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Juvenile Justice: Administration and Implementation

Asha Bajpai

in Child Rights in India: Law, Policy, and Practice

This chapter presents a discussion on juvenile justice. The Juvenile Justice Act 1986 replaced the Children's Acts. The Juvenile Welfare Board deals with neglected juveniles whereas delinquent ... More

This chapter presents a discussion on juvenile justice. The Juvenile Justice Act 1986 replaced the Children's Acts. The Juvenile Welfare Board deals with neglected juveniles whereas delinquent juveniles are brought before the juvenile court. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 expands the definition of the ‘neglected juvenile’ by adding new categories of children. It has brought in some significant changes in an attempt to make the system more child-friendly. However, several critiques of this Act are presented. Juvenile justice has been enhanced by reducing the number of ‘at risk’-youth who enter the system. It is noted that juvenile courts should be vital community resources. The needs of the children and the families who appear in juvenile courts have to be considered. A juvenile court of the twenty-first century must have interdisciplinary connections with law, medicine, psychiatry, psychology, and child welfare administration and management.Less

Creating Juvenile Delinquents: Redefining Childhood in the Late Ottoman Empire

Kent F. Schull

in Prisons in the Late Ottoman Empire: Microcosms of Modernity

Chapter Six investigates Ottoman conceptions of childhood, particularly regarding incarcerated minors. During the Second Constitutional Period, the CUP went to great lengths to protect children from ... More

Chapter Six investigates Ottoman conceptions of childhood, particularly regarding incarcerated minors. During the Second Constitutional Period, the CUP went to great lengths to protect children from serving prison sentences with adult inmates by rationalizing the legal definition of childhood and by centralizing power into the hands of the Imperial Ottoman Penal Code and the state-run criminal courts. The Ottoman Prison Administration was committed to removing children from prisons and separating criminally culpable minors from adult convicts. This was done through pardons, creating special reformatories for child criminals, and by introducing a gradated system of punishment according to the age of the child, thus introducing the notion of adolescences into the Middle East. By assuming greater responsibility for the protection of juvenile delinquents, the CUP increased the state’s intervention into the private sphere and simultaneously reshaped the public sphere.Less

Juvenile Delinquency

Paul Elliott

in Studying the British Crime Film

This chapter explores British delinquency films. The phrase ‘juvenile delinquent’ has been used to describe criminal children since the mid-nineteenth century. Although an endlessly prescient and ... More

This chapter explores British delinquency films. The phrase ‘juvenile delinquent’ has been used to describe criminal children since the mid-nineteenth century. Although an endlessly prescient and emotive area, the subject of the juvenile delinquent represents both continuity and change for British society and cinema — on the one hand offering an ever present folk devil and barometer for social mores and, on the other, lending a constantly evolving image that forever allies itself to other problems. It also offers special insight into how successive generations view themselves and their successors. The first manifestation of the juvenile delinquent in British films could be thought to be characters such as Pinkie Brown in Brighton Rock (2010) or Ted Peters in Dancing with Crime (1947). However, it would not be until the 1950s and 1960s that the British juvenile delinquent made a full appearance on film and then it would always be under the watchful eyes of a responsible adult. The chapter then considers Lewis Gilbert's Cosh Boy (1953) and Basil Dearden's Violent Playground (1958), as well as the films Scum (1979), Made in Britain (1982), and Scrubbers (1983).Less

How the system became visible

Paul Sargent

in Wild Arabs and savages: A history of juvenile justice in Ireland

Chapter 3 explains how the juvenile justice system became visible in Ireland. It highlights how the ‘problem’ of the juvenile delinquent emerged in the mid-nineteenth century. Both the problem of ... More

Chapter 3 explains how the juvenile justice system became visible in Ireland. It highlights how the ‘problem’ of the juvenile delinquent emerged in the mid-nineteenth century. Both the problem of delinquency and its government are framed within various official reports by means of statistics. In addition, a new system of governing the delinquent population emerged in the form of the reformatory and later the industrial school and these regulatory sites supplemented existing sites such as the workhouse and the prison. From a governmentality perspective, the growth in bio-political knowledge surrounding the child results in the greater classification of delinquency and also results in a more refined calibration of the system itself. Although legislation providing for the borstal system and probation were later enacted, these initiatives never challenged the dominance of the reformatory and industrial school system and it was to be the early 1970s before this model began to be replaced. Around this time we see the emergence of a range of regulatory sites located within the ‘community’. The juvenile justice system has since become less visible but more pervasive within a myriad of governmental spaces within the community.Less

Paternalism and the Social Control of Adolescent Girls: Juvenile Justice Reform in Canada

in Justice for Girls?: Stability and Change in the Youth Justice Systems of the United States and Canada

In 1894, the federal government of Canada legislated its first separate juvenile court. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, separate courts were beginning to be developed in the country. ... More

In 1894, the federal government of Canada legislated its first separate juvenile court. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, separate courts were beginning to be developed in the country. Another focus was on reforming youths who committed criminal offenses and perhaps an early articulation of status offenders, although this covered only girls under 13 and boys under 12 in Ontario. The most well-known and comprehensive legislation — designed to bring youths in youth court not only for federal (criminal) offenses, but also for violation of provincial and municipal by-laws — was passed in 1908. This was the Juvenile Delinquents Act. Youth justice reforms were more seriously entertained by the government during the 1960s and 1970s. This chapter discusses juvenile justice reform in Canada aimed at preventing delinquency among adolescent girls. It looks at various laws passed to achieve this objective, including the Young Offenders Act (1984–2003) and the Youth Criminal Justice Act (2002). It also, compares legislative developments related to youth justice in Canada and the United States.Less

Definitions and Measures

David Brandt

in Delinquency, Development, and Social Policy

Juvenile delinquents tend to engage in risk-taking behavior, which involves breaking the law. These offenses include underage drinking, truancy, drug use, and shoplifting. This chapter examines the ... More

Juvenile delinquents tend to engage in risk-taking behavior, which involves breaking the law. These offenses include underage drinking, truancy, drug use, and shoplifting. This chapter examines the problems associated with defining juvenile delinquency. It also discusses sources of data that provide information about the degree of adolescent criminal behavior.Less

Delinquency in Minors

JOHN W. RENFREW

in Aggression and Its Causes: A Biopsychosocial Approach

This chapter examines aggressive behaviour in minors. It explores the specific nature of youth aggression and describes some of the aggressive behaviours of delinquent youths as reported by trained ... More

This chapter examines aggressive behaviour in minors. It explores the specific nature of youth aggression and describes some of the aggressive behaviours of delinquent youths as reported by trained observers. It highlights some programs based on behavioural principles that show promise for preventing and reducing juvenile aggression. These programs focus on increasing appropriate communication and positive social interaction while controlling aggressive outbursts.Less

Hie Impact of Law Reform: Deinstitutionalization in Law and Practice in Canada

in Justice for Girls?: Stability and Change in the Youth Justice Systems of the United States and Canada

Canada officially abolished status offenses for young people in 1984 when it replaced the Juvenile Delinquents Act with the Young Offenders Act. Prior to 1984, two major status offenses that were ... More

Canada officially abolished status offenses for young people in 1984 when it replaced the Juvenile Delinquents Act with the Young Offenders Act. Prior to 1984, two major status offenses that were controversial were sexual immorality (or any similar form of vice) and incorrigibility. Like the United States, Canada had to deal with the conflicting goals of treating youths who committed offenses in a manner consistent with due process concerns and the desire to intervene in positive ways towards youths. And similar to the United States, this tension was most pronounced with status offenses and girls. This chapter explores how incorrigibility and sexual immorality were handled by the courts during the 1950s and 1960s. The data were used to examine the youth court processing of juvenile status offenders during a period well before the law was replaced. Specifically, trends in bringing these two types of cases into court, adjudicating the offenders delinquent, and sentencing them to custody are compared. The chapter also looks at the incarceration of girls in Canada and the United States.Less

Choosing to Go: Migration, Identity, and Social Change

Richard E. Holl

in Committed to Victory: The Kentucky Home Front During World War II

Kentucky experienced large-scale out-migration during World War II. Hundreds of thousands left to find better jobs elsewhere, and most succeeded. The migrants did have to adjust to different ... More

Kentucky experienced large-scale out-migration during World War II. Hundreds of thousands left to find better jobs elsewhere, and most succeeded. The migrants did have to adjust to different environments even as they clung to what was best about their old culture. The migrant understood that any move to the Midwest or South brought a significant trade-off: material gain had to be measured against such important abstractions as living without loved ones and apart from the land of their origins. Migration also led to such social problems as overcrowding in the cities and juvenile delinquency.Less

Growing Pains

Edward Rohs and Judith Estrine

in Raised by the Church: Growing up in New York City's Catholic Orphanages

This chapter discusses how Ed Rohs grew into adolescence at St. Vincent's. For the first time in his life, he attended a coeducational public school—John Jay High School—which was a distance from his ... More

This chapter discusses how Ed Rohs grew into adolescence at St. Vincent's. For the first time in his life, he attended a coeducational public school—John Jay High School—which was a distance from his institutional home. It describes the challenges he experienced coming up against an alien high school culture, its racism and ignorance of his life in St. Vincent's, and the difficult balancing act between school and institution. The chapter discusses truancy (“playing hooky”) and the shame St. Vincent's boys felt at having to give the school their institutional home address, which automatically labelled them “juvenile delinquents”. Ed's experiences with other St. Vincent boys in a singing group, and his first dance, are described, as is the summer after his Junior year of high school, when he prepares to leave the Catholic home nest by finding summer employment and living on his own.Less

Performing Contradictions, Performing Bad-Girlness in Japan

Yau Ching

in Gender and Globalization in Asia and the Pacific: Method, Practice, Theory

This chapter focuses mainly on the issues raised during the author's teaching media production workshops at a girls' reform institute in Japan in 2002. This public institution operates like a school, ... More

This chapter focuses mainly on the issues raised during the author's teaching media production workshops at a girls' reform institute in Japan in 2002. This public institution operates like a school, devoting part of the girls' time to a regular high school curriculum, but with more emphasis on discipline and conformity. The girls, who have committed diverse levels of offense, reside at the institute and are not allowed to leave it. The group selected by the institute to participate in the workshops in this chapter ranged in age from twelve to sixteen and consisted of girls considered the most “difficult”; they were not studying in the main curriculum and therefore had “spare” time to be in these workshops.Less

The “Youth” Problem

David Nasaw

in Schooled to Order: A Social History of Public Schooling in the United States

In the 1830s, the European visitors had been appalled by the behavior of American children—and their parents. The children were undisciplined, ill-mannered, and impudent—and their parents seemed ... More

In the 1830s, the European visitors had been appalled by the behavior of American children—and their parents. The children were undisciplined, ill-mannered, and impudent—and their parents seemed unconcerned. A half-century later the Europeans might still complain about the children of the New World (as one Frenchman visiting the U.S. in 1892 put it, “a composite photograph of American youth would reveal ‘le plus terrible de tous les enfants terribles’ “), but they could no longer complain about the adults’ lack of concern. The youthful disrespect and unruliness that had once been smiled on as typically American had come to be considered not only unfortunate but positively harmful to the future of the republic. The antebellum reformers, teachers, preachers, and other authorities, had been critical of the behavior of children other than their own, but they had especially focused their attention on the younger children. In their considered opinion it was the earliest years that were most crucial. This was the period in which the child’s character would be formed. The twentieth-century experts were not so certain. What troubled them most was not the youngest children, but their older brothers and sisters. Though they did not deny the importance of providing the younger ones with moral training, they emphasized repeatedly it was the last stage of youth that was the most crucial. Adolescence as a stage in human development was literally invented during the first decades of the twentieth century. Though, as we shall see, educators and youth workers, lawyers and judges, magazine writers and editors, muckrakers, progressives, and reformers—lay, clerical, and professional—all contributed to the conceptualization, it was the psychologists who gave the new developmental age the patina of scientific explanation it would need to survive. G. Stanley Hall, a student of William James, president of Clark University, and the first American to invite. Sigmund Freud to lecture in this country, introduced the adolescent to the scientific and lay community in 1905 in his massive twovolume work, appropriately entitled: Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education. Less