López Ramón and Michael A. Toman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199298006
- eISBN:
- 9780191603877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199298009.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Tropical forest conservation and sustainable natural forest management both imply benefits and invoke considerable costs. The spatial and temporal mismatch of such benefits (which might not ...
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Tropical forest conservation and sustainable natural forest management both imply benefits and invoke considerable costs. The spatial and temporal mismatch of such benefits (which might not materialize until far in the future and could be shared by many parties) and costs (which often occur at a local scale and must be borne in the short term) prevents an efficient forest management at the national level. While the international community has developed a variety of instruments to align global and national incentives, the implementation of such policies needs to take into account national property right regimes and the recent trend towards the devolution of rights and responsibilities to communities and private individuals, which has a significant impact on the relative importance of different types of market failures and policy effects. This paper summarizes existing literature on the causes of deforestation and the magnitude of various forest benefit components, discusses the usefulness of forest valuation exercises for guiding policy choices regarding forest management and conservation, and highlights the key role of market failure in tropical forest conservation. It explores the various policy options that exist for the rest of the world to address market failure, and concludes with conditions necessary for improving current systems.Less
Tropical forest conservation and sustainable natural forest management both imply benefits and invoke considerable costs. The spatial and temporal mismatch of such benefits (which might not materialize until far in the future and could be shared by many parties) and costs (which often occur at a local scale and must be borne in the short term) prevents an efficient forest management at the national level. While the international community has developed a variety of instruments to align global and national incentives, the implementation of such policies needs to take into account national property right regimes and the recent trend towards the devolution of rights and responsibilities to communities and private individuals, which has a significant impact on the relative importance of different types of market failures and policy effects. This paper summarizes existing literature on the causes of deforestation and the magnitude of various forest benefit components, discusses the usefulness of forest valuation exercises for guiding policy choices regarding forest management and conservation, and highlights the key role of market failure in tropical forest conservation. It explores the various policy options that exist for the rest of the world to address market failure, and concludes with conditions necessary for improving current systems.
David Beresford-Jones
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264768
- eISBN:
- 9780191754005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264768.003.0008
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology
This chapter considers the subtler role of Prosopis in underpinning a fragile desert ecology. It is perhaps difficult to exaggerate the dominance of this genus within its desert environments, ...
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This chapter considers the subtler role of Prosopis in underpinning a fragile desert ecology. It is perhaps difficult to exaggerate the dominance of this genus within its desert environments, especially on the coast of Peru, where rather few tree species occur naturally. It is shown that no other desert tree has as pervasive an influence upon the soil's physical, chemical, biological, and moisture properties; the sub-canopy microclimate; the neighbouring vegetation; and the wildlife and insect populations. The huarango integrates diverse parts of the desert ecosystem. In modifying the environmental extremes characteristic of deserts, especially one as arid as the Peruvian south coast, Prosopis makes what would otherwise be inhospitable lands habitable for other species, including humankind. In other words, if we are to lay bare the ecological consequences of deforestation on the south coast, we need to understand why, here, the huarango is what ecologists term a ‘keystone species’.Less
This chapter considers the subtler role of Prosopis in underpinning a fragile desert ecology. It is perhaps difficult to exaggerate the dominance of this genus within its desert environments, especially on the coast of Peru, where rather few tree species occur naturally. It is shown that no other desert tree has as pervasive an influence upon the soil's physical, chemical, biological, and moisture properties; the sub-canopy microclimate; the neighbouring vegetation; and the wildlife and insect populations. The huarango integrates diverse parts of the desert ecosystem. In modifying the environmental extremes characteristic of deserts, especially one as arid as the Peruvian south coast, Prosopis makes what would otherwise be inhospitable lands habitable for other species, including humankind. In other words, if we are to lay bare the ecological consequences of deforestation on the south coast, we need to understand why, here, the huarango is what ecologists term a ‘keystone species’.
Yadvinder Malhi and Oliver Phillips (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567066
- eISBN:
- 9780191717888
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567066.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Tropical forests represent the world's most biodiverse ecosystems and play a key role in hydrology, carbon storage, and exchange. Many of the human-induced pressures these regions are facing, e.g. ...
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Tropical forests represent the world's most biodiverse ecosystems and play a key role in hydrology, carbon storage, and exchange. Many of the human-induced pressures these regions are facing, e.g. fragmentation and deforestation, have been widely reported and well documented. However, there have been surprisingly few efforts to synthesize cutting-edge science in the area of tropical forest interaction with atmospheric change. At a time when our global atmosphere is undergoing a period of rapid change, both in terms of climate and in the cycling of essential elements such as carbon and nitrogen, a thorough and up-to-date analysis is timely. This text explores the vigorous contemporary debate as to how rapidly tropical forests may be affected by atmospheric change, and what this may mean for their future.Less
Tropical forests represent the world's most biodiverse ecosystems and play a key role in hydrology, carbon storage, and exchange. Many of the human-induced pressures these regions are facing, e.g. fragmentation and deforestation, have been widely reported and well documented. However, there have been surprisingly few efforts to synthesize cutting-edge science in the area of tropical forest interaction with atmospheric change. At a time when our global atmosphere is undergoing a period of rapid change, both in terms of climate and in the cycling of essential elements such as carbon and nitrogen, a thorough and up-to-date analysis is timely. This text explores the vigorous contemporary debate as to how rapidly tropical forests may be affected by atmospheric change, and what this may mean for their future.
Adrian Newton
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567448
- eISBN:
- 9780191717895
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567448.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
Forest conservation has become one of the most important environmental issues currently facing humanity, as a result of widespread deforestation and forest degradation. Pressures on remaining natural ...
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Forest conservation has become one of the most important environmental issues currently facing humanity, as a result of widespread deforestation and forest degradation. Pressures on remaining natural forests continue to intensify, leading to high rates of biodiversity loss. Understanding how human activities influence ecological processes within forests is essential for developing effective conservation action. This book describes research methods and techniques relevant to understanding forest ecology, with a particular focus on those that are relevant to practical conservation and sustainable forest management. This information is currently disparate and difficult to locate, and the intention here is to provide a comprehensive synthesis. Methods are presented for assessing forest extent and condition, structure and composition, and forest dynamics at a variety of scales. Techniques for assessing genetic variation and reproductive ecology, and for evaluating the habitat value of forests are also described. Particular emphasis is given to state-of-the-art techniques, such as remote sensing, GIS, computer modelling, and molecular markers. However, traditional methods of forest mensuration and ecological survey are also presented. The methods and techniques described are generally applicable to all forest types, including both temperate and tropical forest ecosystems.Less
Forest conservation has become one of the most important environmental issues currently facing humanity, as a result of widespread deforestation and forest degradation. Pressures on remaining natural forests continue to intensify, leading to high rates of biodiversity loss. Understanding how human activities influence ecological processes within forests is essential for developing effective conservation action. This book describes research methods and techniques relevant to understanding forest ecology, with a particular focus on those that are relevant to practical conservation and sustainable forest management. This information is currently disparate and difficult to locate, and the intention here is to provide a comprehensive synthesis. Methods are presented for assessing forest extent and condition, structure and composition, and forest dynamics at a variety of scales. Techniques for assessing genetic variation and reproductive ecology, and for evaluating the habitat value of forests are also described. Particular emphasis is given to state-of-the-art techniques, such as remote sensing, GIS, computer modelling, and molecular markers. However, traditional methods of forest mensuration and ecological survey are also presented. The methods and techniques described are generally applicable to all forest types, including both temperate and tropical forest ecosystems.
Wolfgang Cramer, Alberte Bondeau, Sibyll Schaphoff, Wolfgang Lucht, Ben Smith, and Stephen Sitch
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198567066
- eISBN:
- 9780191717888
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567066.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter quantifies the relative roles of carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature, rainfall, and deforestation on the future extent and condition of tropical rainforests, and examines the magnitude of ...
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This chapter quantifies the relative roles of carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature, rainfall, and deforestation on the future extent and condition of tropical rainforests, and examines the magnitude of their feedbacks on atmospheric CO2 concentrations. A dynamic global vegetation model is applied using multiple scenarios of tropical deforestation (extrapolated from two estimates of current rates) and multiple scenarios of changing climate (derived from four independent off-line general circulation model simulations). Results show that deforestation is likely to produce large losses of carbon, despite the uncertainty concerning exact deforestation rates. Estimates of additional carbon emissions during the 21st century, for all climate and deforestation scenarios, range from 101 to 367 Gt C, resulting in CO2 concentration increases above background values by between 29 and 129 ppm. Notwithstanding this range of uncertainty, continued tropical deforestation will most certainly play a very large role in the build-up of future greenhouse gas concentrations.Less
This chapter quantifies the relative roles of carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature, rainfall, and deforestation on the future extent and condition of tropical rainforests, and examines the magnitude of their feedbacks on atmospheric CO2 concentrations. A dynamic global vegetation model is applied using multiple scenarios of tropical deforestation (extrapolated from two estimates of current rates) and multiple scenarios of changing climate (derived from four independent off-line general circulation model simulations). Results show that deforestation is likely to produce large losses of carbon, despite the uncertainty concerning exact deforestation rates. Estimates of additional carbon emissions during the 21st century, for all climate and deforestation scenarios, range from 101 to 367 Gt C, resulting in CO2 concentration increases above background values by between 29 and 129 ppm. Notwithstanding this range of uncertainty, continued tropical deforestation will most certainly play a very large role in the build-up of future greenhouse gas concentrations.
Thomas T. Struhsaker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198529583
- eISBN:
- 9780191712746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529583.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
As with most forest wildlife in Africa, the majority of red colobus taxa and their habitats are in dire straits. The rate of natural forest loss varies considerably between African countries, but for ...
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As with most forest wildlife in Africa, the majority of red colobus taxa and their habitats are in dire straits. The rate of natural forest loss varies considerably between African countries, but for nine countries with red colobus and for which estimates are available, the annual loss between 1990 and 2000 averaged 1.5% (0.1-3.3%). An even greater proportion of forest is degraded each year and no country in Africa has increased its forest cover. This chapter reviews the conservation status of 12 taxa of red colobus and discusses the problems they face.Less
As with most forest wildlife in Africa, the majority of red colobus taxa and their habitats are in dire straits. The rate of natural forest loss varies considerably between African countries, but for nine countries with red colobus and for which estimates are available, the annual loss between 1990 and 2000 averaged 1.5% (0.1-3.3%). An even greater proportion of forest is degraded each year and no country in Africa has increased its forest cover. This chapter reviews the conservation status of 12 taxa of red colobus and discusses the problems they face.
Barbara Goldoftas
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195135114
- eISBN:
- 9780199868216
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195135114.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
The Philippines was once famous for its reef-ringed islands, white beaches, and lush forests. In less than a half-century, these were degraded by deforestation, over-fishing, and destructive fishing. ...
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The Philippines was once famous for its reef-ringed islands, white beaches, and lush forests. In less than a half-century, these were degraded by deforestation, over-fishing, and destructive fishing. This rapid harvest of ecologically and economically critical natural resources brought droughts, deadly flash floods, and the collapse of fisheries and the timber industry. Regional rural economies weakened, sending hundreds of thousands of ecological refugees to cities where they overwhelmed the urban infrastructure. Today, the Philippines stands as an example of the profound and sweeping consequences of environmental degradation. This book documents this tragic trajectory, but the story it tells is not one of hopelessness and inevitable defeat. The book traces the struggle for natural resource conservation in the Philippines, from isolated villages to large cities, illustrating innovative ways that conservation and economic growth can effectively coexist. It describes how individuals and institutions at all levels of Philippine society have responded to the environmental change, and gives background information on environmental policy. It argues that recent initiatives to conserve or rehabilitate resources — by local and national government, non-governmental organizations, or communities — can be an important part of sustainable development and nation-building. It also questions whether western environmentalism, which can pit environmental protection against economic need, is appropriate for developing countries. The book offers in-depth case studies of environmental governance and sets the consequences of rapid industrialization and environmental change in their historical context.Less
The Philippines was once famous for its reef-ringed islands, white beaches, and lush forests. In less than a half-century, these were degraded by deforestation, over-fishing, and destructive fishing. This rapid harvest of ecologically and economically critical natural resources brought droughts, deadly flash floods, and the collapse of fisheries and the timber industry. Regional rural economies weakened, sending hundreds of thousands of ecological refugees to cities where they overwhelmed the urban infrastructure. Today, the Philippines stands as an example of the profound and sweeping consequences of environmental degradation. This book documents this tragic trajectory, but the story it tells is not one of hopelessness and inevitable defeat. The book traces the struggle for natural resource conservation in the Philippines, from isolated villages to large cities, illustrating innovative ways that conservation and economic growth can effectively coexist. It describes how individuals and institutions at all levels of Philippine society have responded to the environmental change, and gives background information on environmental policy. It argues that recent initiatives to conserve or rehabilitate resources — by local and national government, non-governmental organizations, or communities — can be an important part of sustainable development and nation-building. It also questions whether western environmentalism, which can pit environmental protection against economic need, is appropriate for developing countries. The book offers in-depth case studies of environmental governance and sets the consequences of rapid industrialization and environmental change in their historical context.
HUGH CLOUT
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264904
- eISBN:
- 9780191754081
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264904.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
Michael Williams was an historical geographer and environmental historian who received international acclaim for his work on mankind's use of the wetlands, forests and other fragile resources. Born ...
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Michael Williams was an historical geographer and environmental historian who received international acclaim for his work on mankind's use of the wetlands, forests and other fragile resources. Born in Wales, his first appointment was at the University of Adelaide, South Australia, and then his subsequent career was in the Geography Department of the University of Oxford, based at Oriel College. Williams's book Americans and their Forests: an Historical Geography appeared in 1989 and was hugely influential in encouraging further research into deforestation. Deforesting the Earth: from Prehistory to Global Crisis, published in 2003, was considered his magnus opus. Williams was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1989. Obituary by Hugh Clout FBA.Less
Michael Williams was an historical geographer and environmental historian who received international acclaim for his work on mankind's use of the wetlands, forests and other fragile resources. Born in Wales, his first appointment was at the University of Adelaide, South Australia, and then his subsequent career was in the Geography Department of the University of Oxford, based at Oriel College. Williams's book Americans and their Forests: an Historical Geography appeared in 1989 and was hugely influential in encouraging further research into deforestation. Deforesting the Earth: from Prehistory to Global Crisis, published in 2003, was considered his magnus opus. Williams was elected Fellow of the British Academy in 1989. Obituary by Hugh Clout FBA.
Shanta Devarajan
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199240692
- eISBN:
- 9780191714269
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199240692.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter begins with a brief summary of the evolution of CGE models in developing countries, with an emphasis on foreign trade. A generic CGE model is then presented and used to examine some ...
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This chapter begins with a brief summary of the evolution of CGE models in developing countries, with an emphasis on foreign trade. A generic CGE model is then presented and used to examine some issues related to trade policy, public finance, energy, and natural resources. The lessons learned from the CGE-modelling exercises in these fields are helpful for incorporating environmental issues into CGE models. First, CGE models can shed light on only a limited number of issues. Second, there is probably little need for an ‘environmental CGE’ model that captures all the workings of the environment in a country. Two classes of environmental problems may lend themselves to the use of CGE models: issues connected with pollution and the likely trade-offs between pollution control and economic growth; issues for explicitly modelling market failure to capture problems arising from lack of property rights such as deforestation and soil erosion. The CGE model should be used to supplement and not substitute good quality data (and analysis).Less
This chapter begins with a brief summary of the evolution of CGE models in developing countries, with an emphasis on foreign trade. A generic CGE model is then presented and used to examine some issues related to trade policy, public finance, energy, and natural resources. The lessons learned from the CGE-modelling exercises in these fields are helpful for incorporating environmental issues into CGE models. First, CGE models can shed light on only a limited number of issues. Second, there is probably little need for an ‘environmental CGE’ model that captures all the workings of the environment in a country. Two classes of environmental problems may lend themselves to the use of CGE models: issues connected with pollution and the likely trade-offs between pollution control and economic growth; issues for explicitly modelling market failure to capture problems arising from lack of property rights such as deforestation and soil erosion. The CGE model should be used to supplement and not substitute good quality data (and analysis).
Robert Sallares
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199248506
- eISBN:
- 9780191714634
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248506.003.0004
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
The first section of this chapter discusses the mosquito vectors of malaria. Attention is drawn to the phenomenon of anophelism without malaria, and ancient knowledge of mosquitoes is considered a ...
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The first section of this chapter discusses the mosquito vectors of malaria. Attention is drawn to the phenomenon of anophelism without malaria, and ancient knowledge of mosquitoes is considered a prelude to ancient concepts of malaria. The second section investigates the various environments of central Italy that were notorious for malaria in the past, including the seasonality of malaria and its relationships to altitude and wetlands; the requirements (such as the degree of salinity of the water) of mosquito larvae for breeding purposes; and the effects of drainage schemes. This section includes case studies of malaria in antiquity at Lugnano in Umbria, Ostia, and Ravenna. The third section discusses malaria on Sardinia in antiquity. The fourth section assesses the effects on malaria of man-made factors, such as roads and housing. The fifth section analyses the effects of climate change on malaria, a temperature-dependent disease. The sixth section considers the role of deforestation and agricultural change.Less
The first section of this chapter discusses the mosquito vectors of malaria. Attention is drawn to the phenomenon of anophelism without malaria, and ancient knowledge of mosquitoes is considered a prelude to ancient concepts of malaria. The second section investigates the various environments of central Italy that were notorious for malaria in the past, including the seasonality of malaria and its relationships to altitude and wetlands; the requirements (such as the degree of salinity of the water) of mosquito larvae for breeding purposes; and the effects of drainage schemes. This section includes case studies of malaria in antiquity at Lugnano in Umbria, Ostia, and Ravenna. The third section discusses malaria on Sardinia in antiquity. The fourth section assesses the effects on malaria of man-made factors, such as roads and housing. The fifth section analyses the effects of climate change on malaria, a temperature-dependent disease. The sixth section considers the role of deforestation and agricultural change.
Barbara Goldoftas
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195135114
- eISBN:
- 9780199868216
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195135114.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
This chapter describes the ecological costs of over-logging, particularly the rapid clearing of the once-vast Dipterocarp lowland forests, and distinguishes between unregulated commercial logging and ...
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This chapter describes the ecological costs of over-logging, particularly the rapid clearing of the once-vast Dipterocarp lowland forests, and distinguishes between unregulated commercial logging and small-scale illegal logging. It features two case studies that contributed to a rise in the Philippine environmental movement. In San Fernando, Bukidnon, Mindanao, in the 1980s, in response to growing ecological decline that followed large-scale commercial logging, the community held protests until the logging permits were suspended. The chapter also describes the background and aftermath of a devastating mudslide in Ormoc, Leyte, which has become a symbol of the unnatural disasters and destruction that deforestation can bring.Less
This chapter describes the ecological costs of over-logging, particularly the rapid clearing of the once-vast Dipterocarp lowland forests, and distinguishes between unregulated commercial logging and small-scale illegal logging. It features two case studies that contributed to a rise in the Philippine environmental movement. In San Fernando, Bukidnon, Mindanao, in the 1980s, in response to growing ecological decline that followed large-scale commercial logging, the community held protests until the logging permits were suspended. The chapter also describes the background and aftermath of a devastating mudslide in Ormoc, Leyte, which has become a symbol of the unnatural disasters and destruction that deforestation can bring.
Peter Ho
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199280698
- eISBN:
- 9780191602528
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019928069X.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Assesses the forest property rights system with particular reference to forest registration and customary forest rights. It is argued that—different than in the case of cropland—the forest tenure ...
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Assesses the forest property rights system with particular reference to forest registration and customary forest rights. It is argued that—different than in the case of cropland—the forest tenure system is far from socially acceptable and credible. This is expressed through improper forest management, forest degradation, and the loss of forest through illegal conversion to non-forestry land. In addition, the forest sector also features a relatively high incidence of social conflict over forest land. Forest disputes have been a particular problem since forest registration started in the early 1980s. To illustrate the problems in forestry, the chapter also includes a description of two cases that demonstrate the complexity involved in the recognition of customary and historical forest claims.Less
Assesses the forest property rights system with particular reference to forest registration and customary forest rights. It is argued that—different than in the case of cropland—the forest tenure system is far from socially acceptable and credible. This is expressed through improper forest management, forest degradation, and the loss of forest through illegal conversion to non-forestry land. In addition, the forest sector also features a relatively high incidence of social conflict over forest land. Forest disputes have been a particular problem since forest registration started in the early 1980s. To illustrate the problems in forestry, the chapter also includes a description of two cases that demonstrate the complexity involved in the recognition of customary and historical forest claims.
David Freestone and Charlotte Streck (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199565931
- eISBN:
- 9780191722028
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565931.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
Since 2005, the carbon market has grown to a value of nearly $100 billion per annum. This book examines all the main legal and policy issues which are raised by emissions trading and carbon finance. ...
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Since 2005, the carbon market has grown to a value of nearly $100 billion per annum. This book examines all the main legal and policy issues which are raised by emissions trading and carbon finance. It covers not only the Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms but also the regional emission trading scheme in the EU and emerging schemes in the US, Australia, and New Zealand. The Parties to the 1992 UN Framework Convention are in the process of negotiating a successor regime to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol whose first commitment period ends in 2012. As scientists predict that the threat of dangerous climate change requires much more radical mitigation actions, the negotiations aim for a more comprehensive and wide ranging agreement which includes new players — such as the US — as well as taking account of new sources (such as aircraft emissions) and new mechanisms such as the creation of incentives for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.Less
Since 2005, the carbon market has grown to a value of nearly $100 billion per annum. This book examines all the main legal and policy issues which are raised by emissions trading and carbon finance. It covers not only the Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms but also the regional emission trading scheme in the EU and emerging schemes in the US, Australia, and New Zealand. The Parties to the 1992 UN Framework Convention are in the process of negotiating a successor regime to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol whose first commitment period ends in 2012. As scientists predict that the threat of dangerous climate change requires much more radical mitigation actions, the negotiations aim for a more comprehensive and wide ranging agreement which includes new players — such as the US — as well as taking account of new sources (such as aircraft emissions) and new mechanisms such as the creation of incentives for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
Robert O’Sullivan and Rick Saines
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199565931
- eISBN:
- 9780191722028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565931.003.0027
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law, Private International Law
Tropical forests play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and have consequently moved to the forefront of the discussion about how to effectively reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions ...
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Tropical forests play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and have consequently moved to the forefront of the discussion about how to effectively reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate climate change. At the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 13th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in Bali in December 2007, governments from around the world agreed to consider, over the next two years, ‘policy approaches and positive incentives’ for reducing emissions from tropical deforestation that might become part of an agreement that would follow on after the current commitments under the Kyoto Protocol expire. UNFCCC member states are currently undertaking a work program to consider different policy approaches to address emissions from tropical deforestation in the post-2012 agreement, to be finalized at COP 15 in Copenhagen in 2009. One of the policy options under consideration is a mechanism that would create positive incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). This chapter provides background on international forest carbon policies, making the case that market-based mechanisms are the most appropriate ways to provide the bulk of finance needed to address REDD. In this context it assesses challenges related to REDD and the recognition of credits for REDD in global carbon markets.Less
Tropical forests play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and have consequently moved to the forefront of the discussion about how to effectively reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and mitigate climate change. At the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 13th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in Bali in December 2007, governments from around the world agreed to consider, over the next two years, ‘policy approaches and positive incentives’ for reducing emissions from tropical deforestation that might become part of an agreement that would follow on after the current commitments under the Kyoto Protocol expire. UNFCCC member states are currently undertaking a work program to consider different policy approaches to address emissions from tropical deforestation in the post-2012 agreement, to be finalized at COP 15 in Copenhagen in 2009. One of the policy options under consideration is a mechanism that would create positive incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). This chapter provides background on international forest carbon policies, making the case that market-based mechanisms are the most appropriate ways to provide the bulk of finance needed to address REDD. In this context it assesses challenges related to REDD and the recognition of credits for REDD in global carbon markets.
Richard Rice, Cheri Sugal, Peter C. Frumhoff, Elizabeth Losos, and Raymond Gullison
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195125788
- eISBN:
- 9780199832927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195125789.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter addresses the basic question of how best to achieve concrete conservation results in the context of logging in natural tropical forests.
This chapter addresses the basic question of how best to achieve concrete conservation results in the context of logging in natural tropical forests.
Arupjyoti Saikia
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198069539
- eISBN:
- 9780199081240
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198069539.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
Deforestation has become synonymous with the Assam forests. Assam forests, illustrated as magnificent and grandiose in the pre-colonial period, were subjected to transformations under the colonial ...
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Deforestation has become synonymous with the Assam forests. Assam forests, illustrated as magnificent and grandiose in the pre-colonial period, were subjected to transformations under the colonial rule and post-colonial period. During this transformation period, the commerce of forestry and the peasant society were considered responsible for deforestation. This book attempts to illustrate the complex dynamics of the changing forest landscape and ecology in Assam from the early nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century. It examines the ecological conflicts in the colonial era when the battles over forests, forest resources, and lands began to take shape. In this book, the manner with which the forest resources in Assam were mapped and integrated into commerce and merchant capitalism is also examined. It also studies how imperial forestry practices catalyzed changes in the traditional resource utilization patterns of the peasants. The role played by forest and conservation laws, forest institutions and organizations including the changing role of the Assam forests in the imperial economy has also been discussed. The book illustrates how the forest policy of the post-colonial period was defined and influenced by the powerful and complex machinery of the political matrix. Plantations, silvicultural practices, protection and regeneration of forests, and livelihood practices have also been studied. It also considers public debates on ecology and changes in conservation practices after the 1980 Act.Less
Deforestation has become synonymous with the Assam forests. Assam forests, illustrated as magnificent and grandiose in the pre-colonial period, were subjected to transformations under the colonial rule and post-colonial period. During this transformation period, the commerce of forestry and the peasant society were considered responsible for deforestation. This book attempts to illustrate the complex dynamics of the changing forest landscape and ecology in Assam from the early nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century. It examines the ecological conflicts in the colonial era when the battles over forests, forest resources, and lands began to take shape. In this book, the manner with which the forest resources in Assam were mapped and integrated into commerce and merchant capitalism is also examined. It also studies how imperial forestry practices catalyzed changes in the traditional resource utilization patterns of the peasants. The role played by forest and conservation laws, forest institutions and organizations including the changing role of the Assam forests in the imperial economy has also been discussed. The book illustrates how the forest policy of the post-colonial period was defined and influenced by the powerful and complex machinery of the political matrix. Plantations, silvicultural practices, protection and regeneration of forests, and livelihood practices have also been studied. It also considers public debates on ecology and changes in conservation practices after the 1980 Act.
Ian Coxhead and Sisira Jayasuriya
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195158984
- eISBN:
- 9780199869107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195158989.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Discusses the state of the Philippine environment by studying the trends of available data on environmental quality and natural resource degradation, and comparing them with those of other Asian ...
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Discusses the state of the Philippine environment by studying the trends of available data on environmental quality and natural resource degradation, and comparing them with those of other Asian countries. It then presents a brief review of theoretical links among environment quality, resource depletion, and development strategies and outcomes, considering Philippine data in light of this theory. Recent economic trends and policy initiatives affecting the environment and development are discussed, and simulation results indicating likely trends in economic and environmental variables under alternative policy regimes are presented. The chapter concludes with what past experience and current trends might indicate for the future of the Philippine environment.Less
Discusses the state of the Philippine environment by studying the trends of available data on environmental quality and natural resource degradation, and comparing them with those of other Asian countries. It then presents a brief review of theoretical links among environment quality, resource depletion, and development strategies and outcomes, considering Philippine data in light of this theory. Recent economic trends and policy initiatives affecting the environment and development are discussed, and simulation results indicating likely trends in economic and environmental variables under alternative policy regimes are presented. The chapter concludes with what past experience and current trends might indicate for the future of the Philippine environment.
Nigel Sizer
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195125788
- eISBN:
- 9780199832927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195125789.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter provides a brief review of trends in wood consumption and trade and analysis of the factors leading to a growth in transnational logging, led by new companies from south‐east Asia. Case ...
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This chapter provides a brief review of trends in wood consumption and trade and analysis of the factors leading to a growth in transnational logging, led by new companies from south‐east Asia. Case studies from four key countries rich in tropical forest are provided, followed by concluding remarks.Less
This chapter provides a brief review of trends in wood consumption and trade and analysis of the factors leading to a growth in transnational logging, led by new companies from south‐east Asia. Case studies from four key countries rich in tropical forest are provided, followed by concluding remarks.
Arupjyoti Saikia
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198069539
- eISBN:
- 9780199081240
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198069539.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
Assam forests were often depicted as enchanting forests in Assamese literatures. While the grandiose of the Assam forests were central to Assamese literature, contemporary literature however ...
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Assam forests were often depicted as enchanting forests in Assamese literatures. While the grandiose of the Assam forests were central to Assamese literature, contemporary literature however demystifies these forests and illustrates rapid deforestation and fauna depletion. Over the years the wilderness of the forests were tamed and the jungles were converted into mere forests. These transformations in the forest landscapes were brought about by the petty trades of forest products to blatant commerce in the international business. These practices have an immense impact not only in the landscape of the forests but also in the forest management and in the perception of these jungles. Within the commerce of forestry, several groups emerged, contesting rights over the forest resources. These battles contributed to the deforestation however, along the pandemonium over forest resource, came a new turn wherein the idea of forest conservation and reforestation took the centre stage.Less
Assam forests were often depicted as enchanting forests in Assamese literatures. While the grandiose of the Assam forests were central to Assamese literature, contemporary literature however demystifies these forests and illustrates rapid deforestation and fauna depletion. Over the years the wilderness of the forests were tamed and the jungles were converted into mere forests. These transformations in the forest landscapes were brought about by the petty trades of forest products to blatant commerce in the international business. These practices have an immense impact not only in the landscape of the forests but also in the forest management and in the perception of these jungles. Within the commerce of forestry, several groups emerged, contesting rights over the forest resources. These battles contributed to the deforestation however, along the pandemonium over forest resource, came a new turn wherein the idea of forest conservation and reforestation took the centre stage.
Brett M. Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029933
- eISBN:
- 9780262329910
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029933.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Nature
This book offers a historical perspective on the global proliferation of protected forest areas and productive timber plantations. It argues that a forest management divergence—the separation of wood ...
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This book offers a historical perspective on the global proliferation of protected forest areas and productive timber plantations. It argues that a forest management divergence—the separation of wood production from the protection of forests—has occurred during the twentieth century as a result of globalisation. The book shows how plantations and protected areas evolved from, and then undermined, an earlier integrated forest management system, the conservation model, that sought both to produce timber and to conserve the environment. To trace these changes, the book reassesses the historical development of the science and profession of forestry in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe; offers an original interpretation on the twentieth-century creation of timber plantations in the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia; and establishes how the controversies over deforestation led to the establishment of protected areas. The book concludes with the suggestion that to solve the problems associated with the forest management divergence scientists, policy makers and environmentalists must better integrate protective and productive aspects of forest management. To successfully achieve this integration requires a deeper awareness of history.Less
This book offers a historical perspective on the global proliferation of protected forest areas and productive timber plantations. It argues that a forest management divergence—the separation of wood production from the protection of forests—has occurred during the twentieth century as a result of globalisation. The book shows how plantations and protected areas evolved from, and then undermined, an earlier integrated forest management system, the conservation model, that sought both to produce timber and to conserve the environment. To trace these changes, the book reassesses the historical development of the science and profession of forestry in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe; offers an original interpretation on the twentieth-century creation of timber plantations in the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia; and establishes how the controversies over deforestation led to the establishment of protected areas. The book concludes with the suggestion that to solve the problems associated with the forest management divergence scientists, policy makers and environmentalists must better integrate protective and productive aspects of forest management. To successfully achieve this integration requires a deeper awareness of history.
