Arad Reisberg
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199204892
- eISBN:
- 9780191709487
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204892.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter looks into the interrelationship between the Derivative Action and the Unfair Prejudice Remedy. Should the derivative action be dispensed with in favour of a single form of action, ...
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This chapter looks into the interrelationship between the Derivative Action and the Unfair Prejudice Remedy. Should the derivative action be dispensed with in favour of a single form of action, making identification of the type of wrong less significant? Alternatively, if both forms of action should be retained, should the derivative action be applicable to corporate wrongs and the unfairly prejudicial conduct action solely reserved for personal wrongs? Section 8.2 examines the history of s 994 of CA 2006. Subsequently, the arguments of assimilating the derivative and the unfair prejudice remedy into a single provision are assessed. Section 8.3 evaluates the merits of the demarcation of the two remedies. As will be seen, the assimilation of these two remedies should be resisted. Accordingly, section 8.4 explores the measures that can be introduced to clarify and simplify the interaction between the two remedies. Section 8.5 concludes.Less
This chapter looks into the interrelationship between the Derivative Action and the Unfair Prejudice Remedy. Should the derivative action be dispensed with in favour of a single form of action, making identification of the type of wrong less significant? Alternatively, if both forms of action should be retained, should the derivative action be applicable to corporate wrongs and the unfairly prejudicial conduct action solely reserved for personal wrongs? Section 8.2 examines the history of s 994 of CA 2006. Subsequently, the arguments of assimilating the derivative and the unfair prejudice remedy into a single provision are assessed. Section 8.3 evaluates the merits of the demarcation of the two remedies. As will be seen, the assimilation of these two remedies should be resisted. Accordingly, section 8.4 explores the measures that can be introduced to clarify and simplify the interaction between the two remedies. Section 8.5 concludes.
Susanne Schmidt
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226686851
- eISBN:
- 9780226686998
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226686998.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The phrase “midlife crisis” today conjures up images of male indulgence and irresponsibility—an affluent, middle-aged man speeding off in a red sports car with a woman half his age—but before it ...
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The phrase “midlife crisis” today conjures up images of male indulgence and irresponsibility—an affluent, middle-aged man speeding off in a red sports car with a woman half his age—but before it became a gendered cliché, it gained traction as a feminist concept. Journalist Gail Sheehy used the term to describe a midlife period when both men and women reassessed their choices in life, often abandoning traditional gender roles. Widely popular in the United States and internationally, the term was quickly appropriated by psychological and psychiatric experts and redefined as a male-centered, masculinist concept. By excluding women from their conception of personal development, the experts vetoed claims for women’s liberation. Yet the anti-feminist connotations of the new, male midlife crisis were rarely publicly discussed: backlash was allowed to parade as better science. However, this was not just a tale of defeat. In the 1980s and ’90s, feminist social scientists dismissed the midlife crisis as a sign of egotism, immaturity, and stagnation and turned it into a symbol of chauvinism. By telling this story, this book proposes a new perspective on what it means to start anew midway through. Instead of debunking or defending the midlife crisis, it documents that the midlife crisis is a historical, social, and political as much as a psychological concept. In expanding understandings of who discussed midlife and how, it makes visible the relevance of feminist contributions to discourses about choice, temporality, and the meaning of life as well as the impact of backlash.Less
The phrase “midlife crisis” today conjures up images of male indulgence and irresponsibility—an affluent, middle-aged man speeding off in a red sports car with a woman half his age—but before it became a gendered cliché, it gained traction as a feminist concept. Journalist Gail Sheehy used the term to describe a midlife period when both men and women reassessed their choices in life, often abandoning traditional gender roles. Widely popular in the United States and internationally, the term was quickly appropriated by psychological and psychiatric experts and redefined as a male-centered, masculinist concept. By excluding women from their conception of personal development, the experts vetoed claims for women’s liberation. Yet the anti-feminist connotations of the new, male midlife crisis were rarely publicly discussed: backlash was allowed to parade as better science. However, this was not just a tale of defeat. In the 1980s and ’90s, feminist social scientists dismissed the midlife crisis as a sign of egotism, immaturity, and stagnation and turned it into a symbol of chauvinism. By telling this story, this book proposes a new perspective on what it means to start anew midway through. Instead of debunking or defending the midlife crisis, it documents that the midlife crisis is a historical, social, and political as much as a psychological concept. In expanding understandings of who discussed midlife and how, it makes visible the relevance of feminist contributions to discourses about choice, temporality, and the meaning of life as well as the impact of backlash.
Wallace Matson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199812691
- eISBN:
- 9780199919420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199812691.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
Overview. Genesis of the work in attempt to solve Popper's Demarcation Problem, separation of sense from nonsense, by considering beliefs and verifications instead of propositions and verifiability. ...
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Overview. Genesis of the work in attempt to solve Popper's Demarcation Problem, separation of sense from nonsense, by considering beliefs and verifications instead of propositions and verifiability. I go at this historically, showing what beliefs are and how they arise in animals in the course of coping with their environments, and how language makes possible unverified (“high”) beliefs, conflatable into grand theories. Thales of Miletus invented science with the first grand theory based on everyday (“low”) beliefs. I identify the main characteristics of science as monism, immanence, and rationalism and trace their vicissitudes until their displacement by the Christian world view of the old type. Philosophy, I contend, has still not recovered from being handmaiden to theology. Medieval notions hang on unnoticed in the notions of logical possibility, possible worlds, and, in ethics, commandments. I conclude with sketches of renaturalized ethical and political theories, and rather unhappy prognostications.Less
Overview. Genesis of the work in attempt to solve Popper's Demarcation Problem, separation of sense from nonsense, by considering beliefs and verifications instead of propositions and verifiability. I go at this historically, showing what beliefs are and how they arise in animals in the course of coping with their environments, and how language makes possible unverified (“high”) beliefs, conflatable into grand theories. Thales of Miletus invented science with the first grand theory based on everyday (“low”) beliefs. I identify the main characteristics of science as monism, immanence, and rationalism and trace their vicissitudes until their displacement by the Christian world view of the old type. Philosophy, I contend, has still not recovered from being handmaiden to theology. Medieval notions hang on unnoticed in the notions of logical possibility, possible worlds, and, in ethics, commandments. I conclude with sketches of renaturalized ethical and political theories, and rather unhappy prognostications.
Wallace Matson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199812691
- eISBN:
- 9780199919420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199812691.003.0024
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter is a summary, emphasizing the principal themes of the book and their connections under the headings The Demarcation Problem, Milesian Science, Science and Philosophy, The Impact of ...
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This chapter is a summary, emphasizing the principal themes of the book and their connections under the headings The Demarcation Problem, Milesian Science, Science and Philosophy, The Impact of Christianity, 'Logical Impossibility', Institutions, Morals and Ethics. Pervading notions are the high/low distinction, the Milesian requirements for science, and the alleged contingency of the world.Less
This chapter is a summary, emphasizing the principal themes of the book and their connections under the headings The Demarcation Problem, Milesian Science, Science and Philosophy, The Impact of Christianity, 'Logical Impossibility', Institutions, Morals and Ethics. Pervading notions are the high/low distinction, the Milesian requirements for science, and the alleged contingency of the world.
Allison B. Kaufman and James C. Kaufman (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262037426
- eISBN:
- 9780262344814
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262037426.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
In a post-truth, fake news world, we are particularly susceptible to the claims of pseudoscience. When emotions and opinions are more widely disseminated than scientific findings, and self-proclaimed ...
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In a post-truth, fake news world, we are particularly susceptible to the claims of pseudoscience. When emotions and opinions are more widely disseminated than scientific findings, and self-proclaimed experts get their expertise from Google, how can the average person distinguish real science from fake? This book examines pseudoscience from a variety of perspectives, through case studies, analysis, and personal accounts that show how to recognize pseudoscience, why it is so widely accepted, and how to advocate for real science. Contributors examine the basics of pseudoscience, including issues of cognitive bias; the costs of pseudoscience, with accounts of naturopathy and logical fallacies in the anti-vaccination movement; perceptions of scientific soundness; the mainstream presence of “integrative medicine,” hypnosis, and parapsychology; and the use of case studies and new media in science advocacy.Less
In a post-truth, fake news world, we are particularly susceptible to the claims of pseudoscience. When emotions and opinions are more widely disseminated than scientific findings, and self-proclaimed experts get their expertise from Google, how can the average person distinguish real science from fake? This book examines pseudoscience from a variety of perspectives, through case studies, analysis, and personal accounts that show how to recognize pseudoscience, why it is so widely accepted, and how to advocate for real science. Contributors examine the basics of pseudoscience, including issues of cognitive bias; the costs of pseudoscience, with accounts of naturopathy and logical fallacies in the anti-vaccination movement; perceptions of scientific soundness; the mainstream presence of “integrative medicine,” hypnosis, and parapsychology; and the use of case studies and new media in science advocacy.
Maarten Boudry
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226051796
- eISBN:
- 9780226051826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226051826.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter attempts to clarify the confusion between genuine demarcation (the science/pseudoscience boundaries) and the “territorial” demarcation between science and other epistemic fields ...
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This chapter attempts to clarify the confusion between genuine demarcation (the science/pseudoscience boundaries) and the “territorial” demarcation between science and other epistemic fields (philosophy, mathematics). It argues that only the former is pressing and worth pursuing. The territorial problem has little epistemic import, suffers from additional categorization problems, and consequently neither calls nor allows for anything more than a pragmatic and rough-and-ready solution. The normative demarcation project, by contrast is eminently worthy of philosophical attention, not only because it carries real epistemic import and practical urgency, but also because it happens to be a tractable problem.Less
This chapter attempts to clarify the confusion between genuine demarcation (the science/pseudoscience boundaries) and the “territorial” demarcation between science and other epistemic fields (philosophy, mathematics). It argues that only the former is pressing and worth pursuing. The territorial problem has little epistemic import, suffers from additional categorization problems, and consequently neither calls nor allows for anything more than a pragmatic and rough-and-ready solution. The normative demarcation project, by contrast is eminently worthy of philosophical attention, not only because it carries real epistemic import and practical urgency, but also because it happens to be a tractable problem.
Ivan Pelant and Jan Valenta
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199588336
- eISBN:
- 9780191738548
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588336.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
Luminescence of disordered (amorphous) semiconductors is due to a different microscopic mechanism compared to those being active in the luminescence of crystalline counterparts with long-range order. ...
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Luminescence of disordered (amorphous) semiconductors is due to a different microscopic mechanism compared to those being active in the luminescence of crystalline counterparts with long-range order. Electron and hole tail states, originating from dangling bonds, play the decisive role. Features typical for the amorphous semiconductor luminescence are discussed, namely: peculiar temperature dependence driven by the demarcation energy and distribution of luminescence decay times. Two theoretical models describing spectral shape of the emission band are examined: the phonon broadening model and the disorder broadening model. Theoretical band shapes are compared with experimental spectra found in amorphous elemental semiconductors. The concept of geminate and non-geminate electron–hole pairs is briefly debated. Multiple nonradiative recombination paths are mentioned as well as luminescence of impurities and defects.Less
Luminescence of disordered (amorphous) semiconductors is due to a different microscopic mechanism compared to those being active in the luminescence of crystalline counterparts with long-range order. Electron and hole tail states, originating from dangling bonds, play the decisive role. Features typical for the amorphous semiconductor luminescence are discussed, namely: peculiar temperature dependence driven by the demarcation energy and distribution of luminescence decay times. Two theoretical models describing spectral shape of the emission band are examined: the phonon broadening model and the disorder broadening model. Theoretical band shapes are compared with experimental spectra found in amorphous elemental semiconductors. The concept of geminate and non-geminate electron–hole pairs is briefly debated. Multiple nonradiative recombination paths are mentioned as well as luminescence of impurities and defects.
E. Natalie Rothman
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449079
- eISBN:
- 9780801463112
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449079.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This afterword argues that the practices of mediation, classification, and demarcation elaborated by trans-imperial subjects in early modern Venice constituted important elements in the genealogy of ...
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This afterword argues that the practices of mediation, classification, and demarcation elaborated by trans-imperial subjects in early modern Venice constituted important elements in the genealogy of Enlightenment anthropology and the nascent discipline of Orientalism. In particular, eighteenth-century Orientalists, who articulated taxonomies of Mediterranean peoples based on language, ritual, and custom, relied on the efforts of their trans-imperial forebears in the previous two centuries to institutionalize their specialized knowledge of things Ottoman in several European metropoles. The scientific study of Ottoman culture depended on the development of commercial and diplomatic institutions that facilitated the production and circulation of specific kinds of knowledge across linguistic and political boundaries. The concept of trans-imperial subjects raises important questions about prevailing notions of early modern coloniality, citizenship, and subjecthood.Less
This afterword argues that the practices of mediation, classification, and demarcation elaborated by trans-imperial subjects in early modern Venice constituted important elements in the genealogy of Enlightenment anthropology and the nascent discipline of Orientalism. In particular, eighteenth-century Orientalists, who articulated taxonomies of Mediterranean peoples based on language, ritual, and custom, relied on the efforts of their trans-imperial forebears in the previous two centuries to institutionalize their specialized knowledge of things Ottoman in several European metropoles. The scientific study of Ottoman culture depended on the development of commercial and diplomatic institutions that facilitated the production and circulation of specific kinds of knowledge across linguistic and political boundaries. The concept of trans-imperial subjects raises important questions about prevailing notions of early modern coloniality, citizenship, and subjecthood.
Susanne Schmidt
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226686851
- eISBN:
- 9780226686998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226686998.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Sheehy’s place in the history of the midlife crisis is central; her book was more than popularized psychology and it garnered millions of readers. Passages was a great success—although Sheehy’s right ...
More
Sheehy’s place in the history of the midlife crisis is central; her book was more than popularized psychology and it garnered millions of readers. Passages was a great success—although Sheehy’s right to intellectual property was contested at first. The idea of midlife crisis filled the void left behind by linear postwar theories of the life course, which were ill equipped to account for the social transformations of the 1970s. Sheehy’s appeal crucially depended on her feminist agenda and social-scientific outlook. Looking at journalistic and professional reviews as well as excerpts, Chapter 4 negotiates the relationship between feminism and the media and examines the impact of “pop science” on academic research. It points to the role of the mass media—especially women’s magazines—as a platform for visions of women’s lives beyond domesticity. In a period of economic crisis and changing social norms, feminism, with its demands for careers for women and new roles for men, turned from an oppositional movement into a cultural tenet. Sheehy’s description of the midlife crisis offered readers of different generations advice for planning or changing their lives, respectively. Passages was also read by social scientists: “pop science” provided a starting point for new research.Less
Sheehy’s place in the history of the midlife crisis is central; her book was more than popularized psychology and it garnered millions of readers. Passages was a great success—although Sheehy’s right to intellectual property was contested at first. The idea of midlife crisis filled the void left behind by linear postwar theories of the life course, which were ill equipped to account for the social transformations of the 1970s. Sheehy’s appeal crucially depended on her feminist agenda and social-scientific outlook. Looking at journalistic and professional reviews as well as excerpts, Chapter 4 negotiates the relationship between feminism and the media and examines the impact of “pop science” on academic research. It points to the role of the mass media—especially women’s magazines—as a platform for visions of women’s lives beyond domesticity. In a period of economic crisis and changing social norms, feminism, with its demands for careers for women and new roles for men, turned from an oppositional movement into a cultural tenet. Sheehy’s description of the midlife crisis offered readers of different generations advice for planning or changing their lives, respectively. Passages was also read by social scientists: “pop science” provided a starting point for new research.
Rick Burdin
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781683402039
- eISBN:
- 9781683402923
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683402039.003.0006
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The author suggests that the presence of early Late Archaic houses in Falls region reflects changes in hunter-gatherer social organization associated with increased sedentism. The aggregation of ...
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The author suggests that the presence of early Late Archaic houses in Falls region reflects changes in hunter-gatherer social organization associated with increased sedentism. The aggregation of domestic structures implies greater investments associated with territorial demarcation and smaller home ranges. With more permanent settlements and decreased mobility, individuals and groups would have made efforts to communicate their social affiliations and status to others. This led to distinctive bannerstone styles that reflected social boundedness and identity within the Falls region and bone pin styles that signaled ties to those living to the west in the lower Ohio River Valley.Less
The author suggests that the presence of early Late Archaic houses in Falls region reflects changes in hunter-gatherer social organization associated with increased sedentism. The aggregation of domestic structures implies greater investments associated with territorial demarcation and smaller home ranges. With more permanent settlements and decreased mobility, individuals and groups would have made efforts to communicate their social affiliations and status to others. This led to distinctive bannerstone styles that reflected social boundedness and identity within the Falls region and bone pin styles that signaled ties to those living to the west in the lower Ohio River Valley.
Malcolm Shaw
- Published in print:
- 1986
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198253792
- eISBN:
- 9780191681424
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198253792.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter discusses the notion of boundary, which marks the limitations of State sovereignties accepted by the members of the international community. Boundaries are crucial as they demarcate ...
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This chapter discusses the notion of boundary, which marks the limitations of State sovereignties accepted by the members of the international community. Boundaries are crucial as they demarcate State jurisdiction and create a great impact on the regime, nationality, and cultural milieu of the inhabitants of the area. Included as well in the chapter are the different boundary treaties which form and define the legal force of the boundary. The chapter also tackles the existence of other territorial regimes and the delimitation and demarcation of African boundaries.Less
This chapter discusses the notion of boundary, which marks the limitations of State sovereignties accepted by the members of the international community. Boundaries are crucial as they demarcate State jurisdiction and create a great impact on the regime, nationality, and cultural milieu of the inhabitants of the area. Included as well in the chapter are the different boundary treaties which form and define the legal force of the boundary. The chapter also tackles the existence of other territorial regimes and the delimitation and demarcation of African boundaries.
Douglas Allchin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190490362
- eISBN:
- 9780197559659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190490362.003.0009
- Subject:
- Education, Teaching of a Specific Subject
It’s altogether too easy to reduce all method in science to a simple algorithm. Hypothesize, deduce (or predict), test, evaluate, conclude. It seems like a handy formula for authority. “The” ...
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It’s altogether too easy to reduce all method in science to a simple algorithm. Hypothesize, deduce (or predict), test, evaluate, conclude. It seems like a handy formula for authority. “The” Scientific Method (expressed in this way) haunts the introductions of textbooks, lab report guidelines, and science fair standards. Yet it is a poor model for learning about method in science. One might endorse instead teaching about the scientist’s toolbox. Science draws on a suite of methods, not just one. The methods also include model building, analogy, pattern recognition, induction, blind search and selection, raw data harvesting, computer simulation, experimental tinkering, chance, and (yes) play, among others. The toolbox concept remedies two major problems in the conventional view. First, it credits the substantial work—scientific work—in developing concepts or hypotheses. Science is creative. Even to pursue the popular strategy of falsification, one must first have imaginative conjectures. We need to foster such creative thinking skills among students. Second, the toolbox view supports many means for finding evidence—some direct, some indirect, some experimental, some observational, some statistical, some based on controls, some on similarity relationships, some on elaborate thought experiments, and so on. Again, students should be encouraged to think about evidence and argument broadly. Consider just a few historical examples. First, note Watson and Crick’s landmark model of DNA. It was just that: a model. They drew on data already available. They also played with cardboard templates of nucleotide bases. Yes, their hypothesis of semiconservative replication was eventually tested by Meselson and Stahl—later. But even that involved enormous experimental creativity (essay 4). Consider, too, Mendel’s discoveries in inheritance (essay 22). Mendel did not test just seven traits of pea plants, cleverly chosen in advance (as the story is often told). Rather, he seems to have followed twenty-two varieties exhibiting fifteen traits, hoping for patterns to emerge. He ultimately abandoned those varieties whose results he called confusing. Nobelist Thomas Hunt Morgan, in Mendel’s wake, did not discover sex linkage through any formal hypothesis about inheritance.
Less
It’s altogether too easy to reduce all method in science to a simple algorithm. Hypothesize, deduce (or predict), test, evaluate, conclude. It seems like a handy formula for authority. “The” Scientific Method (expressed in this way) haunts the introductions of textbooks, lab report guidelines, and science fair standards. Yet it is a poor model for learning about method in science. One might endorse instead teaching about the scientist’s toolbox. Science draws on a suite of methods, not just one. The methods also include model building, analogy, pattern recognition, induction, blind search and selection, raw data harvesting, computer simulation, experimental tinkering, chance, and (yes) play, among others. The toolbox concept remedies two major problems in the conventional view. First, it credits the substantial work—scientific work—in developing concepts or hypotheses. Science is creative. Even to pursue the popular strategy of falsification, one must first have imaginative conjectures. We need to foster such creative thinking skills among students. Second, the toolbox view supports many means for finding evidence—some direct, some indirect, some experimental, some observational, some statistical, some based on controls, some on similarity relationships, some on elaborate thought experiments, and so on. Again, students should be encouraged to think about evidence and argument broadly. Consider just a few historical examples. First, note Watson and Crick’s landmark model of DNA. It was just that: a model. They drew on data already available. They also played with cardboard templates of nucleotide bases. Yes, their hypothesis of semiconservative replication was eventually tested by Meselson and Stahl—later. But even that involved enormous experimental creativity (essay 4). Consider, too, Mendel’s discoveries in inheritance (essay 22). Mendel did not test just seven traits of pea plants, cleverly chosen in advance (as the story is often told). Rather, he seems to have followed twenty-two varieties exhibiting fifteen traits, hoping for patterns to emerge. He ultimately abandoned those varieties whose results he called confusing. Nobelist Thomas Hunt Morgan, in Mendel’s wake, did not discover sex linkage through any formal hypothesis about inheritance.
Martin Gorsky, John Mohan, and Tim Willis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719065781
- eISBN:
- 9781781701423
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719065781.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter considers geographical variations in the membership of hospital contributory schemes in Great Britain and the associated issue of variations in the resources generated by the schemes. It ...
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This chapter considers geographical variations in the membership of hospital contributory schemes in Great Britain and the associated issue of variations in the resources generated by the schemes. It offers a geographical disaggregation of membership and finance, as well as a discussion of one of the key problems facing the schemes, namely the extent of cooperation and the demarcation of territory. The analysis reveals that the growth of the contributory schemes was uneven and the resources they generated varied substantially. This chapter suggests that the schemes therefore never attained comprehensive coverage, and a key factor in this was the question of attachments to individual hospitals. It also explains that the schemes played their part in regionalisation initiatives, and reciprocal arrangements were developed to facilitate the availability of services, but the process was not without dissension.Less
This chapter considers geographical variations in the membership of hospital contributory schemes in Great Britain and the associated issue of variations in the resources generated by the schemes. It offers a geographical disaggregation of membership and finance, as well as a discussion of one of the key problems facing the schemes, namely the extent of cooperation and the demarcation of territory. The analysis reveals that the growth of the contributory schemes was uneven and the resources they generated varied substantially. This chapter suggests that the schemes therefore never attained comprehensive coverage, and a key factor in this was the question of attachments to individual hospitals. It also explains that the schemes played their part in regionalisation initiatives, and reciprocal arrangements were developed to facilitate the availability of services, but the process was not without dissension.
Anchrit Wille
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199665693
- eISBN:
- 9780191755989
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199665693.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
This chapter explains how reforms have contributed to a redefined partnership between commissioners, heads of cabinets, and the top civil servants at the helm of the EU Commission. The desire to ...
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This chapter explains how reforms have contributed to a redefined partnership between commissioners, heads of cabinets, and the top civil servants at the helm of the EU Commission. The desire to improve the accountability of the EU Commission has resulted in a clearer demarcation of the political and the administrative parts in the Commission. A greater role clarity and differentiation between the political and bureaucratic level resulted in EU commissioners, heads of cabinets, and senior officials having different perspectives on their leadership. In recent years, the political side of the Commission has become a considerably different world from that of senior officials in the DGs.Less
This chapter explains how reforms have contributed to a redefined partnership between commissioners, heads of cabinets, and the top civil servants at the helm of the EU Commission. The desire to improve the accountability of the EU Commission has resulted in a clearer demarcation of the political and the administrative parts in the Commission. A greater role clarity and differentiation between the political and bureaucratic level resulted in EU commissioners, heads of cabinets, and senior officials having different perspectives on their leadership. In recent years, the political side of the Commission has become a considerably different world from that of senior officials in the DGs.
Helen M. Dingwall
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748615674
- eISBN:
- 9780748653355
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748615674.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This chapter deals with a turbulent century in the history of Scotland, one that was significant in terms of the consolidation and development of the Incorporation and its organisation and functions. ...
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This chapter deals with a turbulent century in the history of Scotland, one that was significant in terms of the consolidation and development of the Incorporation and its organisation and functions. For the first two centuries of its existence – or at least the period from 1581, when the written records commence – the Incorporation was shaped and influenced by a number of interacting and, at times, conflicting factors. The period saw the final secularisation of medical training and the emergence of an organised medical orthodoxy. This was a lowland, urban phenomenon, centred on claims made by emergent groups of trained practitioners for ‘custody’ of medical and surgical knowledge, which was then defined as the orthodoxy. After 1680, the Incorporation would be much more heavily involved in dealing with external disputes and influences. By 1726 the early crises of numbers were over, though not entirely so, and the Incorporation participated more fully in outside matters. Quarrels about jurisdiction and demarcation were certainly not over, but by that time it was a strong force in Edinburgh society.Less
This chapter deals with a turbulent century in the history of Scotland, one that was significant in terms of the consolidation and development of the Incorporation and its organisation and functions. For the first two centuries of its existence – or at least the period from 1581, when the written records commence – the Incorporation was shaped and influenced by a number of interacting and, at times, conflicting factors. The period saw the final secularisation of medical training and the emergence of an organised medical orthodoxy. This was a lowland, urban phenomenon, centred on claims made by emergent groups of trained practitioners for ‘custody’ of medical and surgical knowledge, which was then defined as the orthodoxy. After 1680, the Incorporation would be much more heavily involved in dealing with external disputes and influences. By 1726 the early crises of numbers were over, though not entirely so, and the Incorporation participated more fully in outside matters. Quarrels about jurisdiction and demarcation were certainly not over, but by that time it was a strong force in Edinburgh society.
Jeffrey Alan Erbig Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781469655048
- eISBN:
- 9781469655062
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469655048.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter follows the mapping expeditions commissioned under the treaties of Madrid (1750) and San Ildefonso (1777) and compares the detailed diaries of demarcation officers to the maps they ...
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This chapter follows the mapping expeditions commissioned under the treaties of Madrid (1750) and San Ildefonso (1777) and compares the detailed diaries of demarcation officers to the maps they produced. Whereas treaty maps demonstrated stable landscapes and served as templates for future settlement initiatives, the events of the boundary demarcations reveal the continued dominance of tolderías over regional lands. As mapping teams traversed the region to claim territorial possession for their imperial patrons, they found themselves paying tribute to Charrúa and Minuán caciques in exchange for safe passage. The chapter also provides a new reading of the Guarani War – in which Guarani mission-dwellers allied with neighboring tolderías to challenge the location of the borderline and stymied demarcation efforts for five years – by demonstrating how tolderías’ actions shaped its outcome.Less
This chapter follows the mapping expeditions commissioned under the treaties of Madrid (1750) and San Ildefonso (1777) and compares the detailed diaries of demarcation officers to the maps they produced. Whereas treaty maps demonstrated stable landscapes and served as templates for future settlement initiatives, the events of the boundary demarcations reveal the continued dominance of tolderías over regional lands. As mapping teams traversed the region to claim territorial possession for their imperial patrons, they found themselves paying tribute to Charrúa and Minuán caciques in exchange for safe passage. The chapter also provides a new reading of the Guarani War – in which Guarani mission-dwellers allied with neighboring tolderías to challenge the location of the borderline and stymied demarcation efforts for five years – by demonstrating how tolderías’ actions shaped its outcome.
David K. Hecht
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262037426
- eISBN:
- 9780262344814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262037426.003.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This article takes a historical and cultural approach to pseudoscience, arguing that it can never be definitively demarcated from real science. It suggests that the persistence of pseudoscience ...
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This article takes a historical and cultural approach to pseudoscience, arguing that it can never be definitively demarcated from real science. It suggests that the persistence of pseudoscience throughout history, and particular in its recent American incarnations, can teach us a lot about why people place trust in the information sources that they do. Ultimately, the history of pseudoscience suggests that we place too much faith in science itself.Less
This article takes a historical and cultural approach to pseudoscience, arguing that it can never be definitively demarcated from real science. It suggests that the persistence of pseudoscience throughout history, and particular in its recent American incarnations, can teach us a lot about why people place trust in the information sources that they do. Ultimately, the history of pseudoscience suggests that we place too much faith in science itself.
Massimo Pigliucci and Maarten Boudry
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226051796
- eISBN:
- 9780226051826
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226051826.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
What sets the practice of rigorously tested, sound science apart from pseudoscience? This book seeks to answer this question, known to philosophers of science as “the demarcation problem.” This issue ...
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What sets the practice of rigorously tested, sound science apart from pseudoscience? This book seeks to answer this question, known to philosophers of science as “the demarcation problem.” This issue has a long history in philosophy, stretching as far back as the early twentieth century and the work of Karl Popper. But by the late 1980s, scholars in the field began to treat the demarcation problem as impossible to solve and futile to ponder. However, the chapters here make a case for the unequivocal importance of reflecting on the separation between pseudoscience and sound science. Moreover, the demarcation problem is not a purely theoretical dilemma of mere academic interest: it affects parents' decisions to vaccinate children and governments' willingness to adopt policies that prevent climate change. Pseudoscience often mimics science, using the superficial language and trappings of actual scientific research to seem more respectable. Even a well-informed public can be taken in by such questionable theories dressed up as science. Pseudoscientific beliefs compete with sound science on the health pages of newspapers for media coverage and in laboratories for research funding. Now more than ever the ability to separate genuine scientific findings from spurious ones is vital, and this book provides ground for philosophers, sociologists, historians, and laypeople to make decisions about what science is or isn't.Less
What sets the practice of rigorously tested, sound science apart from pseudoscience? This book seeks to answer this question, known to philosophers of science as “the demarcation problem.” This issue has a long history in philosophy, stretching as far back as the early twentieth century and the work of Karl Popper. But by the late 1980s, scholars in the field began to treat the demarcation problem as impossible to solve and futile to ponder. However, the chapters here make a case for the unequivocal importance of reflecting on the separation between pseudoscience and sound science. Moreover, the demarcation problem is not a purely theoretical dilemma of mere academic interest: it affects parents' decisions to vaccinate children and governments' willingness to adopt policies that prevent climate change. Pseudoscience often mimics science, using the superficial language and trappings of actual scientific research to seem more respectable. Even a well-informed public can be taken in by such questionable theories dressed up as science. Pseudoscientific beliefs compete with sound science on the health pages of newspapers for media coverage and in laboratories for research funding. Now more than ever the ability to separate genuine scientific findings from spurious ones is vital, and this book provides ground for philosophers, sociologists, historians, and laypeople to make decisions about what science is or isn't.
Yael Tamir
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691210780
- eISBN:
- 9780691212050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691210780.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter examines the bottom-up justification for the formation of the modern nation-state. It suggests that borderless states are dystopian, noting that in order to be democratic and promote ...
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This chapter examines the bottom-up justification for the formation of the modern nation-state. It suggests that borderless states are dystopian, noting that in order to be democratic and promote justice, states must depend on a clear definition of territory and membership. The chapter elaborates how the borders and demarcation helped individuals define their identity, providing them with interpretive tools to decipher reality and make sense of their daily actions. It then explains the term human, human features, and identity. The chapter also explicates the need to belong to a cultural community, a nation, or any other particular group. It argues that it is an epistemological need for systems of interpretation that will allow us to understand the world and choose a way of life as well as a creative need for means of interpretation, exchange, and expression. Ultimately, the chapter assesses the negative effect of divided communities on human behavior.Less
This chapter examines the bottom-up justification for the formation of the modern nation-state. It suggests that borderless states are dystopian, noting that in order to be democratic and promote justice, states must depend on a clear definition of territory and membership. The chapter elaborates how the borders and demarcation helped individuals define their identity, providing them with interpretive tools to decipher reality and make sense of their daily actions. It then explains the term human, human features, and identity. The chapter also explicates the need to belong to a cultural community, a nation, or any other particular group. It argues that it is an epistemological need for systems of interpretation that will allow us to understand the world and choose a way of life as well as a creative need for means of interpretation, exchange, and expression. Ultimately, the chapter assesses the negative effect of divided communities on human behavior.
Gary D. Libecap and Dean Lueck
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198787211
- eISBN:
- 9780191829291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198787211.003.0018
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
Ancient Rome was an expansive and wealthy empire that created a trading network that relied on common language(s), law, money, and a system of measurement. An important component of this network was ...
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Ancient Rome was an expansive and wealthy empire that created a trading network that relied on common language(s), law, money, and a system of measurement. An important component of this network was the rectangular system (RS) of land demarcation known as centuriation, which was the forerunner of similar systems adopted in the United States and Canada and in other parts of the British Empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This purposefully implemented demarcation system persists to the present and can be found in the landscape throughout the territories of the former Empire, especially in Italy and North Africa. It was typical as Rome expanded its territories to implement the RS system before new lands were settled by Romans. There was considerable variation in land demarcation patterns across the Empire. This chapter examines the determinants of centuriation by describing a model in which the state chooses between adopting RS to demarcate new lands or to utilize existing demarcation. The chapter examines data on centuriated areas and accounts from archeologists and classics scholars to examine the economic structure of Roman centuriation. The chapter generally finds that centuriation was adopted in flatter, more fertile lands, and later in time as survey techniques improved and administrative structures were expanded. The chapter also finds that alignment tended to be perpendicular to rivers and streams in order to minimize demarcation costs and to facilitate a network of canals for drainage. Finally, the chapter provides conjectures about the impact on centuriation on development and growth within the Empire.Less
Ancient Rome was an expansive and wealthy empire that created a trading network that relied on common language(s), law, money, and a system of measurement. An important component of this network was the rectangular system (RS) of land demarcation known as centuriation, which was the forerunner of similar systems adopted in the United States and Canada and in other parts of the British Empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This purposefully implemented demarcation system persists to the present and can be found in the landscape throughout the territories of the former Empire, especially in Italy and North Africa. It was typical as Rome expanded its territories to implement the RS system before new lands were settled by Romans. There was considerable variation in land demarcation patterns across the Empire. This chapter examines the determinants of centuriation by describing a model in which the state chooses between adopting RS to demarcate new lands or to utilize existing demarcation. The chapter examines data on centuriated areas and accounts from archeologists and classics scholars to examine the economic structure of Roman centuriation. The chapter generally finds that centuriation was adopted in flatter, more fertile lands, and later in time as survey techniques improved and administrative structures were expanded. The chapter also finds that alignment tended to be perpendicular to rivers and streams in order to minimize demarcation costs and to facilitate a network of canals for drainage. Finally, the chapter provides conjectures about the impact on centuriation on development and growth within the Empire.
