Christina L. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691152752
- eISBN:
- 9781400842513
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691152752.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines Japanese trade policy to promote market access for exports. It considers how the delegation of authority to the bureaucracy influences the choice of trade strategies by Japan. ...
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This chapter examines Japanese trade policy to promote market access for exports. It considers how the delegation of authority to the bureaucracy influences the choice of trade strategies by Japan. The Japanese legislature grants considerable autonomy to the bureaucracy for management of foreign trade policy. As a result, there should be lower demand for adjudication and less politicization of case selection. Compared to the United States, the chapter shows that Japan follows a more selective adjudication strategy and initiates only a few cases for large industries with less obvious political influence on selection. Analysis of a number of case studies reveal the absence of political pressure on the country's foreign economic policy. The chapter also looks at a dataset of trade barriers that represent potential trade disputes.Less
This chapter examines Japanese trade policy to promote market access for exports. It considers how the delegation of authority to the bureaucracy influences the choice of trade strategies by Japan. The Japanese legislature grants considerable autonomy to the bureaucracy for management of foreign trade policy. As a result, there should be lower demand for adjudication and less politicization of case selection. Compared to the United States, the chapter shows that Japan follows a more selective adjudication strategy and initiates only a few cases for large industries with less obvious political influence on selection. Analysis of a number of case studies reveal the absence of political pressure on the country's foreign economic policy. The chapter also looks at a dataset of trade barriers that represent potential trade disputes.
Dan Sarooshi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199225774
- eISBN:
- 9780191710346
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199225774.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This book considers the exercise of sovereign powers by international organizations that include the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and the European Union in order to answer ...
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This book considers the exercise of sovereign powers by international organizations that include the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and the European Union in order to answer fundamental questions about the relationship between an international organization and its member states. In their membership of international organizations, states must confer some of their sovereign powers upon those organizations. This book develops a three-tiered typology of conferrals which ranges from agency relationships, to delegations of authority, to full transfers of power. The legal aspects of these conferrals are examined, and their implications for the growing importance of international organizations in international relations are assessed.Less
This book considers the exercise of sovereign powers by international organizations that include the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and the European Union in order to answer fundamental questions about the relationship between an international organization and its member states. In their membership of international organizations, states must confer some of their sovereign powers upon those organizations. This book develops a three-tiered typology of conferrals which ranges from agency relationships, to delegations of authority, to full transfers of power. The legal aspects of these conferrals are examined, and their implications for the growing importance of international organizations in international relations are assessed.
F. S. Naiden
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199916405
- eISBN:
- 9780199980277
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199916405.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Religions
The need to gain a god’s approval leads to the formulation of unwritten and written rules, and to the worshipper often entrusting sacrifice to those with expertise in the ritual, especially priests ...
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The need to gain a god’s approval leads to the formulation of unwritten and written rules, and to the worshipper often entrusting sacrifice to those with expertise in the ritual, especially priests and magistrates. Delegation of authority, in turn, leads to rewards for those who perform well and to legal punishment for those who do not; it reinforces but controls priestly and official authority. These principles apply to communal, group, and individual sacrifices.Less
The need to gain a god’s approval leads to the formulation of unwritten and written rules, and to the worshipper often entrusting sacrifice to those with expertise in the ritual, especially priests and magistrates. Delegation of authority, in turn, leads to rewards for those who perform well and to legal punishment for those who do not; it reinforces but controls priestly and official authority. These principles apply to communal, group, and individual sacrifices.
Adrienne Héritier
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199662821
- eISBN:
- 9780191756016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662821.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter argues that the integration of core state powers in the European Union has frequently occurred not manifestly in the formal central political arena but rather in a process of covert ...
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This chapter argues that the integration of core state powers in the European Union has frequently occurred not manifestly in the formal central political arena but rather in a process of covert integration, i.e. in a process occurring outside the formal European political decision-making arenas. It has arguably led to a “competence creep” from the national to the supranational level, and from legislative to executive and judicial actors. Deepening integration through covert integration happens because it is politically more expedient and politically less costly. It reveals different patterns, such as formal framework goals which are made more stringent through executive and court action; delegating policy-making to independent regulatory bodies at the European level which may result in a strengthening of supranational policy making, just two mention two possibilities. The chapter theorizes and empirically illustrates the conditions, processes, and outcomes of different processes of covert integration.Less
This chapter argues that the integration of core state powers in the European Union has frequently occurred not manifestly in the formal central political arena but rather in a process of covert integration, i.e. in a process occurring outside the formal European political decision-making arenas. It has arguably led to a “competence creep” from the national to the supranational level, and from legislative to executive and judicial actors. Deepening integration through covert integration happens because it is politically more expedient and politically less costly. It reveals different patterns, such as formal framework goals which are made more stringent through executive and court action; delegating policy-making to independent regulatory bodies at the European level which may result in a strengthening of supranational policy making, just two mention two possibilities. The chapter theorizes and empirically illustrates the conditions, processes, and outcomes of different processes of covert integration.
Rüdiger Schmitt
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780190249588
- eISBN:
- 9780190249601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190249588.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Biblical texts such as 2 Sam 18:1–5, 2 Sam 19:6–9, and 1 Kgs 22:10–12 indicate that ritual actions whose aim is to establish or re-create communitas among the king, the army, and the population in ...
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Biblical texts such as 2 Sam 18:1–5, 2 Sam 19:6–9, and 1 Kgs 22:10–12 indicate that ritual actions whose aim is to establish or re-create communitas among the king, the army, and the population in situations of political crisis were performed in the city gate, which was the usual place for public performances, being a liminal place par excellence. These rituals could involve the performance of physical violence (2 Kgs 9:30–37, the killing of Jezebel) or ritualized violence in the form of imitative magic (1 Kgs 22:10–12, execration ritual performed by a prophet) and were sometimes undertaken to avoid inner-societal violence, as in 2 Sam 18:1–5; 19:6–9, where the legitimacy of kingship had become precarious. The investigation of textual, archeological, and iconographic evidence leads to the conclusion that the locus of these ritual performances must be the area before the gate.Less
Biblical texts such as 2 Sam 18:1–5, 2 Sam 19:6–9, and 1 Kgs 22:10–12 indicate that ritual actions whose aim is to establish or re-create communitas among the king, the army, and the population in situations of political crisis were performed in the city gate, which was the usual place for public performances, being a liminal place par excellence. These rituals could involve the performance of physical violence (2 Kgs 9:30–37, the killing of Jezebel) or ritualized violence in the form of imitative magic (1 Kgs 22:10–12, execration ritual performed by a prophet) and were sometimes undertaken to avoid inner-societal violence, as in 2 Sam 18:1–5; 19:6–9, where the legitimacy of kingship had become precarious. The investigation of textual, archeological, and iconographic evidence leads to the conclusion that the locus of these ritual performances must be the area before the gate.
Keith Lehrer
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- December 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190884277
- eISBN:
- 9780190884307
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190884277.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter connects exemplar representation with truth and knowledge. It explains the way in which exemplar representation provides the empirical connection of undefeated and irrefutable ...
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This chapter connects exemplar representation with truth and knowledge. It explains the way in which exemplar representation provides the empirical connection of undefeated and irrefutable defensibility. The exemplar can stand in for a predicate yielding exemplar predication exhibiting what the subject is like. The exemplar predicate may be attached to the meaning of words functioning to provide a stochastic connection with how the word is applied and how it is inferentially connected with other words. How exemplars of experience are attached or detached to the use of theoretical words in scientific use is an autonomous choice. Scientific change as well as the delegation of authority is explained by the reflexive exemplar representation of experience onto itself. Evidence and truth lead to empirical knowledge, based on our trustworthiness as we represent the world in terms of exemplarized experience.Less
This chapter connects exemplar representation with truth and knowledge. It explains the way in which exemplar representation provides the empirical connection of undefeated and irrefutable defensibility. The exemplar can stand in for a predicate yielding exemplar predication exhibiting what the subject is like. The exemplar predicate may be attached to the meaning of words functioning to provide a stochastic connection with how the word is applied and how it is inferentially connected with other words. How exemplars of experience are attached or detached to the use of theoretical words in scientific use is an autonomous choice. Scientific change as well as the delegation of authority is explained by the reflexive exemplar representation of experience onto itself. Evidence and truth lead to empirical knowledge, based on our trustworthiness as we represent the world in terms of exemplarized experience.
