Clare Palmer
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198269526
- eISBN:
- 9780191683664
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269526.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
This book challenges the popular conception that process thinking offers an unambiguously positive contribution to the philosophical debate on environmental ethics. It critically examines the ...
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This book challenges the popular conception that process thinking offers an unambiguously positive contribution to the philosophical debate on environmental ethics. It critically examines the approach to ethics which may be derived from the work of process thinkers such as A. N. Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne, pointing out questions about justice and respect for individual integrity which are raised. With these questions in mind, the book compares process ethics to a variety of other forms of environmental ethics, as well as deep ecology. This comparative study reveals a number of difficulties associated with process thinking about the environment. Although some reformulations of process philosophy in the light of these difficulties are offered, the book suggests that a question mark should remain over the contribution which process philosophy can make to environmental ethics.Less
This book challenges the popular conception that process thinking offers an unambiguously positive contribution to the philosophical debate on environmental ethics. It critically examines the approach to ethics which may be derived from the work of process thinkers such as A. N. Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne, pointing out questions about justice and respect for individual integrity which are raised. With these questions in mind, the book compares process ethics to a variety of other forms of environmental ethics, as well as deep ecology. This comparative study reveals a number of difficulties associated with process thinking about the environment. Although some reformulations of process philosophy in the light of these difficulties are offered, the book suggests that a question mark should remain over the contribution which process philosophy can make to environmental ethics.
Alexandra Barahona de Brito
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198280385
- eISBN:
- 9780191598852
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198280386.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This book analyses the Uruguayan and Chilean experiences with the transitional politics of truth and justice regarding past human rights violations. These policies are shaped by the legacy of ...
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This book analyses the Uruguayan and Chilean experiences with the transitional politics of truth and justice regarding past human rights violations. These policies are shaped by the legacy of repressive rule, and the dynamics of the politics of transition and of the balance of power under the new democratic governments peculiar to each country. The issue is central to the politics of transition for ethical, symbolic, practical and political reasons: politically it is the most explosive transitional issue; on a practical level, only official acknowledgement can resolve pending legal questions for survivors and families of victims; ethically, it is hard to generate democratic consensus or social endorsement for social reform without involving principles and ideals that appeal to the underlying values and aspirations of the citizenry. Dealing with legacies of state repression permits the beginning of the process of ‘deconstruction of cultures of fear’ without which democratization cannot occur. This is not only desirable and necessary; some kind of truth telling policy has proved to be both required and feasible in a wide range of contemporary regime transitions. However, justice is not always possible: limitations on prosecutions are more self-imposed than 'structural', more political than institutional, and clearly there is a tension between the conditions necessary to ensure accountability and those that govern periods of transition. Unconsolidated democracies are not able to practise the politics of a consolidated democracy; the politics of consolidated democracies includes the capacity to call the powerful to account. This is perhaps the yardstick with which to measure consolidation. Instead of practising the politics of consolidated democracy, what these countries have to engage in is the politics of democratic consolidation. Although truth and justice policies may remain relevant after the transition and 'leak into' the politics of democratization, (where they can continue to be a source of conflict in the judicial system and of latent or overt painful and deep-seated social animosities), the resolution of the issue in the formal political arena can and does make it marginal in terms of day-to-day politics. Consolidation depends more crucially on the reform of key institutions that permitted abuse and impunity: the thorough reform of the judiciary and of the forces of repression. If a government does not undertake a proper reform of the institutions that made abuse and impunity possible, the democracy it presides over will be lame and incomplete.Less
This book analyses the Uruguayan and Chilean experiences with the transitional politics of truth and justice regarding past human rights violations. These policies are shaped by the legacy of repressive rule, and the dynamics of the politics of transition and of the balance of power under the new democratic governments peculiar to each country. The issue is central to the politics of transition for ethical, symbolic, practical and political reasons: politically it is the most explosive transitional issue; on a practical level, only official acknowledgement can resolve pending legal questions for survivors and families of victims; ethically, it is hard to generate democratic consensus or social endorsement for social reform without involving principles and ideals that appeal to the underlying values and aspirations of the citizenry. Dealing with legacies of state repression permits the beginning of the process of ‘deconstruction of cultures of fear’ without which democratization cannot occur. This is not only desirable and necessary; some kind of truth telling policy has proved to be both required and feasible in a wide range of contemporary regime transitions. However, justice is not always possible: limitations on prosecutions are more self-imposed than 'structural', more political than institutional, and clearly there is a tension between the conditions necessary to ensure accountability and those that govern periods of transition. Unconsolidated democracies are not able to practise the politics of a consolidated democracy; the politics of consolidated democracies includes the capacity to call the powerful to account. This is perhaps the yardstick with which to measure consolidation. Instead of practising the politics of consolidated democracy, what these countries have to engage in is the politics of democratic consolidation. Although truth and justice policies may remain relevant after the transition and 'leak into' the politics of democratization, (where they can continue to be a source of conflict in the judicial system and of latent or overt painful and deep-seated social animosities), the resolution of the issue in the formal political arena can and does make it marginal in terms of day-to-day politics. Consolidation depends more crucially on the reform of key institutions that permitted abuse and impunity: the thorough reform of the judiciary and of the forces of repression. If a government does not undertake a proper reform of the institutions that made abuse and impunity possible, the democracy it presides over will be lame and incomplete.
Avner de‐Shalit
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240388
- eISBN:
- 9780191599033
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240388.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Through the examination of Eco‐feminism and Deep Ecology, it is demonstrated how many in these two schools have misused the concept of ‘environment’ and caused a confusion that has been detrimental ...
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Through the examination of Eco‐feminism and Deep Ecology, it is demonstrated how many in these two schools have misused the concept of ‘environment’ and caused a confusion that has been detrimental to the social and political status of environmental philosophy. It is argued that when putting forward political goals that are legitimate and justified, but not ‘environmental’ at all, they have ‘conceptually exploited’ the ‘environment’. The reasons for environmental philosophy's lack of popularity among politicians and activists are (1) that it fails to distinguish between meta‐ethics and political theory, (2) that it identifies goals that do not necessarily appeal to environmentalists, and (3) that it overextended the use of its main concepts and caused confusion and vagueness.Less
Through the examination of Eco‐feminism and Deep Ecology, it is demonstrated how many in these two schools have misused the concept of ‘environment’ and caused a confusion that has been detrimental to the social and political status of environmental philosophy. It is argued that when putting forward political goals that are legitimate and justified, but not ‘environmental’ at all, they have ‘conceptually exploited’ the ‘environment’. The reasons for environmental philosophy's lack of popularity among politicians and activists are (1) that it fails to distinguish between meta‐ethics and political theory, (2) that it identifies goals that do not necessarily appeal to environmentalists, and (3) that it overextended the use of its main concepts and caused confusion and vagueness.
Alwyn Lishman
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198515814
- eISBN:
- 9780191730498
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515814.003.0014
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
This concluding chapter discusses the personal experience of the author in dealing with palliative care and the concept of the user's voice, which is widely welcomed in seeking to refine the way ...
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This concluding chapter discusses the personal experience of the author in dealing with palliative care and the concept of the user's voice, which is widely welcomed in seeking to refine the way forward. It reveals that the common thread that unites the chapters in this book is a deep humanity, which is focused on improving the lot of the terminally ill. The chapter also shows that palliative care needs to operate within complex structures: organizational and even political. Alliances between diverse groups of people must be formed and financial limitations faced.Less
This concluding chapter discusses the personal experience of the author in dealing with palliative care and the concept of the user's voice, which is widely welcomed in seeking to refine the way forward. It reveals that the common thread that unites the chapters in this book is a deep humanity, which is focused on improving the lot of the terminally ill. The chapter also shows that palliative care needs to operate within complex structures: organizational and even political. Alliances between diverse groups of people must be formed and financial limitations faced.
Giandomenico Majone
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199274307
- eISBN:
- 9780191603310
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199274304.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Critics of globalization argue that economic integration threatens democracy and national sovereignty by restricting the range of public goods political leaders can offer to their voters. However, ...
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Critics of globalization argue that economic integration threatens democracy and national sovereignty by restricting the range of public goods political leaders can offer to their voters. However, the experience of the EU shows that it is possible to integrate economically without eliminating either national sovereignty or the welfare state. This is not to say that the welfare state is not facing serious challenges, but these are largely endogeneous (unfavorable demographic trends, growing popular resistance to high levels of taxation, etc.). In the EU, the problem is not a diminution of democracy at the national level, but a democratic deficit at the supranational level. Representative democracy can only flourish at national level, but supranational institutions can improve its quality by disciplining the discretion of national governments.Less
Critics of globalization argue that economic integration threatens democracy and national sovereignty by restricting the range of public goods political leaders can offer to their voters. However, the experience of the EU shows that it is possible to integrate economically without eliminating either national sovereignty or the welfare state. This is not to say that the welfare state is not facing serious challenges, but these are largely endogeneous (unfavorable demographic trends, growing popular resistance to high levels of taxation, etc.). In the EU, the problem is not a diminution of democracy at the national level, but a democratic deficit at the supranational level. Representative democracy can only flourish at national level, but supranational institutions can improve its quality by disciplining the discretion of national governments.
Charles Taylor
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294962
- eISBN:
- 9780191598708
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198294964.003.0018
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
There is a way of going about arbitrating a difference, not by finding a procedural principle, which will adjudicate it once and for all, but by confronting the identity needs and the demands of ...
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There is a way of going about arbitrating a difference, not by finding a procedural principle, which will adjudicate it once and for all, but by confronting the identity needs and the demands of faith and principle that are here in confrontation, and trying to come to some defensible accommodation. One can say that, if the proponents of school prayer had had the sense to stop being Christians, and to redefine themselves as agnostic Kantians, they would have seen that they were being equally respected, qua rational agents, or life-plan choosers–but to take that as a modality of respect in a plural society sounds more like a bad joke than like good political philosophy. There are deep reasons in epistemology, and a theory of human agency and freedom, to go for a procedural ethics and politics, but the nature of the debate, in which the second Rawls is a key figure, was meant to bypass metaphysics and to bracket the deep theories of epistemology and anthropology. A subgroup which is not listened to, is in some respects excluded from the “nation,” but by this same token, it is no longer bound by the will of that nation. What Foucault defined as the only really healthy mode of identity formation, the definition of self in the aesthetic dimension, was a completely solo operation, the achievement of lone virtuosi, who could learn from each other, but did not need to associate with each other; one could not be farther removed from the Herder–Humboldt perspective, which may be the only perspective from which one can distinguish destructive from creative modes of multiculturalism.Less
There is a way of going about arbitrating a difference, not by finding a procedural principle, which will adjudicate it once and for all, but by confronting the identity needs and the demands of faith and principle that are here in confrontation, and trying to come to some defensible accommodation. One can say that, if the proponents of school prayer had had the sense to stop being Christians, and to redefine themselves as agnostic Kantians, they would have seen that they were being equally respected, qua rational agents, or life-plan choosers–but to take that as a modality of respect in a plural society sounds more like a bad joke than like good political philosophy. There are deep reasons in epistemology, and a theory of human agency and freedom, to go for a procedural ethics and politics, but the nature of the debate, in which the second Rawls is a key figure, was meant to bypass metaphysics and to bracket the deep theories of epistemology and anthropology. A subgroup which is not listened to, is in some respects excluded from the “nation,” but by this same token, it is no longer bound by the will of that nation. What Foucault defined as the only really healthy mode of identity formation, the definition of self in the aesthetic dimension, was a completely solo operation, the achievement of lone virtuosi, who could learn from each other, but did not need to associate with each other; one could not be farther removed from the Herder–Humboldt perspective, which may be the only perspective from which one can distinguish destructive from creative modes of multiculturalism.
Joseph H. Carens
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297680
- eISBN:
- 9780191598937
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297688.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Explores the possibilities of reconciling the demands of aboriginal peoples in Canada for forms of self‐government that will reflect and protect their distinct cultural traditions with the idea of a ...
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Explores the possibilities of reconciling the demands of aboriginal peoples in Canada for forms of self‐government that will reflect and protect their distinct cultural traditions with the idea of a shared Canadian citizenship based on equality and political unity. It outlines the long history of the use of Canadian citizenship as a tool of coercive assimilation of First Nations people in Canada and argues that this history justifies considerable wariness on their part toward any project of civic integration. It also considers the question of whether the cultural differences between aboriginal people and other Canadians would warrant some limitations on the application of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canada's Bill of Rights) to aboriginal people. Finally, the chapter argues that a unitary model of citizenship is bound to fail to achieve the civic integration of aboriginal people. It contends that a version of differentiated citizenship that makes dialogue over justice and cultural difference central is the best hope for achieving civic integration, though it is an approach that carries its own risks.Less
Explores the possibilities of reconciling the demands of aboriginal peoples in Canada for forms of self‐government that will reflect and protect their distinct cultural traditions with the idea of a shared Canadian citizenship based on equality and political unity. It outlines the long history of the use of Canadian citizenship as a tool of coercive assimilation of First Nations people in Canada and argues that this history justifies considerable wariness on their part toward any project of civic integration. It also considers the question of whether the cultural differences between aboriginal people and other Canadians would warrant some limitations on the application of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canada's Bill of Rights) to aboriginal people. Finally, the chapter argues that a unitary model of citizenship is bound to fail to achieve the civic integration of aboriginal people. It contends that a version of differentiated citizenship that makes dialogue over justice and cultural difference central is the best hope for achieving civic integration, though it is an approach that carries its own risks.
Robin Devenish and Amanda Cooper-Sarkar
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198506713
- eISBN:
- 9780191709562
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506713.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
The book provides a self-contained account of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) in high energy physics. It covers the classic results that lead to the quark-parton model of hadrons and the ...
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The book provides a self-contained account of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) in high energy physics. It covers the classic results that lead to the quark-parton model of hadrons and the establishment of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), through to the new vistas in the subject opened up by the electron-proton collider HERA. The extraction of parton momentum distribution functions, a key input for physics at hadron colliders such as the Tevatron and Large Hadron Collider (LHC), is described in detail. The challenges of the HERA data at low-x are described, and possible explanations in terms of gluon dynamics outlined. Other chapters cover: jet production at large momentum transfer and the determination of the strong coupling constant; electroweak probes at very high momentum transfers; the extension of deep inelastic techniques to include hadronic probes; a summary of fully polarised inelastic scattering and the spin structure of the nucleon; and a brief account of methods for searching for signals ‘beyond the standard model’.Less
The book provides a self-contained account of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) in high energy physics. It covers the classic results that lead to the quark-parton model of hadrons and the establishment of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), through to the new vistas in the subject opened up by the electron-proton collider HERA. The extraction of parton momentum distribution functions, a key input for physics at hadron colliders such as the Tevatron and Large Hadron Collider (LHC), is described in detail. The challenges of the HERA data at low-x are described, and possible explanations in terms of gluon dynamics outlined. Other chapters cover: jet production at large momentum transfer and the determination of the strong coupling constant; electroweak probes at very high momentum transfers; the extension of deep inelastic techniques to include hadronic probes; a summary of fully polarised inelastic scattering and the spin structure of the nucleon; and a brief account of methods for searching for signals ‘beyond the standard model’.
Robert Mickey
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691133386
- eISBN:
- 9781400838783
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691133386.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The transformation of the American South—from authoritarian to democratic rule—is the most important political development since World War II. It has re-sorted voters into parties, remapped ...
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The transformation of the American South—from authoritarian to democratic rule—is the most important political development since World War II. It has re-sorted voters into parties, remapped presidential elections, and helped polarize Congress. Most important, it is the final step in America's democratization. This book illuminates this sea change by analyzing the democratization experiences of Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina. It argues that Southern states, from the 1890s until the early 1970s, constituted pockets of authoritarian rule trapped within and sustained by a federal democracy. These enclaves—devoted to cheap agricultural labor and white supremacy—were established by conservative Democrats to protect their careers and clients. From the abolition of the whites-only Democratic primary in 1944 until the national party reforms of the early 1970s, enclaves were battered and destroyed by a series of democratization pressures from inside and outside their borders. Drawing on archival research, the book traces how Deep South rulers—dissimilar in their internal conflict and political institutions—varied in their responses to these challenges. Ultimately, enclaves differed in their degree of violence, incorporation of African Americans, and reconciliation of Democrats with the national party. These diverse paths generated political and economic legacies that continue to reverberate today. Focusing on enclave rulers, their governance challenges, and the monumental achievements of their adversaries, the book shows how the struggles of the recent past have reshaped the South and, in so doing, America's political development.Less
The transformation of the American South—from authoritarian to democratic rule—is the most important political development since World War II. It has re-sorted voters into parties, remapped presidential elections, and helped polarize Congress. Most important, it is the final step in America's democratization. This book illuminates this sea change by analyzing the democratization experiences of Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina. It argues that Southern states, from the 1890s until the early 1970s, constituted pockets of authoritarian rule trapped within and sustained by a federal democracy. These enclaves—devoted to cheap agricultural labor and white supremacy—were established by conservative Democrats to protect their careers and clients. From the abolition of the whites-only Democratic primary in 1944 until the national party reforms of the early 1970s, enclaves were battered and destroyed by a series of democratization pressures from inside and outside their borders. Drawing on archival research, the book traces how Deep South rulers—dissimilar in their internal conflict and political institutions—varied in their responses to these challenges. Ultimately, enclaves differed in their degree of violence, incorporation of African Americans, and reconciliation of Democrats with the national party. These diverse paths generated political and economic legacies that continue to reverberate today. Focusing on enclave rulers, their governance challenges, and the monumental achievements of their adversaries, the book shows how the struggles of the recent past have reshaped the South and, in so doing, America's political development.
David N. Thomas, G.E. (Tony) Fogg, Peter Convey, Christian H. Fritsen, Josep-Maria Gili, Rolf Gradinger, Johanna Laybourn-Parry, Keith Reid, and David W.H. Walton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199298112
- eISBN:
- 9780191711640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298112.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter discusses the marine benthos. Topics covered include the littoral zone, the shallow sublittoral zone, the benthos of deep waters, benthos under ice shelves, and seasonality and dynamics ...
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This chapter discusses the marine benthos. Topics covered include the littoral zone, the shallow sublittoral zone, the benthos of deep waters, benthos under ice shelves, and seasonality and dynamics of benthic communities.Less
This chapter discusses the marine benthos. Topics covered include the littoral zone, the shallow sublittoral zone, the benthos of deep waters, benthos under ice shelves, and seasonality and dynamics of benthic communities.
David E. Vaillancourt and Janey Prodoehl
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0015
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Over the past several decades, models of basal ganglia function that describe the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease (PD) have emerged from studies in both nonhuman primates and rodents. One ...
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Over the past several decades, models of basal ganglia function that describe the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease (PD) have emerged from studies in both nonhuman primates and rodents. One influential experimental paradigm has relied upon infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a piperidine derivative, to acutely induce irreversible symptoms of Parkinsonism, including bradykinesia and rigidity, in animals. Investigators then use electrophysiological recordings in specific basal ganglia nuclei and cortical areas to relate behavioral deficits with electrophysiological recordings. Based on this experimental paradigm, clinically relevant models of basal ganglia and cortical function have been developed, and these models have led to new therapeutic interventions in humans with PD, such as deep brain stimulation. However, since the MPTP model causes a rapid degeneration of most of the cells in the substantia nigra, its significance for early-stage PD is less clear, because the development of PD symptoms in humans occurs more gradually. In addition, these models typically characterize the motor deficits of PD, with less focus on the nonmotor deficits of PD. In humans, most behavioral and brain imaging studies in PD have focused on patients with the disease who are more advanced in their symptomology, and who have already received symptomatic treatment. This can make it difficult to isolate the effects of the disease itself from the effects of the treatment on brain activation and behavior. As such, this chapter focuses on what is currently known regarding the motor and nonmotor features of patients with early-stage PD who have not yet started any symptomatic treatment (i.e., de novo PD). A substantial part of the chapter examines brain imaging studies of de novo PD.Less
Over the past several decades, models of basal ganglia function that describe the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease (PD) have emerged from studies in both nonhuman primates and rodents. One influential experimental paradigm has relied upon infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a piperidine derivative, to acutely induce irreversible symptoms of Parkinsonism, including bradykinesia and rigidity, in animals. Investigators then use electrophysiological recordings in specific basal ganglia nuclei and cortical areas to relate behavioral deficits with electrophysiological recordings. Based on this experimental paradigm, clinically relevant models of basal ganglia and cortical function have been developed, and these models have led to new therapeutic interventions in humans with PD, such as deep brain stimulation. However, since the MPTP model causes a rapid degeneration of most of the cells in the substantia nigra, its significance for early-stage PD is less clear, because the development of PD symptoms in humans occurs more gradually. In addition, these models typically characterize the motor deficits of PD, with less focus on the nonmotor deficits of PD. In humans, most behavioral and brain imaging studies in PD have focused on patients with the disease who are more advanced in their symptomology, and who have already received symptomatic treatment. This can make it difficult to isolate the effects of the disease itself from the effects of the treatment on brain activation and behavior. As such, this chapter focuses on what is currently known regarding the motor and nonmotor features of patients with early-stage PD who have not yet started any symptomatic treatment (i.e., de novo PD). A substantial part of the chapter examines brain imaging studies of de novo PD.
Morten L. Kringelbach, Peter C. Hansen, Alex L. Green, and Tipu Z. Aziz
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195307238
- eISBN:
- 9780199863990
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307238.003.0015
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Techniques
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a powerful clinical tool that has provided remarkable therapeutic benefits for otherwise treatment-resistant movement and affective disorders. The precise mechanisms ...
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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a powerful clinical tool that has provided remarkable therapeutic benefits for otherwise treatment-resistant movement and affective disorders. The precise mechanisms of action for DBS remain uncertain but are likely to result through causal manipulation of both local and distributed brain networks. Recently, non-invasive neuroimaging methods such as magnetoencephalography have started to be used in conjunction with DBS in order to map the fundamental mechanisms of normal and abnormal oscillatory synchronization underlying human brain function. This chapter begins with an introductory overview of the current state-of-art of DBS and the previous use of neuroimaging techniques with DBS. It then describes the methods and results of using MEG to measure both low and high frequency stimulation. It discusses the importance of the findings, as well as potential confounds and future possibilities of combining MEG and DBS.Less
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a powerful clinical tool that has provided remarkable therapeutic benefits for otherwise treatment-resistant movement and affective disorders. The precise mechanisms of action for DBS remain uncertain but are likely to result through causal manipulation of both local and distributed brain networks. Recently, non-invasive neuroimaging methods such as magnetoencephalography have started to be used in conjunction with DBS in order to map the fundamental mechanisms of normal and abnormal oscillatory synchronization underlying human brain function. This chapter begins with an introductory overview of the current state-of-art of DBS and the previous use of neuroimaging techniques with DBS. It then describes the methods and results of using MEG to measure both low and high frequency stimulation. It discusses the importance of the findings, as well as potential confounds and future possibilities of combining MEG and DBS.
Richard C. Tinsley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198529873
- eISBN:
- 9780191712777
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529873.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
There is good physiological documentation of the survival of parasites (generally the ‘off-host’ stages) in environments that would be considered hostile to life and characterized by freezing, ...
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There is good physiological documentation of the survival of parasites (generally the ‘off-host’ stages) in environments that would be considered hostile to life and characterized by freezing, extreme desiccation, and so on. Equivalent adaptations may occur in free-living organisms, and are not therefore a feature of parasitism. However, these mechanisms are relevant to the ability of some parasites to persist in ecosystems at the margins of survival of life (as in hot and cold deserts). It is a feature of many such severe environments that constraints are relaxed periodically, even if very briefly, creating a ‘window of opportunity’ when transfer from host to host may occur. It is of even greater interest that, in some cases, transmission may continue even when external conditions appear to be most extreme and when it might be predicted that transmission should be arrested. In these situations, the host is typically regarded as the ‘safe’ environment while the external environment is viewed as hostile. In contrast, there is now abundant evidence that the host actually represents the most hostile environment in the parasite’s life cycle, constituting a finely tuned ‘killing machine’. The mechanisms of the various lethal factors are well documented, together with the reciprocal parasite adaptations for evasion and suppression of attack. This review takes an ecological perspective. Variations in parasite infectivity for particular host types and in host susceptibility to infection determine that some ‘environments’ (hosts) are more hostile than others. The shifting balance between prevailing host and parasite types determines the ability of parasites to persist in the spectrum of environments within the ecosystem. Even the ‘favourable’ environments (in which surviving infections reproduce) may be responsible for major mortality within parasite populations and this contributes to the regulation of the interactions.Less
There is good physiological documentation of the survival of parasites (generally the ‘off-host’ stages) in environments that would be considered hostile to life and characterized by freezing, extreme desiccation, and so on. Equivalent adaptations may occur in free-living organisms, and are not therefore a feature of parasitism. However, these mechanisms are relevant to the ability of some parasites to persist in ecosystems at the margins of survival of life (as in hot and cold deserts). It is a feature of many such severe environments that constraints are relaxed periodically, even if very briefly, creating a ‘window of opportunity’ when transfer from host to host may occur. It is of even greater interest that, in some cases, transmission may continue even when external conditions appear to be most extreme and when it might be predicted that transmission should be arrested. In these situations, the host is typically regarded as the ‘safe’ environment while the external environment is viewed as hostile. In contrast, there is now abundant evidence that the host actually represents the most hostile environment in the parasite’s life cycle, constituting a finely tuned ‘killing machine’. The mechanisms of the various lethal factors are well documented, together with the reciprocal parasite adaptations for evasion and suppression of attack. This review takes an ecological perspective. Variations in parasite infectivity for particular host types and in host susceptibility to infection determine that some ‘environments’ (hosts) are more hostile than others. The shifting balance between prevailing host and parasite types determines the ability of parasites to persist in the spectrum of environments within the ecosystem. Even the ‘favourable’ environments (in which surviving infections reproduce) may be responsible for major mortality within parasite populations and this contributes to the regulation of the interactions.
John M. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297078
- eISBN:
- 9780191711404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297078.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This introductory chapter outlines the three parts of the book. Part I (Chapters 2-5) is a brief history of the tradition in the study of case that case grammar develops, and of the early ...
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This introductory chapter outlines the three parts of the book. Part I (Chapters 2-5) is a brief history of the tradition in the study of case that case grammar develops, and of the early developments in case grammar, including their implications for the then-current notion of ‘deep structure’. Part II (Chapters 6-9) describes modern localist case grammar and the solutions it proposes for various complexities in the implementation of a case grammar. It concludes with a rebuttal of attempts to eliminate or minimize the role of semantic (or ‘case’) relations in the grammar. Part III argues that the semantic groundedness of case is typical of syntactic categories and syntax in general, and looks at the consequences of such a notional view for concepts such as ‘universal grammar’, innateness, and linguistic creativity.Less
This introductory chapter outlines the three parts of the book. Part I (Chapters 2-5) is a brief history of the tradition in the study of case that case grammar develops, and of the early developments in case grammar, including their implications for the then-current notion of ‘deep structure’. Part II (Chapters 6-9) describes modern localist case grammar and the solutions it proposes for various complexities in the implementation of a case grammar. It concludes with a rebuttal of attempts to eliminate or minimize the role of semantic (or ‘case’) relations in the grammar. Part III argues that the semantic groundedness of case is typical of syntactic categories and syntax in general, and looks at the consequences of such a notional view for concepts such as ‘universal grammar’, innateness, and linguistic creativity.
John M. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199297078
- eISBN:
- 9780191711404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297078.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier ...
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This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier arguments against the notion of ‘unaccusativity’ as unitary and as resolving various lexical and syntax problems in non-case-grammars, against the lexical relevance to the lexicon of grammatical relations or the configurations that define them, and against non-case-grammar formulations of syntactic processes, such as ‘raising’. It comments on the belated recognition of semantic relations as ‘thematic relations’ in the main transformational tradition, and the uncertainty of their role in linguistic formulations. It is argued that contrary to this tardy and grudging recognition, the motivations offered for a level of ‘deep structure’, including so-called ‘subject/object asymmetries’, could already be seen to be inadequate at an early stage.Less
This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier arguments against the notion of ‘unaccusativity’ as unitary and as resolving various lexical and syntax problems in non-case-grammars, against the lexical relevance to the lexicon of grammatical relations or the configurations that define them, and against non-case-grammar formulations of syntactic processes, such as ‘raising’. It comments on the belated recognition of semantic relations as ‘thematic relations’ in the main transformational tradition, and the uncertainty of their role in linguistic formulations. It is argued that contrary to this tardy and grudging recognition, the motivations offered for a level of ‘deep structure’, including so-called ‘subject/object asymmetries’, could already be seen to be inadequate at an early stage.
Jacob W. Kipp
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199599486
- eISBN:
- 9780191595806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599486.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Theory
This chapter analyses the evolution of Soviet‐Russian operational art from the perspectives of both war and society. The chapter begins by examining the ideas developed by officer‐scholars such as ...
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This chapter analyses the evolution of Soviet‐Russian operational art from the perspectives of both war and society. The chapter begins by examining the ideas developed by officer‐scholars such as Aleksandr A. Svechin and Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the former emphasizing a form of attrition as an alternative to destruction of the enemy army and the latter focusing on ‘deep operations’ and their linkage to the strategy of annihilation. The author examines operational art in various campaigns and battles during the Second World War, from the Soviet–Finnish War of 1939–40 to the linked operations Bagration and Lvov‐Sandomierz in the summer of 1944 which is characterized as an ‘outstanding example of Soviet operational art’.Less
This chapter analyses the evolution of Soviet‐Russian operational art from the perspectives of both war and society. The chapter begins by examining the ideas developed by officer‐scholars such as Aleksandr A. Svechin and Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the former emphasizing a form of attrition as an alternative to destruction of the enemy army and the latter focusing on ‘deep operations’ and their linkage to the strategy of annihilation. The author examines operational art in various campaigns and battles during the Second World War, from the Soviet–Finnish War of 1939–40 to the linked operations Bagration and Lvov‐Sandomierz in the summer of 1944 which is characterized as an ‘outstanding example of Soviet operational art’.
Thomas W. Cronin, Sönke Johnsen, N. Justin Marshall, and Eric J. Warrant
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151847
- eISBN:
- 9781400853021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151847.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter explains how humans, and nearly all animals on Earth, witness astonishing variation in their optical environment. Brightness changes by many orders of magnitude each day, and colors also ...
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This chapter explains how humans, and nearly all animals on Earth, witness astonishing variation in their optical environment. Brightness changes by many orders of magnitude each day, and colors also shift dramatically. Those animals that enter forests and especially the water experience even larger changes. Given this, it is surprising that nearly all the natural light on Earth ultimately comes from two sources, the sun and bioluminescence. A final source of light that is potentially relevant to vision is mechanoluminescence. In this process, light is produced by mechanical processes, including deformation (piezoluminescence), fracturing (triboluminescence), and crystallization (crystalloluminescence). The latter two have been suggested as being at least partially responsible for ambient light at deep-sea vents.Less
This chapter explains how humans, and nearly all animals on Earth, witness astonishing variation in their optical environment. Brightness changes by many orders of magnitude each day, and colors also shift dramatically. Those animals that enter forests and especially the water experience even larger changes. Given this, it is surprising that nearly all the natural light on Earth ultimately comes from two sources, the sun and bioluminescence. A final source of light that is potentially relevant to vision is mechanoluminescence. In this process, light is produced by mechanical processes, including deformation (piezoluminescence), fracturing (triboluminescence), and crystallization (crystalloluminescence). The latter two have been suggested as being at least partially responsible for ambient light at deep-sea vents.
Thomas W. Cronin, Sönke Johnsen, N. Justin Marshall, and Eric J. Warrant
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151847
- eISBN:
- 9781400853021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151847.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter discusses how darkness provides excellent advantages for a wide variety of animals, for the simple reason that vision—a primary sense for predators and foragers alike—becomes severely ...
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This chapter discusses how darkness provides excellent advantages for a wide variety of animals, for the simple reason that vision—a primary sense for predators and foragers alike—becomes severely disabled when faced with a paucity of light. Thus, in a fiercely competitive rainforest, the cover of night provides respite from visually dependent predators and competitors, a fact that has encouraged the evolution of nocturnal activity in many different taxa. In the endlessly dim world of the deep ocean, the cover of darkness is instead permanent, and vision is relentlessly pressed at the limits of the physically possible. In some species the eyes have evolved extreme adaptations for extracting the most fleeting of visual cues. Others have given up the fight altogether, their eyes having regressed to mere vestiges.Less
This chapter discusses how darkness provides excellent advantages for a wide variety of animals, for the simple reason that vision—a primary sense for predators and foragers alike—becomes severely disabled when faced with a paucity of light. Thus, in a fiercely competitive rainforest, the cover of night provides respite from visually dependent predators and competitors, a fact that has encouraged the evolution of nocturnal activity in many different taxa. In the endlessly dim world of the deep ocean, the cover of darkness is instead permanent, and vision is relentlessly pressed at the limits of the physically possible. In some species the eyes have evolved extreme adaptations for extracting the most fleeting of visual cues. Others have given up the fight altogether, their eyes having regressed to mere vestiges.
Brian C. Odom and Stephen P. Waring (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780813066202
- eISBN:
- 9780813065205
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813066202.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
NASA and the Long Civil Rights Movement addresses the role/relationship of NASA and the Apollo program to the “long” civil rights movement in, particularly but not limited to, the Deep South ...
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NASA and the Long Civil Rights Movement addresses the role/relationship of NASA and the Apollo program to the “long” civil rights movement in, particularly but not limited to, the Deep South (Huntsville, Florida, Houston, Mississippi, and New Orleans) and identifies the impact of NASA on the movement and the experiences of those who were directly affected by the space program and the impact of the movement on NASA’s development during the Cold War.Less
NASA and the Long Civil Rights Movement addresses the role/relationship of NASA and the Apollo program to the “long” civil rights movement in, particularly but not limited to, the Deep South (Huntsville, Florida, Houston, Mississippi, and New Orleans) and identifies the impact of NASA on the movement and the experiences of those who were directly affected by the space program and the impact of the movement on NASA’s development during the Cold War.
Caroline Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231577
- eISBN:
- 9780191716102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231577.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter considers objections to the proposal of the second part of the book which are not simply objections to the claim that our arithmetical concepts are empirically grounded. These include ...
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This chapter considers objections to the proposal of the second part of the book which are not simply objections to the claim that our arithmetical concepts are empirically grounded. These include some objections that might be generated by a broadly Quinean outlook, a circularity worry (which are related here to the Wittgensteinian notion of ‘deep nonsense’), and a number of issues concerning the epistemic step from possession of concepts to belief in conceptually true propositions. The chapter also discusses in some detail the objection that, by definition, arithmetical knowledge cannot be a priori if it is empirical.Less
This chapter considers objections to the proposal of the second part of the book which are not simply objections to the claim that our arithmetical concepts are empirically grounded. These include some objections that might be generated by a broadly Quinean outlook, a circularity worry (which are related here to the Wittgensteinian notion of ‘deep nonsense’), and a number of issues concerning the epistemic step from possession of concepts to belief in conceptually true propositions. The chapter also discusses in some detail the objection that, by definition, arithmetical knowledge cannot be a priori if it is empirical.
