Paul F. Lurquin and Linda Stone
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195315387
- eISBN:
- 9780199785674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315387.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter demonstrates that the origin of the universe was probabilistic, not preordained, because Heisenberg's uncertainty principle would have been violated at the level of the Big Bang. The ...
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This chapter demonstrates that the origin of the universe was probabilistic, not preordained, because Heisenberg's uncertainty principle would have been violated at the level of the Big Bang. The appearance of structure in the universe was made possible by the decoupling of matter and radiation about 400,000 years after the Big Bang. Structure appeared — and continues to appear — without violating the second law of thermodynamics because entropy is not increasing as fast as it could, and this keeps the universe in a state of disequilibrium, not equilibrium. Life appeared as a consequence of this disequilibrium, possibly involving a sequence of events such as formation of an organic prebiotic soup (or synthesis of organic compounds in hydrothermal vents), the appearance of an RNA world, and the formation of lipid-bound hypercycles.Less
This chapter demonstrates that the origin of the universe was probabilistic, not preordained, because Heisenberg's uncertainty principle would have been violated at the level of the Big Bang. The appearance of structure in the universe was made possible by the decoupling of matter and radiation about 400,000 years after the Big Bang. Structure appeared — and continues to appear — without violating the second law of thermodynamics because entropy is not increasing as fast as it could, and this keeps the universe in a state of disequilibrium, not equilibrium. Life appeared as a consequence of this disequilibrium, possibly involving a sequence of events such as formation of an organic prebiotic soup (or synthesis of organic compounds in hydrothermal vents), the appearance of an RNA world, and the formation of lipid-bound hypercycles.
Carsten Daugbjerg and Alan Swinbank
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557752
- eISBN:
- 9780191721922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557752.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Chapter 6 moves from the global to the EU level to analyse the way in which the ideational shift of the global farm trade regime has influenced the development of EU agricultural policy institutions ...
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Chapter 6 moves from the global to the EU level to analyse the way in which the ideational shift of the global farm trade regime has influenced the development of EU agricultural policy institutions and the CAP. It demonstrates that the changed global context, emerging in the early 1990s, increasingly influenced CAP decision-making institutions that, in turn, affected the design of agricultural support measures. The MacSharry reform of 1992 changed the architecture of the CAP, switching from market price support to direct payments; and the Fischler reforms of 2003/04 resulted in a further decoupling of farm support.Less
Chapter 6 moves from the global to the EU level to analyse the way in which the ideational shift of the global farm trade regime has influenced the development of EU agricultural policy institutions and the CAP. It demonstrates that the changed global context, emerging in the early 1990s, increasingly influenced CAP decision-making institutions that, in turn, affected the design of agricultural support measures. The MacSharry reform of 1992 changed the architecture of the CAP, switching from market price support to direct payments; and the Fischler reforms of 2003/04 resulted in a further decoupling of farm support.
R.C. Picu and M.A. Soare
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199233854
- eISBN:
- 9780191715532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233854.003.0002
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
A broad range of natural and man-made materials, such as the trabecular bone, aerogels have hierarchical microstructure. Performing efficient design of structures made from such materials requires ...
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A broad range of natural and man-made materials, such as the trabecular bone, aerogels have hierarchical microstructure. Performing efficient design of structures made from such materials requires the ability to integrate the governing equations of the respective physics on supports with complex geometry. The traditional approach is to devise constitutive equations which are either calibrated based on experiments or on micromechanics considerations. However, traditional homogenization cannot be used in most of these cases in which scale decoupling does not exist and the structure geometry lacks translational symmetry. Several efforts have been made recently to develop new formulations of mechanics that include information about the geometry in the governing equations. This new concept is based on the idea that the geometric complexity of the domain can be incorporated in the governing equations, rather than in the definition of the boundary conditions, as usual in classical continuum mechanics. In this chapter we review the progress made to date in this direction.Less
A broad range of natural and man-made materials, such as the trabecular bone, aerogels have hierarchical microstructure. Performing efficient design of structures made from such materials requires the ability to integrate the governing equations of the respective physics on supports with complex geometry. The traditional approach is to devise constitutive equations which are either calibrated based on experiments or on micromechanics considerations. However, traditional homogenization cannot be used in most of these cases in which scale decoupling does not exist and the structure geometry lacks translational symmetry. Several efforts have been made recently to develop new formulations of mechanics that include information about the geometry in the governing equations. This new concept is based on the idea that the geometric complexity of the domain can be incorporated in the governing equations, rather than in the definition of the boundary conditions, as usual in classical continuum mechanics. In this chapter we review the progress made to date in this direction.
Arlindo Cunha and Alan Swinbank
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199591572
- eISBN:
- 9780191725579
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199591572.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, International Relations and Politics
The 2003 reform is generally considered to have been the most radical in the history of the CAP, in that it largely decoupled farm income support from production with the introduction of the Single ...
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The 2003 reform is generally considered to have been the most radical in the history of the CAP, in that it largely decoupled farm income support from production with the introduction of the Single Payment Scheme. There was some strengthening of the second pillar (rural development) as a result of modulation diverting budget funds from direct income support. Decoupling strengthened the EU's negotiating hand in the ongoing Doha Round of WTO negotiations, but these failed to achieve a breakthrough in Cancún. As in chapters 5 and 6, this chapter outlines the economic and social context, and assesses the factors that motivated the reform proposals and influenced and determined its final outcome.Less
The 2003 reform is generally considered to have been the most radical in the history of the CAP, in that it largely decoupled farm income support from production with the introduction of the Single Payment Scheme. There was some strengthening of the second pillar (rural development) as a result of modulation diverting budget funds from direct income support. Decoupling strengthened the EU's negotiating hand in the ongoing Doha Round of WTO negotiations, but these failed to achieve a breakthrough in Cancún. As in chapters 5 and 6, this chapter outlines the economic and social context, and assesses the factors that motivated the reform proposals and influenced and determined its final outcome.
Michael Power
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198296034
- eISBN:
- 9780191685187
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198296034.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking, Organization Studies
This chapter examines the manner in which auditing works by virtue of actively creating the external organizational environment in which it operates. It also addresses how the consequences of ...
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This chapter examines the manner in which auditing works by virtue of actively creating the external organizational environment in which it operates. It also addresses how the consequences of auditing can be schematically explored in terms of decoupling and colonization. The discussion begins by considering some general criticisms of the New Public Management (NPM) and their implications for auditing. Three cases are offered, which show the tension between concepts of auditable performance derived from quality assurance systems and one which is rooted in the specialist judgement and knowledge base of different service professionals. It is important to know the ‘regulatory paradoxes’ which surround audit. The discussion of auditable performance measurement indicates how ‘the anxious ruler tries to make his illusions come true by way of a mixture of minute controls and rigorous isolation’.Less
This chapter examines the manner in which auditing works by virtue of actively creating the external organizational environment in which it operates. It also addresses how the consequences of auditing can be schematically explored in terms of decoupling and colonization. The discussion begins by considering some general criticisms of the New Public Management (NPM) and their implications for auditing. Three cases are offered, which show the tension between concepts of auditable performance derived from quality assurance systems and one which is rooted in the specialist judgement and knowledge base of different service professionals. It is important to know the ‘regulatory paradoxes’ which surround audit. The discussion of auditable performance measurement indicates how ‘the anxious ruler tries to make his illusions come true by way of a mixture of minute controls and rigorous isolation’.
Prema-Chandra Athukorala and Archanun Kohpaiboon
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199660957
- eISBN:
- 9780191748981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660957.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, South and East Asia
This chapter examines the export experience of East Asian economies in the aftermath of the crisis against the backdrop of a systematic analysis of pre-crisis trade patterns. The analysis is ...
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This chapter examines the export experience of East Asian economies in the aftermath of the crisis against the backdrop of a systematic analysis of pre-crisis trade patterns. The analysis is motivated by the “decoupling” thesis, which was a popular theme in Asian policy circles in the lead-up to the onset of the recent financial crisis, and aims to probe three key issues: Was the East Asian trade integration story that underpinned the decoupling thesis simply a statistical artefact or the massive export contraction caused by an overreaction of traders to the global economic crisis and/or by the drying up of trade credit, which overpowered the cushion provided by intra-regional trade? What are the new policy challenges faced by the East Asian economies? Is there room for an integrated policy response that marks a clear departure from the pre-crisis policy stance favouring export-oriented growth?Less
This chapter examines the export experience of East Asian economies in the aftermath of the crisis against the backdrop of a systematic analysis of pre-crisis trade patterns. The analysis is motivated by the “decoupling” thesis, which was a popular theme in Asian policy circles in the lead-up to the onset of the recent financial crisis, and aims to probe three key issues: Was the East Asian trade integration story that underpinned the decoupling thesis simply a statistical artefact or the massive export contraction caused by an overreaction of traders to the global economic crisis and/or by the drying up of trade credit, which overpowered the cushion provided by intra-regional trade? What are the new policy challenges faced by the East Asian economies? Is there room for an integrated policy response that marks a clear departure from the pre-crisis policy stance favouring export-oriented growth?
Yung Chul Park
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199660957
- eISBN:
- 9780191748981
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660957.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics, South and East Asia
Most of the studies on Asia's “decoupling” cover the period before the 2008 global financial crisis. In view of the faster recovery East Asia from the 2008 global economic crisis, it would be ...
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Most of the studies on Asia's “decoupling” cover the period before the 2008 global financial crisis. In view of the faster recovery East Asia from the 2008 global economic crisis, it would be interesting to examine whether the crisis has changed the structure of trade linkages and financial spill overs between East Asia and the rest of the world to lend credence to the decoupling thesis. For this purpose, this chapter identifies some of the factors that are likely to cause the decoupling, analyzes East Asia's experience with the 2008 global crisis to examine whether the crisis has strengthened the case for the decoupling, and discusses the prospects for the decoupling in the future.Less
Most of the studies on Asia's “decoupling” cover the period before the 2008 global financial crisis. In view of the faster recovery East Asia from the 2008 global economic crisis, it would be interesting to examine whether the crisis has changed the structure of trade linkages and financial spill overs between East Asia and the rest of the world to lend credence to the decoupling thesis. For this purpose, this chapter identifies some of the factors that are likely to cause the decoupling, analyzes East Asia's experience with the 2008 global crisis to examine whether the crisis has strengthened the case for the decoupling, and discusses the prospects for the decoupling in the future.
Carlo Giunti and Chung W. Kim
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198508717
- eISBN:
- 9780191708862
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508717.003.0016
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter introduces the standard cosmological model and explains basic general relativity, Robertson–Walker metric (geodesic motion, redshift, Hubble's law, angular diameter-redshift relation, ...
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This chapter introduces the standard cosmological model and explains basic general relativity, Robertson–Walker metric (geodesic motion, redshift, Hubble's law, angular diameter-redshift relation, and particle horizon), dynamics of expansion, matter-dominated Universe, radiation-dominated Universe, curvature-dominated Universe, vacuum-dominated Universe, thermodynamics of the early Universe, entropy, decoupling, and cosmic microwave background radiation.Less
This chapter introduces the standard cosmological model and explains basic general relativity, Robertson–Walker metric (geodesic motion, redshift, Hubble's law, angular diameter-redshift relation, and particle horizon), dynamics of expansion, matter-dominated Universe, radiation-dominated Universe, curvature-dominated Universe, vacuum-dominated Universe, thermodynamics of the early Universe, entropy, decoupling, and cosmic microwave background radiation.
Carlo Giunti and Chung W. Kim
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198508717
- eISBN:
- 9780191708862
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198508717.003.0017
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter discusses the physics of relic neutrinos with detailed treatment of neutrino decoupling, electron-positron annihilation, neutrino temperature, energy density of light massive neutrinos, ...
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This chapter discusses the physics of relic neutrinos with detailed treatment of neutrino decoupling, electron-positron annihilation, neutrino temperature, energy density of light massive neutrinos, energy density of heavy neutrinos, Big-Bang nucleosynthesis, large-scale structure formation (baryonic matter, cold dark matter, and hot dark matter), global fits of cosmological data, number of neutrinos (the limit from CMBR, and the limit from CMBR and LSS, and limit from BBN), and neutrino asymmetry (the limit from CMBR and LSS, and the limit from BBN).Less
This chapter discusses the physics of relic neutrinos with detailed treatment of neutrino decoupling, electron-positron annihilation, neutrino temperature, energy density of light massive neutrinos, energy density of heavy neutrinos, Big-Bang nucleosynthesis, large-scale structure formation (baryonic matter, cold dark matter, and hot dark matter), global fits of cosmological data, number of neutrinos (the limit from CMBR, and the limit from CMBR and LSS, and limit from BBN), and neutrino asymmetry (the limit from CMBR and LSS, and the limit from BBN).
Paul Ekins
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199584505
- eISBN:
- 9780191725012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584505.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
This chapter sets the scene for the book as a whole. It presents the arguments on the urgent need to achieve absolute decoupling of economic growth and performance from environmental impact; the ...
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This chapter sets the scene for the book as a whole. It presents the arguments on the urgent need to achieve absolute decoupling of economic growth and performance from environmental impact; the policies that can be used to achieve decoupling and improve the environment; and the contribution that the environment and economic growth make to human well-being. The chapter introduces the concept of environmental tax reform (ETR)—a policy for the reform of the national tax system, whereby the burden of taxes is shifted from conventional taxes, such as those levied on labour and capital (‘goods’), to taxes on environmentally related activities that involve resource use, particularly energy, or environmental pollution (‘bads’). It then discusses why it is likely that relative prices, and therefore ETR, have an essential role to play in achieving absolute decoupling. It then outlines the structure of the book and the main themes of the chapters that follow.Less
This chapter sets the scene for the book as a whole. It presents the arguments on the urgent need to achieve absolute decoupling of economic growth and performance from environmental impact; the policies that can be used to achieve decoupling and improve the environment; and the contribution that the environment and economic growth make to human well-being. The chapter introduces the concept of environmental tax reform (ETR)—a policy for the reform of the national tax system, whereby the burden of taxes is shifted from conventional taxes, such as those levied on labour and capital (‘goods’), to taxes on environmentally related activities that involve resource use, particularly energy, or environmental pollution (‘bads’). It then discusses why it is likely that relative prices, and therefore ETR, have an essential role to play in achieving absolute decoupling. It then outlines the structure of the book and the main themes of the chapters that follow.
Keith E. Stanovich
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195341140
- eISBN:
- 9780199894307
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
This chapter fleshes out the full tri-process model (on autonomous, algorithmic, and reflective levels) of the mind. Fully decoupled cognitive simulation is distinguished from another type of Type 2 ...
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This chapter fleshes out the full tri-process model (on autonomous, algorithmic, and reflective levels) of the mind. Fully decoupled cognitive simulation is distinguished from another type of Type 2 cognition, a cognition termed serial associative cognition. Three different types of cognitive decoupling are also distinguished. In the override case, decoupling involves taking offline the connection between a primary representation and response programming. In the second case—the case of comprehensive simulation—decoupling involves segregating simulated models of the world from primary representations. A third type of decoupling involves interrupting serial associative cognition—that is, decoupling from the next step in an associative sequence that would otherwise direct thought.Less
This chapter fleshes out the full tri-process model (on autonomous, algorithmic, and reflective levels) of the mind. Fully decoupled cognitive simulation is distinguished from another type of Type 2 cognition, a cognition termed serial associative cognition. Three different types of cognitive decoupling are also distinguished. In the override case, decoupling involves taking offline the connection between a primary representation and response programming. In the second case—the case of comprehensive simulation—decoupling involves segregating simulated models of the world from primary representations. A third type of decoupling involves interrupting serial associative cognition—that is, decoupling from the next step in an associative sequence that would otherwise direct thought.
Keith E. Stanovich
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195341140
- eISBN:
- 9780199894307
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
This chapter explores the social consequences of the modest association between rational thinking and intelligence. It argues that an understanding of the implications of the modest association helps ...
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This chapter explores the social consequences of the modest association between rational thinking and intelligence. It argues that an understanding of the implications of the modest association helps to check the imperialism of the intelligence concept in folk psychology. Extant IQ tests do not measure rational thought, but instead are good indicators of algorithmic-level decoupling ability. Thus, we should not fold rationality into the concept of intelligence, because the most notable operational indicators of the latter do not begin to index the former. Knowledge of a person's intelligence does very little to predict how they will do on measures of rational thinking.Less
This chapter explores the social consequences of the modest association between rational thinking and intelligence. It argues that an understanding of the implications of the modest association helps to check the imperialism of the intelligence concept in folk psychology. Extant IQ tests do not measure rational thought, but instead are good indicators of algorithmic-level decoupling ability. Thus, we should not fold rationality into the concept of intelligence, because the most notable operational indicators of the latter do not begin to index the former. Knowledge of a person's intelligence does very little to predict how they will do on measures of rational thinking.
C. M. Roland
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199571574
- eISBN:
- 9780191728976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571574.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
When the density of segments becomes sufficiently high, the motions of polymer chains are governed primarily by intermolecular cooperativity. With continued cooling or pressurization, the timescale ...
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When the density of segments becomes sufficiently high, the motions of polymer chains are governed primarily by intermolecular cooperativity. With continued cooling or pressurization, the timescale of the motions can become so larger that relaxation is ‘arrested’, and the material transitions to a glassy state. Many plastics are glassy polymers; moreover, the glass transition is the operative mechanism in a number of applications of rubber. Nevertheless, because of the complex interplay of forces and structure, there is no comprehensive theory of the glass transition. In this chapter the diverse properties characteristic of vitrifying polymers—non-Arrhenius and non-Debye behaviors, the change in dynamics occurring above Tg, dynamic heterogeneity, the Johari—Goldstein process, and various decoupling phenomena—are described. Recent developments in quantifying the role of thermal energy and density on the behavior are reviewed.Less
When the density of segments becomes sufficiently high, the motions of polymer chains are governed primarily by intermolecular cooperativity. With continued cooling or pressurization, the timescale of the motions can become so larger that relaxation is ‘arrested’, and the material transitions to a glassy state. Many plastics are glassy polymers; moreover, the glass transition is the operative mechanism in a number of applications of rubber. Nevertheless, because of the complex interplay of forces and structure, there is no comprehensive theory of the glass transition. In this chapter the diverse properties characteristic of vitrifying polymers—non-Arrhenius and non-Debye behaviors, the change in dynamics occurring above Tg, dynamic heterogeneity, the Johari—Goldstein process, and various decoupling phenomena—are described. Recent developments in quantifying the role of thermal energy and density on the behavior are reviewed.
Francesco Lacquaniti, Mauro Carrozzo, and Nunzio Borghese
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198547853
- eISBN:
- 9780191724268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198547853.003.0174
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This chapter talks about the feedback and feedforward mechanism for the control of multijointed limbs. The control laws are here essentially decentralized: the actuator for each joint receives both ...
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This chapter talks about the feedback and feedforward mechanism for the control of multijointed limbs. The control laws are here essentially decentralized: the actuator for each joint receives both control and feedback inputs related to the changes in position and velocity of that joint only. This type of control works well under several circumstances. This is so-called multivariable control and involves output decoupling of the separate joints to guarantee a more efficient disturbance correction under widely different operating conditions. There are two different solutions to decoupling control. The essence in both is to provide information to the actuator of any joint about the motion at all other coupled joints. The first solution is based on feedback. The changes in output positional variables are sensed and fed back to each individual controller. There is an alternative approach that is much more efficient energetically, but more complex to implement. The second solution involves a feedforward scheme. It requires the precomputation of both direct and interaction terms in the coupled equations of motion for the desired trajectory of the manipulator. Direct terms are then fed forward to the corresponding controller, while interaction terms are fed forward to the controller of the dynamically coupled joints. In both feedback and feed-forward schemes, since the error signals that are sent to the actuators include all dynamic terms, the resulting outputs do not generally result in undesired disturbances of the position at the other links. Clearly, this solution is quite efficient, but it relies on a very accurate model of plant mechanics.Less
This chapter talks about the feedback and feedforward mechanism for the control of multijointed limbs. The control laws are here essentially decentralized: the actuator for each joint receives both control and feedback inputs related to the changes in position and velocity of that joint only. This type of control works well under several circumstances. This is so-called multivariable control and involves output decoupling of the separate joints to guarantee a more efficient disturbance correction under widely different operating conditions. There are two different solutions to decoupling control. The essence in both is to provide information to the actuator of any joint about the motion at all other coupled joints. The first solution is based on feedback. The changes in output positional variables are sensed and fed back to each individual controller. There is an alternative approach that is much more efficient energetically, but more complex to implement. The second solution involves a feedforward scheme. It requires the precomputation of both direct and interaction terms in the coupled equations of motion for the desired trajectory of the manipulator. Direct terms are then fed forward to the corresponding controller, while interaction terms are fed forward to the controller of the dynamically coupled joints. In both feedback and feed-forward schemes, since the error signals that are sent to the actuators include all dynamic terms, the resulting outputs do not generally result in undesired disturbances of the position at the other links. Clearly, this solution is quite efficient, but it relies on a very accurate model of plant mechanics.
Wolf-Georg Ringe
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198723035
- eISBN:
- 9780191789618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198723035.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter concludes the discussion and summarizes the findings. The concrete proposals made in this book are presented in the European regulatory context. However, the problem is a global one, and ...
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This chapter concludes the discussion and summarizes the findings. The concrete proposals made in this book are presented in the European regulatory context. However, the problem is a global one, and the policy considerations and the reasoning behind the regulatory tools would also hold true for any other jurisdiction in the world. The book therefore ends with the hope that the present study will encourage worldwide thinking about the phenomenon.Less
This chapter concludes the discussion and summarizes the findings. The concrete proposals made in this book are presented in the European regulatory context. However, the problem is a global one, and the policy considerations and the reasoning behind the regulatory tools would also hold true for any other jurisdiction in the world. The book therefore ends with the hope that the present study will encourage worldwide thinking about the phenomenon.
Subramanian Rangan
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198744283
- eISBN:
- 9780191805691
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198744283.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This section of the book summarizes the discussion in the five chapters that have covered the first theme in this book: problem. The chapters in this section have been devoted to achieving clarity ...
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This section of the book summarizes the discussion in the five chapters that have covered the first theme in this book: problem. The chapters in this section have been devoted to achieving clarity about the presence, nature, and extent of problems related to modern capitalism. Their general premise has been that the aims and practice of business enterprise have been decoupled in some respects from the notion of social progress. The chapters have explored this decoupling on a practical level and on a conceptual level.Less
This section of the book summarizes the discussion in the five chapters that have covered the first theme in this book: problem. The chapters in this section have been devoted to achieving clarity about the presence, nature, and extent of problems related to modern capitalism. Their general premise has been that the aims and practice of business enterprise have been decoupled in some respects from the notion of social progress. The chapters have explored this decoupling on a practical level and on a conceptual level.
Wolf-Georg Ringe
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198723035
- eISBN:
- 9780191789618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198723035.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law
This chapter introduces the topic of equity risk decoupling and provides simple examples to illustrate the problem. It further puts the book into the context of research on the topic and explains the ...
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This chapter introduces the topic of equity risk decoupling and provides simple examples to illustrate the problem. It further puts the book into the context of research on the topic and explains the book’s main contributions.Less
This chapter introduces the topic of equity risk decoupling and provides simple examples to illustrate the problem. It further puts the book into the context of research on the topic and explains the book’s main contributions.
Manuel de Vega
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199217274
- eISBN:
- 9780191696060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217274.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter examines the nature of meaning (embodied versus symbolic) in the light of linguistic reference. It proposes three levels of reference differing in their computational demands, and ...
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This chapter examines the nature of meaning (embodied versus symbolic) in the light of linguistic reference. It proposes three levels of reference differing in their computational demands, and presumably in the quality or degree of embodied representations — on-line reference, displaced reference, and decoupled reference. It presents some evidence of embodied meaning in on-line and displaced reference. It explores the idea that the two kinds of reference may involve different degrees of embodied cognition.Less
This chapter examines the nature of meaning (embodied versus symbolic) in the light of linguistic reference. It proposes three levels of reference differing in their computational demands, and presumably in the quality or degree of embodied representations — on-line reference, displaced reference, and decoupled reference. It presents some evidence of embodied meaning in on-line and displaced reference. It explores the idea that the two kinds of reference may involve different degrees of embodied cognition.
Heike Knicker and Mark A. Nanny
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195097511
- eISBN:
- 9780197560853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195097511.003.0004
- Subject:
- Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful experimental methods available for atomic and molecular level structure elucidation. It is a ...
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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful experimental methods available for atomic and molecular level structure elucidation. It is a powerful technique in that it is a noninvasive probe that can be used to identify individual compounds, aid in determining structures of large macromolecules, such as proteins, and examine the kinetics of certain reactions. NMR spectroscopy takes advantage of the magnetic properties of the observed nucleus that are influenced not only by its chemical environment, but also by physical interactions with its environment. Both can be examined by measuring specific NMR parameters such as coupling constants, relaxation times, or changes in chemical shifts. As NMR techniques and instrumentation advance, NMR spectroscopy is becoming more important in the environmental sciences, tackling problems and questions that previously were difficult to answer. For example, sensitivity enhancement techniques increase the ability to examine a sample without chemical or physical pretreatment. A sample examined in this manner is in its original state and is unaffected by chemical or physical reactions caused by the pretreatment procedure. Despite its increasing popularity and numerous advantages, NMR spectroscopy can be a mysterious, and at times daunting, technique. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of basic NMR theory and background for the uninitiated. It is hoped that it will provide enough information to those unfamiliar with NMR and its terminology for them to find the remaining chapters understandable and interesting. Those who desire a greater understanding are referred to the many textbooks on solution-state NMR, solid-state NMR, and the application of NMR to geochemistry, soil chemistry, oils and coals, and carbonaceous solids. The advance that led to NMR spectroscopy came in 1939 with resonance experiments by Rabi and coworkers, who demonstrated the property of nuclear spin. In 1945, the research groups of Bloch and Purcell independently obtained the first nuclear resonance signals. For this they won the 1952 Nobel prize. The first application of NMR spectroscopy in the field of humic substance research was 1H NMR of liquids. González-Vila et al. were the first to apply 13C solution-state NMR to natural humic acids.
Less
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful experimental methods available for atomic and molecular level structure elucidation. It is a powerful technique in that it is a noninvasive probe that can be used to identify individual compounds, aid in determining structures of large macromolecules, such as proteins, and examine the kinetics of certain reactions. NMR spectroscopy takes advantage of the magnetic properties of the observed nucleus that are influenced not only by its chemical environment, but also by physical interactions with its environment. Both can be examined by measuring specific NMR parameters such as coupling constants, relaxation times, or changes in chemical shifts. As NMR techniques and instrumentation advance, NMR spectroscopy is becoming more important in the environmental sciences, tackling problems and questions that previously were difficult to answer. For example, sensitivity enhancement techniques increase the ability to examine a sample without chemical or physical pretreatment. A sample examined in this manner is in its original state and is unaffected by chemical or physical reactions caused by the pretreatment procedure. Despite its increasing popularity and numerous advantages, NMR spectroscopy can be a mysterious, and at times daunting, technique. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of basic NMR theory and background for the uninitiated. It is hoped that it will provide enough information to those unfamiliar with NMR and its terminology for them to find the remaining chapters understandable and interesting. Those who desire a greater understanding are referred to the many textbooks on solution-state NMR, solid-state NMR, and the application of NMR to geochemistry, soil chemistry, oils and coals, and carbonaceous solids. The advance that led to NMR spectroscopy came in 1939 with resonance experiments by Rabi and coworkers, who demonstrated the property of nuclear spin. In 1945, the research groups of Bloch and Purcell independently obtained the first nuclear resonance signals. For this they won the 1952 Nobel prize. The first application of NMR spectroscopy in the field of humic substance research was 1H NMR of liquids. González-Vila et al. were the first to apply 13C solution-state NMR to natural humic acids.
Jean Zinn-Justin
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- August 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198787754
- eISBN:
- 9780191829840
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198787754.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
Chapter 4 describes a few important steps which have led from the discovery of infinities in quantum electrodynamics in the calculation of Feynman diagrams (ultraviolet divergences (UV divergences)) ...
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Chapter 4 describes a few important steps which have led from the discovery of infinities in quantum electrodynamics in the calculation of Feynman diagrams (ultraviolet divergences (UV divergences)) to the concept of renormalization and renormalization groups (RG). The constructions of quantum (or statistical) field theories (QFTs) and the deeply related RG have been some of the major theoretical achievements in physics of the last century. RG today plays an essential role in the understanding of the properties of QFT and of continuous macroscopic phase transitions. The existence of RG fixed points makes it possible to understand universality when there is no scale decoupling. In particle physics, it leads to the notion of effective field theory and the fine tuning problem in the Higgs particle sector.Less
Chapter 4 describes a few important steps which have led from the discovery of infinities in quantum electrodynamics in the calculation of Feynman diagrams (ultraviolet divergences (UV divergences)) to the concept of renormalization and renormalization groups (RG). The constructions of quantum (or statistical) field theories (QFTs) and the deeply related RG have been some of the major theoretical achievements in physics of the last century. RG today plays an essential role in the understanding of the properties of QFT and of continuous macroscopic phase transitions. The existence of RG fixed points makes it possible to understand universality when there is no scale decoupling. In particle physics, it leads to the notion of effective field theory and the fine tuning problem in the Higgs particle sector.
