Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195104233
- eISBN:
- 9780199864294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0023
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Disorders of the Nervous System
In addition to the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, there are three other fiber systems that link the ventral limbic and paralimbic regions across the hemispheres. In the present study, only ...
More
In addition to the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, there are three other fiber systems that link the ventral limbic and paralimbic regions across the hemispheres. In the present study, only Case 13 showed fibers in one of these commissures. This chapter focuses on hippocampal commissures. It theorizes that their role may be related, at least in part, to declarative learning and memory, which have been shown to depend on the integrity of structures in the medial temporal lobe that are linked by these commissures.Less
In addition to the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, there are three other fiber systems that link the ventral limbic and paralimbic regions across the hemispheres. In the present study, only Case 13 showed fibers in one of these commissures. This chapter focuses on hippocampal commissures. It theorizes that their role may be related, at least in part, to declarative learning and memory, which have been shown to depend on the integrity of structures in the medial temporal lobe that are linked by these commissures.
Andrew Hippisley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264102
- eISBN:
- 9780191734380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264102.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter discusses an account of Latin deponent verbs in Network Morphology, which is a declarative framework for writing default inheritance-based theories of the lexicon. The Network Morphology ...
More
This chapter discusses an account of Latin deponent verbs in Network Morphology, which is a declarative framework for writing default inheritance-based theories of the lexicon. The Network Morphology framework is introduced, followed by a detailed Network Morphology treatment of Latin deponent and semi-deponent verbs. These are recasted as a formal system of defaults, and override the properties of deponency drawn together by Baerman.Less
This chapter discusses an account of Latin deponent verbs in Network Morphology, which is a declarative framework for writing default inheritance-based theories of the lexicon. The Network Morphology framework is introduced, followed by a detailed Network Morphology treatment of Latin deponent and semi-deponent verbs. These are recasted as a formal system of defaults, and override the properties of deponency drawn together by Baerman.
John R. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195324259
- eISBN:
- 9780199786671
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195324259.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
This book takes its title from the last lecture by Allen Newell, one of the pioneers of cognitive science. He said, “The question for me is how can the human mind occur in the physical universe? We ...
More
This book takes its title from the last lecture by Allen Newell, one of the pioneers of cognitive science. He said, “The question for me is how can the human mind occur in the physical universe? We now know that the world is governed by physics. We now understand the way biology nestles comfortably within that. The issue is how will the mind do that as well?” Newell argued that the answer to his question must take the form of a cognitive architecture, and this book describes an answer that is emerging from the study of brain and behavior. Humans share the same basic cognitive architecture with all primates, but they have evolved abilities to exercise abstract control over cognition and process more complex relational patterns. The human cognitive architecture consists of a set of largely independent modules associated with different brain regions. The book discusses in detail how these various modules can combine to produce behaviors as varied as driving a car and solving an algebraic equation, but focuses principally on two of the modules: declarative and procedural. The declarative module involves a memory system that, moment by moment, attempts to give each person the most appropriate possible window into his or her past. The procedural module involves a central system that strives to develop a set of productions that will enable the most adaptive response from any state of the modules.Less
This book takes its title from the last lecture by Allen Newell, one of the pioneers of cognitive science. He said, “The question for me is how can the human mind occur in the physical universe? We now know that the world is governed by physics. We now understand the way biology nestles comfortably within that. The issue is how will the mind do that as well?” Newell argued that the answer to his question must take the form of a cognitive architecture, and this book describes an answer that is emerging from the study of brain and behavior. Humans share the same basic cognitive architecture with all primates, but they have evolved abilities to exercise abstract control over cognition and process more complex relational patterns. The human cognitive architecture consists of a set of largely independent modules associated with different brain regions. The book discusses in detail how these various modules can combine to produce behaviors as varied as driving a car and solving an algebraic equation, but focuses principally on two of the modules: declarative and procedural. The declarative module involves a memory system that, moment by moment, attempts to give each person the most appropriate possible window into his or her past. The procedural module involves a central system that strives to develop a set of productions that will enable the most adaptive response from any state of the modules.
John R. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195324259
- eISBN:
- 9780199786671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195324259.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Models and Architectures
This chapter focuses on the role of the declarative memory system in a cognitive architecture. Declarative memory contains the knowledge that gives each of us our identities and the ability to behave ...
More
This chapter focuses on the role of the declarative memory system in a cognitive architecture. Declarative memory contains the knowledge that gives each of us our identities and the ability to behave flexibly in the world. Our brains, particularly the temporal structures around the hippocampus, impose severe limitations on our ability to maintain memories in highly flexible forms. The basic characteristics of declarative memory can be seen as arising from the need to balance this structural limitation against this functional need of adapting to environment demands. The chapter reviews a convergence of behavioral and brain imaging data concerned with the fan effect, and then looks at some examples of the pervasive application of these flexible declarative memories.Less
This chapter focuses on the role of the declarative memory system in a cognitive architecture. Declarative memory contains the knowledge that gives each of us our identities and the ability to behave flexibly in the world. Our brains, particularly the temporal structures around the hippocampus, impose severe limitations on our ability to maintain memories in highly flexible forms. The basic characteristics of declarative memory can be seen as arising from the need to balance this structural limitation against this functional need of adapting to environment demands. The chapter reviews a convergence of behavioral and brain imaging data concerned with the fan effect, and then looks at some examples of the pervasive application of these flexible declarative memories.
Howard Eichenbaum and Neal J. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195178043
- eISBN:
- 9780199871223
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178043.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the history and implications of the notion of multiple memory systems, of the evidence that supports it, and of the nature of the systems discovered so ...
More
This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the history and implications of the notion of multiple memory systems, of the evidence that supports it, and of the nature of the systems discovered so far. The book begins by highlighting a brief history of ideas about multiple memory systems and how those ideas fit into the story of the progression of our understanding of the nature and organization of memory in the brain. Other early chapters address some of the themes and principles that are common to all memory systems, including the fundamentals of cellular plasticity and the critical role of the cerebral cortex in memory. The central portion of the book then attempts to characterize the role of several specific memory systems, starting with a detailed analysis of the hippocampal memory system — the brain system that mediates declarative memory, our ability to recollect consciously everyday facts and experiences, by supporting the capacity for relational memory processing. Individual chapters focus on non-human primate and rodent models of amnesia, on hippocampal neuronal activity, and on the permanent consolidation of declarative memories. Subsequent chapters present evidence of functional dissociations among various memory systems. These chapters identify and describe brain systems that mediate emotional memories, modulate memory, or mediate the acquisition of behavioral habits (procedural memory), all concerned with long-term memory abilities, and a system focused on the prefrontal cortex that supports working memory.Less
This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the history and implications of the notion of multiple memory systems, of the evidence that supports it, and of the nature of the systems discovered so far. The book begins by highlighting a brief history of ideas about multiple memory systems and how those ideas fit into the story of the progression of our understanding of the nature and organization of memory in the brain. Other early chapters address some of the themes and principles that are common to all memory systems, including the fundamentals of cellular plasticity and the critical role of the cerebral cortex in memory. The central portion of the book then attempts to characterize the role of several specific memory systems, starting with a detailed analysis of the hippocampal memory system — the brain system that mediates declarative memory, our ability to recollect consciously everyday facts and experiences, by supporting the capacity for relational memory processing. Individual chapters focus on non-human primate and rodent models of amnesia, on hippocampal neuronal activity, and on the permanent consolidation of declarative memories. Subsequent chapters present evidence of functional dissociations among various memory systems. These chapters identify and describe brain systems that mediate emotional memories, modulate memory, or mediate the acquisition of behavioral habits (procedural memory), all concerned with long-term memory abilities, and a system focused on the prefrontal cortex that supports working memory.
Howard Eichenbaum and Neal J. Cohen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195178043
- eISBN:
- 9780199871223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178043.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter reviews cases of amnesia and evidence from functional brain imaging to provide insights about the nature of memory supported by the hippocampal memory system. The case of the famous ...
More
This chapter reviews cases of amnesia and evidence from functional brain imaging to provide insights about the nature of memory supported by the hippocampal memory system. The case of the famous amnesic patient H. M. show that memory can be distinguished from other psychological faculties. Furthermore, studies on H. M. distinguish declarative memory, which was severely impaired in his case, and spared working memory and non-memory perceptual, motor, and cognitive capacities. In addition, H. M. and other patients with damage to the hippocampal region had several preserved learning capacities including intact perceptual learning, motor skill learning, cognitive skill learning, pattern classification learning, classical conditioning of motor reflexes, and repetition priming. Thus, his memory impairment has been characterized as a deficit in explicit, declarative, or relational memory. Parallel studies using functional imaging of the brain have shown that the hippocampus is activated during encoding and retrieval in declarative memory.Less
This chapter reviews cases of amnesia and evidence from functional brain imaging to provide insights about the nature of memory supported by the hippocampal memory system. The case of the famous amnesic patient H. M. show that memory can be distinguished from other psychological faculties. Furthermore, studies on H. M. distinguish declarative memory, which was severely impaired in his case, and spared working memory and non-memory perceptual, motor, and cognitive capacities. In addition, H. M. and other patients with damage to the hippocampal region had several preserved learning capacities including intact perceptual learning, motor skill learning, cognitive skill learning, pattern classification learning, classical conditioning of motor reflexes, and repetition priming. Thus, his memory impairment has been characterized as a deficit in explicit, declarative, or relational memory. Parallel studies using functional imaging of the brain have shown that the hippocampus is activated during encoding and retrieval in declarative memory.
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0078
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary,including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative ...
More
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary,including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.Less
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary,including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0079
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of ...
More
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers,and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.Less
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers,and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0080
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of ...
More
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’,‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.Less
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’,‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0081
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of ...
More
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements,and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.Less
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements,and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0082
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of ...
More
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds,both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.Less
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds,both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0083
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of ...
More
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.Less
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound, qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.
David Langslow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198153023
- eISBN:
- 9780191715211
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198153023.003.0084
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of ...
More
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound,qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.Less
This final chapter first reviews the available means of expression of negation — both inherited and secondary, including (Lecture 27) prohibitive particles — and (Lecture 28) the placement of negative markers, and their use with nouns. There follow (Lecture 29) remarks on quantitative (as opposed to qualitative) negatives — expressions for ‘no one’, ‘nothing’, ‘never’ — and the negation of general statements, and (Lecture 30) discussion of some special uses of Gk μή and Lat. ne. The privative prefix, and the use generally of negatives in compounds, both nominal (possessive and determining) and verbal, are the subjects of Lecture 31; the meaning of privative compounds, and forms that compete with them, are considered at the start of Lecture 32. The chapter concludes (Lectures 32–3) with discussion of the accumulation of negatives (negative + privative compound,qualitative + quantitative negative, prohibitive + declarative negative, pleonastic negation), and finally of the coordination of negated clauses and phrases.
Arthur Lupia
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190263720
- eISBN:
- 9780197559598
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190263720.003.0020
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
To offer prospective learners information that yields high net benefits, it is important to understand what they already know. How do educators learn about ...
More
To offer prospective learners information that yields high net benefits, it is important to understand what they already know. How do educators learn about others’ knowledge? Surveys are a common source of information. In part II of this book, I focus on these surveys and how many different kinds of educators use them. My goal throughout part II is to improve educators’ measures and understanding of what people do and do not know about politics. Better measurement and more accurate inferences from data can help educators more effectively diagnose whether individuals have the knowledge they need to achieve desired competences. Where faulty diagnoses can lead educators to offer information that prospective learners neither want nor need, improved diagnoses can help educators identify information that can help others make more competent decisions. The way that we will achieve the improvements just described is by examining survey-based research and political commentary on a concept that many people call “political knowledge.” The best-known academic book on political knowledge defines it as “the range of factual information about politics that is stored in long-term memory.” The survey questions that are most relevant for this purpose are recall questions. Recall questions are designed to measure whether or not a person has selected declarative memories. “Who is the Vice President of the United States?” is an example of a commonly asked recall question. Interpretations of responses to recall questions are the evidentiary basis for thousands of books and articles on political knowledge and ignorance. If these data accurately measure what people know, and if analysts accurately interpret the data, then educators can use the interpretations to compare what an audience knows to necessary and sufficient conditions for competence at a given task. Part II’s main tension is that not all data and interpretations are accurate. Some survey data are inaccurate, as happens when a survey organization records a survey participant’s response incorrectly. Similarly, some interpretations of survey data are inaccurate, as happens when an analyst uses a survey to make a claim about ignorance that is inconsistent with the survey’s actual content.
Less
To offer prospective learners information that yields high net benefits, it is important to understand what they already know. How do educators learn about others’ knowledge? Surveys are a common source of information. In part II of this book, I focus on these surveys and how many different kinds of educators use them. My goal throughout part II is to improve educators’ measures and understanding of what people do and do not know about politics. Better measurement and more accurate inferences from data can help educators more effectively diagnose whether individuals have the knowledge they need to achieve desired competences. Where faulty diagnoses can lead educators to offer information that prospective learners neither want nor need, improved diagnoses can help educators identify information that can help others make more competent decisions. The way that we will achieve the improvements just described is by examining survey-based research and political commentary on a concept that many people call “political knowledge.” The best-known academic book on political knowledge defines it as “the range of factual information about politics that is stored in long-term memory.” The survey questions that are most relevant for this purpose are recall questions. Recall questions are designed to measure whether or not a person has selected declarative memories. “Who is the Vice President of the United States?” is an example of a commonly asked recall question. Interpretations of responses to recall questions are the evidentiary basis for thousands of books and articles on political knowledge and ignorance. If these data accurately measure what people know, and if analysts accurately interpret the data, then educators can use the interpretations to compare what an audience knows to necessary and sufficient conditions for competence at a given task. Part II’s main tension is that not all data and interpretations are accurate. Some survey data are inaccurate, as happens when a survey organization records a survey participant’s response incorrectly. Similarly, some interpretations of survey data are inaccurate, as happens when an analyst uses a survey to make a claim about ignorance that is inconsistent with the survey’s actual content.
Wayne A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199261659
- eISBN:
- 9780191603099
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199261652.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter shows how the expression theory can account for four cases of nondescriptive meaning: interjections, syncategorematic terms, words with conventional implicatures, and non-declarative ...
More
This chapter shows how the expression theory can account for four cases of nondescriptive meaning: interjections, syncategorematic terms, words with conventional implicatures, and non-declarative sentences. The meaning of interrogative and imperative sentences is explained in terms of non-propositional thoughts. Syncategorematic terms express thought-parts that are no more incomplete or dependent than those expressed by other terms. Interjections provide an exception to the rule that meaning consists in the expression of ideas; they express mental event types that are not thought parts (nor emotions). Conventional implicatures are explained in terms of appositional thoughts, complexes with a main thought and a subordinate thought.Less
This chapter shows how the expression theory can account for four cases of nondescriptive meaning: interjections, syncategorematic terms, words with conventional implicatures, and non-declarative sentences. The meaning of interrogative and imperative sentences is explained in terms of non-propositional thoughts. Syncategorematic terms express thought-parts that are no more incomplete or dependent than those expressed by other terms. Interjections provide an exception to the rule that meaning consists in the expression of ideas; they express mental event types that are not thought parts (nor emotions). Conventional implicatures are explained in terms of appositional thoughts, complexes with a main thought and a subordinate thought.
Morris Richard
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195100273
- eISBN:
- 9780199864133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195100273.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter considers a number of prominent theories of hippocampal function that have been developed from work on animals. Two theories have dominated research on hippocampal function over the past ...
More
This chapter considers a number of prominent theories of hippocampal function that have been developed from work on animals. Two theories have dominated research on hippocampal function over the past quarter century. The first is that it is involved in the formation of memories for everyday facts and events that can be consciously recalled—collectively called declarative memory. The other major theory emerging from observations first made during the recording of single-cell activity in freely moving rodents is the idea that it is involved in spatial memory and, more specifically, the formation of cognitive maps and their use in navigation through space. A range of alternative theories, particularly those built around how memory systems handle ambiguity, associative-relations, and context, are also discussed. The chapter concludes by zeroing in on the idea that neural activity in the hippocampal formation contributes to episodic memory.Less
This chapter considers a number of prominent theories of hippocampal function that have been developed from work on animals. Two theories have dominated research on hippocampal function over the past quarter century. The first is that it is involved in the formation of memories for everyday facts and events that can be consciously recalled—collectively called declarative memory. The other major theory emerging from observations first made during the recording of single-cell activity in freely moving rodents is the idea that it is involved in spatial memory and, more specifically, the formation of cognitive maps and their use in navigation through space. A range of alternative theories, particularly those built around how memory systems handle ambiguity, associative-relations, and context, are also discussed. The chapter concludes by zeroing in on the idea that neural activity in the hippocampal formation contributes to episodic memory.
Kenneth M. Heilman
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195144901
- eISBN:
- 9780199865642
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195144901.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
This chapter discusses the four types of memory and the brain mechanisms that are important in storing them. These are working memory, declarative memory, procedural memory, and semantic memory. ...
More
This chapter discusses the four types of memory and the brain mechanisms that are important in storing them. These are working memory, declarative memory, procedural memory, and semantic memory. Working memory is a temporary store. To keep information there, the person must actively rehearse the information that is being stored and prevent distraction. Declarative memory stores “what, where, and when” information. Declarative memories may be verbal (e.g., recalling names) or nonverbal (e.g., recalling faces) and old (remote) or new (recent). Verbal declarative and semantic memories are stored in the left hemisphere and visual spatial memories are stored in the right hemisphere. Procedural memories are “how” memories.Less
This chapter discusses the four types of memory and the brain mechanisms that are important in storing them. These are working memory, declarative memory, procedural memory, and semantic memory. Working memory is a temporary store. To keep information there, the person must actively rehearse the information that is being stored and prevent distraction. Declarative memory stores “what, where, and when” information. Declarative memories may be verbal (e.g., recalling names) or nonverbal (e.g., recalling faces) and old (remote) or new (recent). Verbal declarative and semantic memories are stored in the left hemisphere and visual spatial memories are stored in the right hemisphere. Procedural memories are “how” memories.
Sharon B. Berlin
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195110371
- eISBN:
- 9780199865680
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195110371.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Health and Mental Health
This chapter discusses prevailing biological and cognitive accounts of how the mind creates meaning. It starts with the notion that the mind is the work of a biological brain, provides a brief review ...
More
This chapter discusses prevailing biological and cognitive accounts of how the mind creates meaning. It starts with the notion that the mind is the work of a biological brain, provides a brief review of the structure and function of the brain, and goes on to explore cognitive models of mind, including associative network and parallel distributive processing models of organized memories (or schemas), and declarative and procedural forms of knowledge. The chapter discusses points of convergence among these conceptions, their contributions to the C-I perspective, and their practical utility in informing practice. In particular, emphasis is given to processes involved in helping clients transform declarative or descriptive knowledge into procedural or how-to knowledge.Less
This chapter discusses prevailing biological and cognitive accounts of how the mind creates meaning. It starts with the notion that the mind is the work of a biological brain, provides a brief review of the structure and function of the brain, and goes on to explore cognitive models of mind, including associative network and parallel distributive processing models of organized memories (or schemas), and declarative and procedural forms of knowledge. The chapter discusses points of convergence among these conceptions, their contributions to the C-I perspective, and their practical utility in informing practice. In particular, emphasis is given to processes involved in helping clients transform declarative or descriptive knowledge into procedural or how-to knowledge.
Simona Ghetti and Patricia J. Bauer (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195340792
- eISBN:
- 9780199932078
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340792.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
The ability to remember unique, personal events is at the core of what we consider to be “memory.” How does the vivid experience of reinstatement of our past emerge? What is the contribution of this ...
More
The ability to remember unique, personal events is at the core of what we consider to be “memory.” How does the vivid experience of reinstatement of our past emerge? What is the contribution of this experience to our life histories? These questions have intrigued psychologists, neuroscientists, and philosophers for decades, and are the subject of this volume. In recent years, the science of memory has made extraordinary progress in the conceptualization and assessment of different forms of memory. Instead of thinking of memory as a monolithic construct, memory is now thought of in terms of dissociable classes of constructs. Within declarative memory, the type of memory that one can consciously access, we make distinctions between the constructs of recollection and episodic memory and the constructs of familiarity and semantic memory (respectively). Chapters in this volume discuss new methods to assess these types of memory in studies that refine our understanding of the functions necessary for conscious and vivid recollection. The work has led to substantial increases in our understanding of the building blocks of recollection and its developmental course. The volume also addresses the exciting new research on the neural basis of recollection. Never before has the connection between brain and function been so close. Chapters review neuroimaging studies of the healthy brain and neuropsychological investigations of patients with brain damage that reveal the specific brain structures involved in the ability to recollect. These brain structures undergo important developmental change during childhood and adolescence, leading to questions—and answers—of how the relationship between brain and function unfolds during the course of infancy, childhood, and adolescence.Less
The ability to remember unique, personal events is at the core of what we consider to be “memory.” How does the vivid experience of reinstatement of our past emerge? What is the contribution of this experience to our life histories? These questions have intrigued psychologists, neuroscientists, and philosophers for decades, and are the subject of this volume. In recent years, the science of memory has made extraordinary progress in the conceptualization and assessment of different forms of memory. Instead of thinking of memory as a monolithic construct, memory is now thought of in terms of dissociable classes of constructs. Within declarative memory, the type of memory that one can consciously access, we make distinctions between the constructs of recollection and episodic memory and the constructs of familiarity and semantic memory (respectively). Chapters in this volume discuss new methods to assess these types of memory in studies that refine our understanding of the functions necessary for conscious and vivid recollection. The work has led to substantial increases in our understanding of the building blocks of recollection and its developmental course. The volume also addresses the exciting new research on the neural basis of recollection. Never before has the connection between brain and function been so close. Chapters review neuroimaging studies of the healthy brain and neuropsychological investigations of patients with brain damage that reveal the specific brain structures involved in the ability to recollect. These brain structures undergo important developmental change during childhood and adolescence, leading to questions—and answers—of how the relationship between brain and function unfolds during the course of infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
Howard Eichenbaum
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199778614
- eISBN:
- 9780199932962
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199778614.003.0013
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter first summarizes the anatomy of the prefrontal cortex. It then reviews the functional role of the prefrontal cortex, including a consideration of whether it is involved in memory per se ...
More
This chapter first summarizes the anatomy of the prefrontal cortex. It then reviews the functional role of the prefrontal cortex, including a consideration of whether it is involved in memory per se or other cognitive processes related to memory, and whether this expansive area has specialized subdivisions between or within the hemispheres. This is followed by considering the parcellation of functions and cooperation between the prefrontal cortex and other higher-order cortical areas, including a review of findings on how the prefrontal cortex interacts with the medial temporal lobe in support of long-term declarative memory.Less
This chapter first summarizes the anatomy of the prefrontal cortex. It then reviews the functional role of the prefrontal cortex, including a consideration of whether it is involved in memory per se or other cognitive processes related to memory, and whether this expansive area has specialized subdivisions between or within the hemispheres. This is followed by considering the parcellation of functions and cooperation between the prefrontal cortex and other higher-order cortical areas, including a review of findings on how the prefrontal cortex interacts with the medial temporal lobe in support of long-term declarative memory.
