boundaries of humanity so as to encompass newborn infants and exclude those who would not raise them. In Eastern Japan, the focus of this book, population growth resumed in the nineteenth century. According to its village registers, more and more parents reared all their children. Others persisted in the old ways, leaving traces of hundreds of thousands of infanticides in the statistics of the modern Japanese state. Nonetheless, by 1925, total fertility rates approached six children per woman in the very lands where raising four had once been considered profligate. This reverse fertility transition suggests that the demographic history of the world is more interesting than paradigms of unidirectional change would have us believe, and that the future of fertility and population growth may yet hold many surprises.
Linda A. Newson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832728
- eISBN:
- 9780824870096
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of interior Luzon, with particular emphasis on groups living within the southern and central Cordillera. It begins with a ...
More
This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of interior Luzon, with particular emphasis on groups living within the southern and central Cordillera. It begins with a brief review of the incidence and timing of Spanish contacts in the southern and central Cordillera, including the regions of Ituy and Paniqui, Italon and Abaca, and Igorot territory. It then considers the demographic history of the Igorot in Benguet, Kankanai and Bontoc, and Ifugao. It also discusses Dominican missionary efforts in northern Cordillera, along with demographic trends in the entire Cordillera region. It cites population estimates for interior Luzon for the period 1570–1800 and suggests that the region experienced an overall population decline of approximately 36 percent in 1570.Less
This chapter examines the impact of Spanish colonial rule on the population of interior Luzon, with particular emphasis on groups living within the southern and central Cordillera. It begins with a brief review of the incidence and timing of Spanish contacts in the southern and central Cordillera, including the regions of Ituy and Paniqui, Italon and Abaca, and Igorot territory. It then considers the demographic history of the Igorot in Benguet, Kankanai and Bontoc, and Ifugao. It also discusses Dominican missionary efforts in northern Cordillera, along with demographic trends in the entire Cordillera region. It cites population estimates for interior Luzon for the period 1570–1800 and suggests that the region experienced an overall population decline of approximately 36 percent in 1570.
Yibo Hu, Dunwu Qi, and Fuwen Wei
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198759805
- eISBN:
- 9780191820519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0029
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
The red panda is listed on the 2016 IUCN red list as Endangered. It is now distributed only in China, Myanmar, India, Bhutan and Nepal. Human activities such as poaching and large-scale deforestation ...
More
The red panda is listed on the 2016 IUCN red list as Endangered. It is now distributed only in China, Myanmar, India, Bhutan and Nepal. Human activities such as poaching and large-scale deforestation have caused serious declines in this forest-dwelling species. Although its ecological research has made much progress in the past decades, only recently witnessed the population genetic research advances of this species. This chapter reviews the advances in wild red panda conservation genetics from non-invasive genetics, genetic diversity, phylogeographic structure, population genetic structure, demographic history, subspecies differentiation, to its conservation and management. It presents detailed estimates of genetic diversity, assesses the role of paleo-climate changes, human activities and landscape features in shaping the genetic structure and demographic history of red pandas, and discusses the implications of conservation genetics findings for effective genetic monitoring and conservation management.Less
The red panda is listed on the 2016 IUCN red list as Endangered. It is now distributed only in China, Myanmar, India, Bhutan and Nepal. Human activities such as poaching and large-scale deforestation have caused serious declines in this forest-dwelling species. Although its ecological research has made much progress in the past decades, only recently witnessed the population genetic research advances of this species. This chapter reviews the advances in wild red panda conservation genetics from non-invasive genetics, genetic diversity, phylogeographic structure, population genetic structure, demographic history, subspecies differentiation, to its conservation and management. It presents detailed estimates of genetic diversity, assesses the role of paleo-climate changes, human activities and landscape features in shaping the genetic structure and demographic history of red pandas, and discusses the implications of conservation genetics findings for effective genetic monitoring and conservation management.
