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Twenty-five Years of Developmental Criminology: What We Know, What We Need to Know

Marc Le Blanc

in The Future of Criminology

This chapter takes a fresh look at developmental criminology and examines the extent to which deviant behavior in general conforms to findings from developmental criminology. Drawing on his lifelong ... More

This chapter takes a fresh look at developmental criminology and examines the extent to which deviant behavior in general conforms to findings from developmental criminology. Drawing on his lifelong research on a population of young people and a sample of known delinquents, it is argued that the age-crime curve applies to many other deviant behaviors as well and that qualitative and quantitative changes known from developmental criminology also apply to various forms of deviant behavior. The same is true for the classification of individuals according to their developmental trajectories. It is further argued that problems in self-regulation are germane to both crime and deviant behaviors, and that qualitative and quantitative changes in self-regulation underlie the manifestations of all deviant behaviors. Finally, the chapter makes a case that most explanatory models are more complex than ones that are currently in use and that the next generation of statistical tests will need to advance to more complex levels.Less

Adult Onset Offending: Perspectives for Future Research

Georgia Zara

in The Future of Criminology

This chapter focuses on the much neglected criminal career aspect of adult-onset offenders. It stresses that risk factors do not always need to have an immediate and direct effect, that some early ... More

This chapter focuses on the much neglected criminal career aspect of adult-onset offenders. It stresses that risk factors do not always need to have an immediate and direct effect, that some early risk factors have a long-term impact, that many factors play a protective role in childhood and adulthood, but that this protective effect may cease in adulthood, that psychological insulation or resilience toward antisocial and criminogenic factors may not last long, and that delinquency abstention is not necessarily a sign of good adjustment in adolescence. Using data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, the chapter presents important findings and formulates an agenda for future work on adult-onset offending.Less

Research on Criminal Careers, Part 2: Looking Back to Predict Ahead

Alex R. Piquero

in The Future of Criminology

This chapter uses David Farrington’s Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development as an example of a study that has generated hundreds of papers and several books relevant to criminal career research. ... More

This chapter uses David Farrington’s Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development as an example of a study that has generated hundreds of papers and several books relevant to criminal career research. It contrasts these findings with a discussion of contentious and unresolved substantive, theoretical, and methodological issues in criminal career research and provides pointers to areas in which future research is likely to pay off.Less

Creating Juvenile Delinquents: Redefining Childhood in the Late Ottoman Empire

Kent F. Schull

in Prisons in the Late Ottoman Empire: Microcosms of Modernity

Chapter Six investigates Ottoman conceptions of childhood, particularly regarding incarcerated minors. During the Second Constitutional Period, the CUP went to great lengths to protect children from ... More

Chapter Six investigates Ottoman conceptions of childhood, particularly regarding incarcerated minors. During the Second Constitutional Period, the CUP went to great lengths to protect children from serving prison sentences with adult inmates by rationalizing the legal definition of childhood and by centralizing power into the hands of the Imperial Ottoman Penal Code and the state-run criminal courts. The Ottoman Prison Administration was committed to removing children from prisons and separating criminally culpable minors from adult convicts. This was done through pardons, creating special reformatories for child criminals, and by introducing a gradated system of punishment according to the age of the child, thus introducing the notion of adolescences into the Middle East. By assuming greater responsibility for the protection of juvenile delinquents, the CUP increased the state’s intervention into the private sphere and simultaneously reshaped the public sphere.Less

Growing Pains

Edward Rohs and Judith Estrine

in Raised by the Church: Growing up in New York City's Catholic Orphanages

This chapter discusses how Ed Rohs grew into adolescence at St. Vincent's. For the first time in his life, he attended a coeducational public school—John Jay High School—which was a distance from his ... More

This chapter discusses how Ed Rohs grew into adolescence at St. Vincent's. For the first time in his life, he attended a coeducational public school—John Jay High School—which was a distance from his institutional home. It describes the challenges he experienced coming up against an alien high school culture, its racism and ignorance of his life in St. Vincent's, and the difficult balancing act between school and institution. The chapter discusses truancy (“playing hooky”) and the shame St. Vincent's boys felt at having to give the school their institutional home address, which automatically labelled them “juvenile delinquents”. Ed's experiences with other St. Vincent boys in a singing group, and his first dance, are described, as is the summer after his Junior year of high school, when he prepares to leave the Catholic home nest by finding summer employment and living on his own.Less

Preparing Modern Workers, Policing Modern Play

David R. Ambaras

in Bad Youth: Juvenile Delinquency and the Politics of Everyday Life in Modern Japan

This chapter considers the question of young people's proper relation to work and play, which helped shape the approaches to the urban middle classes, first examining the discourse on protecting ... More

This chapter considers the question of young people's proper relation to work and play, which helped shape the approaches to the urban middle classes, first examining the discourse on protecting young workers, which changed along with Japan's educational system during and after the First World War. It also describes the street toughs and professional delinquents, and introduces the concept of the modern girl or moga.Less

Delinquency in Minors

JOHN W. RENFREW

in Aggression and Its Causes: A Biopsychosocial Approach

This chapter examines aggressive behaviour in minors. It explores the specific nature of youth aggression and describes some of the aggressive behaviours of delinquent youths as reported by trained ... More

This chapter examines aggressive behaviour in minors. It explores the specific nature of youth aggression and describes some of the aggressive behaviours of delinquent youths as reported by trained observers. It highlights some programs based on behavioural principles that show promise for preventing and reducing juvenile aggression. These programs focus on increasing appropriate communication and positive social interaction while controlling aggressive outbursts.Less

Loan Level Modeling of Prepayment and Default

Andrew Davidson and Alexander Levin

in Mortgage Valuation Models: Embedded Options, Risk, and Uncertainty

The chapter discusses several modeling approaches aimed at predicting prepayments and default rates given economic scenario, loan, borrower and collateral characteristics. Among those methods are ... More

The chapter discusses several modeling approaches aimed at predicting prepayments and default rates given economic scenario, loan, borrower and collateral characteristics. Among those methods are predicting lifetime defaults and losses, roll rates, hazard rates, and dynamic transition rates. A dynamic transition model advocated by the authors combines attractive features of other models and enables initialization of the model with known loan statuses. Loans can generally be current, delinquent, severely delinquent, or terminated with transitions among those states modeled as S-curves of various drivers (the chapter provides examples and explanations). If a loan terminates, it may cause losses also modeled off economic drivers, both observed and unobserved.Less

East Ending: Dissociation, De-industrialization, and David Downes 1

Dick Hobbs

in The Politics of Crime Control: Essays in Honour of David Downes

David Downes' Delinquent Solution was publicized in 1966 and presented a rich and rewarding picture of East London in the early 1960s. It produced a platform for scholars to understand the worlds of ... More

David Downes' Delinquent Solution was publicized in 1966 and presented a rich and rewarding picture of East London in the early 1960s. It produced a platform for scholars to understand the worlds of successive generations of British Youth. This chapter reconsiders the socio-economic changes that have taken place in the East End during the past forty years. A few of Downes' old haunts are described in a contemporary context, and the validity of the concept of dissociation that emerged from his fieldwork is interrogated along with the relevance of the subcultural canon. It specifically had a tremendous influence upon the study of British youth subcultures. In general, The Delinquent Solution was an important text in the sociology of youth culture, and in its careful unravelling of the realities of being young in the 1960s Downes succeeded in contradicting some of the crude stereotyping of working-class youth, and in its place created a complex picture of a rich culture that was both oppositional and subservient.Less

Imagining a Children's Court

David S. Tanenhaus

in Juvenile Justice in the Making

This chapter examines how it became possible to imagine a children's court, and how its supporters campaigned to translate their vision into an institutional reality. The moral crusade for justice ... More

This chapter examines how it became possible to imagine a children's court, and how its supporters campaigned to translate their vision into an institutional reality. The moral crusade for justice for the child in Illinois, spearheaded by Lucy Flower and Julia Lathrop, took more than a decade and ultimately resulted in the passage in 1899 of the world's first juvenile-court law, “an Act to Regulate the Treatment and Control of Dependent, Neglected and Delinquent Children.” This pioneering act, which had been significantly amended during the legislative process, asserted state responsibility for both dependent and delinquent children and thus merged concerns about child welfare with crime control. It served as a model law for most of the states in the union, and also for nations in Europe, South America, and Asia.Less

Programming in the Modern Juvenile Court

in Changing Lives: Delinquency Prevention as Crime-Control Policy

This chapter addresses the current role of programming in the U.S. juvenile-court system. Extensive programming has a central role to play within the juvenile-court system and thus should be an ... More

This chapter addresses the current role of programming in the U.S. juvenile-court system. Extensive programming has a central role to play within the juvenile-court system and thus should be an important component in society's responses to the most serious delinquents. The attempt to provide programmatic support to the juvenile courts' high-risk offenders is a critical part of the government's approach to providing services for the young. Any decent custodial setting can accommodate programming for a wide variety of goals such as drug and alcohol prevention, remedial education, anger management, and social skills training. The research on custodial programs has demonstrated that such programs can be effective in reducing recidivism, as well as in providing higher levels of public protection and accountability.Less

Problematic conduct: juvenile delinquency on the internet

Elisabeth Staksrud

in Kids online: Opportunities and risks for children

Children's participation in the internet revolution is regularly touted as a mixture of societal progress and an invitation to predatory adults and digital criminals. The idea that children can be ... More

Children's participation in the internet revolution is regularly touted as a mixture of societal progress and an invitation to predatory adults and digital criminals. The idea that children can be active participants in a negative sense through illegal or deviant behaviour has received little attention from policy makers, awareness raisers, and researchers, although issues such as ‘digital bullying’, ‘happy slapping’, and the illegal downloading of music and movies are starting to creep into the public – and official – consciousness. This chapter focuses on children as online delinquents, actively producing online risks such as illegal or undesired online content or conduct.Less

Fabricating Figures

Andrew Dilts

in Punishment and Inclusion: Race, Membership, and the Limits of American Liberalism

This chapter offers an account of how “figures” are discursively produced and socially fabricated through practices that sit between distinct but overlapping domains of power/knowledge. Through an ... More

This chapter offers an account of how “figures” are discursively produced and socially fabricated through practices that sit between distinct but overlapping domains of power/knowledge. Through an extended reading of Michel Foucault’s Discipline and Punish and his 1975 lecture course, Abnormal, this chapter takes up the figures of the “delinquent” and the “convicted offender”–paradigmatic figures of the rehabilitative ideal in penology–demonstrating how they are fabricated to manage the tensions and contradictions between discursive spheres of justice and the penitentiary apparatus. This reading is extended to consider the figure of the felon, who, though the practice of disenfranchisement, should be understood as a similar fabrication, managing the tensions that emerge in the unacknowledged overlap between discourses of punishment and citizenship.Less

From Juvenile Delinquency Research to Child Guidance

Alice Boardman Smuts

in Science in the Service of Children, 1893-1935

This chapter describes how the Hull House residents and Chicago clubwomen led the campaign to establish the first juvenile court in the nation in 1899. Ten years later they arranged for an ... More

This chapter describes how the Hull House residents and Chicago clubwomen led the campaign to establish the first juvenile court in the nation in 1899. Ten years later they arranged for an investigation into the causes of juvenile delinquency by neurologist William Healy, who conducted a five-year clinical study of 823 children and youth referred to the Chicago court. Healy's research, supported by Chicago philanthropist Ethel Dummer, was published as The Individual Delinquent. As David Rothman has commented, it is hard to imagine a title more expressive of progressive thinking. A classic in its own time, The Individual Delinquent helped launch the child guidance movement of the 1920s, which led ultimately to the emergence of a unique American child psychiatry.Less

Relationships Unbecoming of a Girl Her Age: Sexual Delinquency and the House of the Good Shepherd

LaKisha Michelle Simmons

in Crescent City Girls

This chapter examines the “delinquent” girls that stayed at the House of the Good Shepherd, a Catholic delinquency home for black and white girls. It looks into how the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, ... More

This chapter examines the “delinquent” girls that stayed at the House of the Good Shepherd, a Catholic delinquency home for black and white girls. It looks into how the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, along with the Jim Crow municipal authority, stigmatized black girls' bodies by marking the youth in their care as “sexually delinquent”—they were accused not only of having acted immorally but also having both diseased and criminal bodies. Their experiences provide a glimpse into the world of young women who did not live up to middle-class standards of “niceness.” The records of the delinquency home help in reconstructing the intersection of race, stigma, and sexuality in Jim Crow New Orleans. By linking a girl's sexuality to criminality, the chapter describes how the girls both trespassed the boundaries of respectability and the negotiated the double bind at the same time.Less