Christopher Hood
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297659
- eISBN:
- 9780191599484
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297653.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
In the four chapters of Part II, public management ideas that loosely correspond to each of the four polar world views identified by cultural theory are discussed; here the cultural‐theory framework ...
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In the four chapters of Part II, public management ideas that loosely correspond to each of the four polar world views identified by cultural theory are discussed; here the cultural‐theory framework is mixed with a historical perspective to survey recurring approaches to public management that can be loosely characterized as hierarchist (Ch. 4), individualist (Ch. 5), egalitarian (this chapter), and fatalist (Ch. 7). Like individualism and hierarchism, egalitarianism embodies a particular vision of control of public management both within organizations and by the society at large, and that approach to organization can be linked to a broader vision of good government that takes groupism rather than bossism, choicism, or chancism as the point of departure or central organizing principle for co‐operative behaviour. The egalitarian approach to organization involves at least three closely interrelated elements: these are group self‐management, control by mutuality, and maximum face‐to‐face accountability. A fourth idea often associated with egalitarianism is the view that the process by which decisions are reached in an organization or group is just as important, if not more so, than the results or outcomes in a narrow sense—i.e. the achievement of the substantive policy goals of egalitarians is not held to be more important than reaching the process goal of decision‐making through high‐participation weak‐leadership structures. The main sections are: What Egalitarians Believe; The Managerial Critique of Egalitarianism; and Varieties of Egalitarianism.Less
In the four chapters of Part II, public management ideas that loosely correspond to each of the four polar world views identified by cultural theory are discussed; here the cultural‐theory framework is mixed with a historical perspective to survey recurring approaches to public management that can be loosely characterized as hierarchist (Ch. 4), individualist (Ch. 5), egalitarian (this chapter), and fatalist (Ch. 7). Like individualism and hierarchism, egalitarianism embodies a particular vision of control of public management both within organizations and by the society at large, and that approach to organization can be linked to a broader vision of good government that takes groupism rather than bossism, choicism, or chancism as the point of departure or central organizing principle for co‐operative behaviour. The egalitarian approach to organization involves at least three closely interrelated elements: these are group self‐management, control by mutuality, and maximum face‐to‐face accountability. A fourth idea often associated with egalitarianism is the view that the process by which decisions are reached in an organization or group is just as important, if not more so, than the results or outcomes in a narrow sense—i.e. the achievement of the substantive policy goals of egalitarians is not held to be more important than reaching the process goal of decision‐making through high‐participation weak‐leadership structures. The main sections are: What Egalitarians Believe; The Managerial Critique of Egalitarianism; and Varieties of Egalitarianism.
David R. Gibson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151311
- eISBN:
- 9781400842438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151311.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Reflecting on the decision-making process after the Cuban missile crisis was over, President Kennedy famously observed that “the essence of ultimate decision remains impenetrable to the ...
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Reflecting on the decision-making process after the Cuban missile crisis was over, President Kennedy famously observed that “the essence of ultimate decision remains impenetrable to the observer—often, indeed, to the decider himself ... There will always be the dark and tangled stretches in the decision-making process—mysterious even to those who may be most intimately involved.” This chapter summarizes theoretical and empirical arguments with an eye toward making sense of this striking claim, wherein Kennedy appears to admit that even he felt baffled by what happened in the White House during his presidency. It then discusses the peculiar fact that, at a conference of former ExComm members and academics held twenty-five years after the crisis, the former were forced to admit that their deliberative process was far from systematic. The academics were baffled, but the findings of this book provide an explanation, involving the strange twists and turns that the deliberative process undergoes when it is conducted aloud, subject to the whims of other people and the demands and sensitivities of the conversational machinery that makes the whole thing work.Less
Reflecting on the decision-making process after the Cuban missile crisis was over, President Kennedy famously observed that “the essence of ultimate decision remains impenetrable to the observer—often, indeed, to the decider himself ... There will always be the dark and tangled stretches in the decision-making process—mysterious even to those who may be most intimately involved.” This chapter summarizes theoretical and empirical arguments with an eye toward making sense of this striking claim, wherein Kennedy appears to admit that even he felt baffled by what happened in the White House during his presidency. It then discusses the peculiar fact that, at a conference of former ExComm members and academics held twenty-five years after the crisis, the former were forced to admit that their deliberative process was far from systematic. The academics were baffled, but the findings of this book provide an explanation, involving the strange twists and turns that the deliberative process undergoes when it is conducted aloud, subject to the whims of other people and the demands and sensitivities of the conversational machinery that makes the whole thing work.
Philip B. Heymann
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195335385
- eISBN:
- 9780199851690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335385.003.0016
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The Bush decision makers handling the issue of torture and other highly coercive interrogation made choices that divided the administration, weakened United States support for the administration's ...
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The Bush decision makers handling the issue of torture and other highly coercive interrogation made choices that divided the administration, weakened United States support for the administration's national security policies, undermined foreign support, became a rallying cry for terrorists, and lasted only so long as the decisions could be kept secret from Congress and the press. The problems in the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) case were rooted in the process of decision. This chapter begins with the classification of the weaknesses in the decision-making process and structure. An example of a farsighted and legitimate process of decision making is presented. It is concluded that with only a few, generally less momentous cases, decisions were more easily made. In each, concerns for legitimacy or recognition of other intangible concerns, overrode more immediate governmental interests. Decision processes that create both wisdom and legitimacy have been an American tradition since the remarkable Constitution was written well over 200 years ago.Less
The Bush decision makers handling the issue of torture and other highly coercive interrogation made choices that divided the administration, weakened United States support for the administration's national security policies, undermined foreign support, became a rallying cry for terrorists, and lasted only so long as the decisions could be kept secret from Congress and the press. The problems in the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) case were rooted in the process of decision. This chapter begins with the classification of the weaknesses in the decision-making process and structure. An example of a farsighted and legitimate process of decision making is presented. It is concluded that with only a few, generally less momentous cases, decisions were more easily made. In each, concerns for legitimacy or recognition of other intangible concerns, overrode more immediate governmental interests. Decision processes that create both wisdom and legitimacy have been an American tradition since the remarkable Constitution was written well over 200 years ago.
Thomas R. Zentall and Philip H. Crowley (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199856800
- eISBN:
- 9780199301508
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199856800.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Decision making cuts across most areas of intellectual enquiry and academic endeavor. The classical view of individual human thinkers choosing among options remains important and instructive, but the ...
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Decision making cuts across most areas of intellectual enquiry and academic endeavor. The classical view of individual human thinkers choosing among options remains important and instructive, but the contributors to this volume broaden this perspective to characterize the decision making behavior of groups, non-human organisms and even non-living objects and mathematical constructs. A diverse array of methods is brought to bear—mathematical, computational, subjective, neurobiological, evolutionary, and cultural. We can often identify best or optimal decisions and decision making processes, but observed responses may deviate markedly from these, to a large extent because the environment in which decisions must be made is constantly changing. Moreover, decision making can be highly constrained by institutions, natural and social context, and capabilities. Studies of the mechanisms underlying decisions by humans and other organisms are just beginning to gain traction and shape our thinking. Though decision making has fundamental similarities across the diverse array of entities considered to be making them, there are large differences of degree (if not kind) that relate to the question of human uniqueness. From this survey of views and approaches, we converge on a tentative agenda for accelerating development of a new field that includes advancing the dialog between the sciences and the humanities, developing a defensible classification scheme for decision making and decision makers, addressing the role of morality and justice, and moving advances into applications—the rapidly developing field of decision support.Less
Decision making cuts across most areas of intellectual enquiry and academic endeavor. The classical view of individual human thinkers choosing among options remains important and instructive, but the contributors to this volume broaden this perspective to characterize the decision making behavior of groups, non-human organisms and even non-living objects and mathematical constructs. A diverse array of methods is brought to bear—mathematical, computational, subjective, neurobiological, evolutionary, and cultural. We can often identify best or optimal decisions and decision making processes, but observed responses may deviate markedly from these, to a large extent because the environment in which decisions must be made is constantly changing. Moreover, decision making can be highly constrained by institutions, natural and social context, and capabilities. Studies of the mechanisms underlying decisions by humans and other organisms are just beginning to gain traction and shape our thinking. Though decision making has fundamental similarities across the diverse array of entities considered to be making them, there are large differences of degree (if not kind) that relate to the question of human uniqueness. From this survey of views and approaches, we converge on a tentative agenda for accelerating development of a new field that includes advancing the dialog between the sciences and the humanities, developing a defensible classification scheme for decision making and decision makers, addressing the role of morality and justice, and moving advances into applications—the rapidly developing field of decision support.
Leonor Bettencourt Rodrigues, Manuela Calheiros, and Cícero Pereira
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- August 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190059538
- eISBN:
- 9780190059569
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190059538.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
Ecological models on decision-making in child protection determine how many different factors influence that process, starting with case-specific characteristics, organizational factors, and external ...
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Ecological models on decision-making in child protection determine how many different factors influence that process, starting with case-specific characteristics, organizational factors, and external factors, as well as decision-maker factors. However, how that psychosocial process occurs, how the decision-maker integrates those multiple factors from the decision-making ecology, is still empirically unclear. This chapter, first, reviews the state of the art in the study of caseworkers’ psychosocial process underlying the out-of-home placement decision. It summarizes cues from empirical studies sustaining the role played by caseworkers’ attitudes, social values, social norms, experience, emotions in out-of-home placement decisions. The authors, then, describe social psychology decision-making models and present the principal results of an empirically tested model of residential-care placement decision-making that, based on a dual version of the theory of planned behavior model, integrates those multiple psychosocial factors into the decision process. A structural equation modeling analysis revealed that the caseworker’s motivation (intention) to propose a residential care placement decision of a neglected child is highly explained by a positive evaluation of that behavior (Attitude), but also by significant others’ approval of that behavior (Subjective Norm) and by how much relevance the worker attributes to child’s interests and protection (Value of Child). Both theoretical and social policy implications are discussed.Less
Ecological models on decision-making in child protection determine how many different factors influence that process, starting with case-specific characteristics, organizational factors, and external factors, as well as decision-maker factors. However, how that psychosocial process occurs, how the decision-maker integrates those multiple factors from the decision-making ecology, is still empirically unclear. This chapter, first, reviews the state of the art in the study of caseworkers’ psychosocial process underlying the out-of-home placement decision. It summarizes cues from empirical studies sustaining the role played by caseworkers’ attitudes, social values, social norms, experience, emotions in out-of-home placement decisions. The authors, then, describe social psychology decision-making models and present the principal results of an empirically tested model of residential-care placement decision-making that, based on a dual version of the theory of planned behavior model, integrates those multiple psychosocial factors into the decision process. A structural equation modeling analysis revealed that the caseworker’s motivation (intention) to propose a residential care placement decision of a neglected child is highly explained by a positive evaluation of that behavior (Attitude), but also by significant others’ approval of that behavior (Subjective Norm) and by how much relevance the worker attributes to child’s interests and protection (Value of Child). Both theoretical and social policy implications are discussed.
James Lindley Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691190914
- eISBN:
- 9780691194141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691190914.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter addresses what is probably the most common and most influential view of political equality: the view that political equality requires institutions that guarantee citizens equality of ...
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This chapter addresses what is probably the most common and most influential view of political equality: the view that political equality requires institutions that guarantee citizens equality of power over common decisions. This view implies that rule according to majority vote of all citizens is necessary and sufficient to satisfy the demands of political equality. The chapter argues that this position focuses too narrowly on one moment of the decision-making process: the moment of translating citizens' judgments into legislative outcomes. As a result, it neglects the need for fair processes both preceding legislative votes—processes of agenda setting, deliberation, and representation, for instance—and succeeding those votes; for instance, in administrative procedure. It also fails to respond to the need to secure political equality over multiple iterations of collective decision making. Instead of the equal-power view, then, there is a need for a conception of political equality that reflects the democratic demand for equal political status over time.Less
This chapter addresses what is probably the most common and most influential view of political equality: the view that political equality requires institutions that guarantee citizens equality of power over common decisions. This view implies that rule according to majority vote of all citizens is necessary and sufficient to satisfy the demands of political equality. The chapter argues that this position focuses too narrowly on one moment of the decision-making process: the moment of translating citizens' judgments into legislative outcomes. As a result, it neglects the need for fair processes both preceding legislative votes—processes of agenda setting, deliberation, and representation, for instance—and succeeding those votes; for instance, in administrative procedure. It also fails to respond to the need to secure political equality over multiple iterations of collective decision making. Instead of the equal-power view, then, there is a need for a conception of political equality that reflects the democratic demand for equal political status over time.
Petros C. Mavroidis
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199552139
- eISBN:
- 9780191716591
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199552139.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The institutional provisions of the GATT have been overtaken by the provision included in the Agreement Establishing the WTO. The Agreement Establishing the WTO largely replicated the GATT approach ...
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The institutional provisions of the GATT have been overtaken by the provision included in the Agreement Establishing the WTO. The Agreement Establishing the WTO largely replicated the GATT approach to institutional life: consensus remains the default rule for adopting decisions, except for dispute settlement. This chapter examines GATT and WTO provisions relating to participation, the decision making process, dispute settlement, waivers, transparency, and the relationship with the Havana Charter.Less
The institutional provisions of the GATT have been overtaken by the provision included in the Agreement Establishing the WTO. The Agreement Establishing the WTO largely replicated the GATT approach to institutional life: consensus remains the default rule for adopting decisions, except for dispute settlement. This chapter examines GATT and WTO provisions relating to participation, the decision making process, dispute settlement, waivers, transparency, and the relationship with the Havana Charter.
Jon A. Krosnick and Arthur Lupia
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151458
- eISBN:
- 9781400840298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151458.003.0020
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter describes the manner by which the ANES converted the insights of many people into strong and innovative questionnaires. This description is broken into two stages to reflect the nature ...
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This chapter describes the manner by which the ANES converted the insights of many people into strong and innovative questionnaires. This description is broken into two stages to reflect the nature of the decision-making processes. The first stage began in 2006, two years before the general election of 2008. The chapter describes how a large set of new questions were evaluated and which questions were to be included in the 2006 Pilot Study. The second stage began about six weeks after the pilot study, when the data was released to the public. This period started at the end of 2006 and continued into the early months of 2008. The chapter looks at how the Pilot Study Reports from the period were evaluated and how these evaluations affected choices of which questions would appear on one or more of the 2008 studies.Less
This chapter describes the manner by which the ANES converted the insights of many people into strong and innovative questionnaires. This description is broken into two stages to reflect the nature of the decision-making processes. The first stage began in 2006, two years before the general election of 2008. The chapter describes how a large set of new questions were evaluated and which questions were to be included in the 2006 Pilot Study. The second stage began about six weeks after the pilot study, when the data was released to the public. This period started at the end of 2006 and continued into the early months of 2008. The chapter looks at how the Pilot Study Reports from the period were evaluated and how these evaluations affected choices of which questions would appear on one or more of the 2008 studies.
Fiona Randall
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198567363
- eISBN:
- 9780191730535
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567363.003.0006
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Palliative Medicine Research
Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a treatment aimed at lengthening and prolonging life. Its primary aim is to restore circulation and maintain ventilation. CPR is also designed to acquire ...
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Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a treatment aimed at lengthening and prolonging life. Its primary aim is to restore circulation and maintain ventilation. CPR is also designed to acquire independence from artificial means of prolonging life, and is distinct from other life-prolonging treatments particularly within the context of decision-making process. In every clinical context except in emergency departments, physicians and patients are assumed to make advance decisions regarding CPR. In the absence of an advance decision against CPR, it is the only treatment that will always be attempted. This is because CPR is assumed to be in the best interests of the patient. This chapter examines the existing decision-making process suggested by the professionals regarding CPR, with reference to some of the issues arising from it. Its focus is on the use of CPR within the context of palliative care. The chapter also proposes an alternative decision-making process that can be applied to, and employed by, patients in the palliative setting, and to those in an acute hospital setting. It furthermore discusses the arguments and problems arising from the existence of advanced statements in the palliative care.Less
Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a treatment aimed at lengthening and prolonging life. Its primary aim is to restore circulation and maintain ventilation. CPR is also designed to acquire independence from artificial means of prolonging life, and is distinct from other life-prolonging treatments particularly within the context of decision-making process. In every clinical context except in emergency departments, physicians and patients are assumed to make advance decisions regarding CPR. In the absence of an advance decision against CPR, it is the only treatment that will always be attempted. This is because CPR is assumed to be in the best interests of the patient. This chapter examines the existing decision-making process suggested by the professionals regarding CPR, with reference to some of the issues arising from it. Its focus is on the use of CPR within the context of palliative care. The chapter also proposes an alternative decision-making process that can be applied to, and employed by, patients in the palliative setting, and to those in an acute hospital setting. It furthermore discusses the arguments and problems arising from the existence of advanced statements in the palliative care.
Madeline Bass
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199561636
- eISBN:
- 9780191730542
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561636.003.0010
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter discusses the development of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the success rates of CPR, who should make the final decision about CPR, the CPR decision-making process involved in ...
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This chapter discusses the development of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the success rates of CPR, who should make the final decision about CPR, the CPR decision-making process involved in Advance Care Planning (ACP), and how to handle a conversation about CPR. The discussion shows that CPR is not as successful as many professionals think. CPR should not be offered if it is going to be futile. If patients have capacity they should be given the option to make decisions for themselves if there is a choice. CPR decisions may be complex and highly emotive. But by following the correct decision-making process, by not using false reassurance, and by being honest and direct, CPR decisions can be made appropriately. This can result in the patient having a dignified, and a good death.Less
This chapter discusses the development of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the success rates of CPR, who should make the final decision about CPR, the CPR decision-making process involved in Advance Care Planning (ACP), and how to handle a conversation about CPR. The discussion shows that CPR is not as successful as many professionals think. CPR should not be offered if it is going to be futile. If patients have capacity they should be given the option to make decisions for themselves if there is a choice. CPR decisions may be complex and highly emotive. But by following the correct decision-making process, by not using false reassurance, and by being honest and direct, CPR decisions can be made appropriately. This can result in the patient having a dignified, and a good death.
Adam Oliver and Corinna Sorenson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199550685
- eISBN:
- 9780191720543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550685.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter reviews some of the concerns raised against the use of economic evaluation in the decision-making process, from a wide range of disciplinary and stakeholder perspectives. It offers some ...
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This chapter reviews some of the concerns raised against the use of economic evaluation in the decision-making process, from a wide range of disciplinary and stakeholder perspectives. It offers some reflections on the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) as a user of health economic evaluation to assess whether health care interventions ought to be made available in the National Health Service (NHS) in England and Wales.Less
This chapter reviews some of the concerns raised against the use of economic evaluation in the decision-making process, from a wide range of disciplinary and stakeholder perspectives. It offers some reflections on the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) as a user of health economic evaluation to assess whether health care interventions ought to be made available in the National Health Service (NHS) in England and Wales.
Norman Daniels and James E. Sabin
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195149364
- eISBN:
- 9780199865123
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149364.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The central idea for this book is that we lack consensus on principles for allocating resources and, in the absence of such a consensus, we must rely on a fair decision-making process for setting ...
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The central idea for this book is that we lack consensus on principles for allocating resources and, in the absence of such a consensus, we must rely on a fair decision-making process for setting limits on health care. The book provides a cogent analysis of the current situation and reviews the usual candidate solutions. It also describes the book's own approach, which represents a clear advance in thinking. The goal of this book is to answer a central question about justice and health care: how can a society or health plan meet population health care needs fairly under resource limitations?Less
The central idea for this book is that we lack consensus on principles for allocating resources and, in the absence of such a consensus, we must rely on a fair decision-making process for setting limits on health care. The book provides a cogent analysis of the current situation and reviews the usual candidate solutions. It also describes the book's own approach, which represents a clear advance in thinking. The goal of this book is to answer a central question about justice and health care: how can a society or health plan meet population health care needs fairly under resource limitations?
Murray B. Rutherford and Susan G. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226107400
- eISBN:
- 9780226107547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226107547.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter reviews the overall messages of this book, using examples from the case studies and other chapters to illustrate recurring malfunctions in decision making (governance) and to inform ...
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This chapter reviews the overall messages of this book, using examples from the case studies and other chapters to illustrate recurring malfunctions in decision making (governance) and to inform recommendations for improvements. We summarize the factors that make carnivore conservation particularly challenging, including the doctrine of scientific management, conflicting myths and perspectives, symbolic politics, power and politicized decision making, bounded rationality at the individual, institutional and collective levels, multiple and hierarchical decision processes, unique contexts, and impediments to innovation and diffusion. We outline five main strategies to improve governance in carnivore conservation: focus attention on the quality of decision-making processes, build new platforms for dialogue and problem solving, develop leadership and capacity, participate constructively in the social process, and be pragmatic and reinforce positive trends and conditions.Less
This chapter reviews the overall messages of this book, using examples from the case studies and other chapters to illustrate recurring malfunctions in decision making (governance) and to inform recommendations for improvements. We summarize the factors that make carnivore conservation particularly challenging, including the doctrine of scientific management, conflicting myths and perspectives, symbolic politics, power and politicized decision making, bounded rationality at the individual, institutional and collective levels, multiple and hierarchical decision processes, unique contexts, and impediments to innovation and diffusion. We outline five main strategies to improve governance in carnivore conservation: focus attention on the quality of decision-making processes, build new platforms for dialogue and problem solving, develop leadership and capacity, participate constructively in the social process, and be pragmatic and reinforce positive trends and conditions.
Charles D. Freilich
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451041
- eISBN:
- 9780801465741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451041.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This chapter examines how Israel's national security decision-making system actually works in practice. It considers five pathologies caused by Israel's uniquely harsh external environment, ...
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This chapter examines how Israel's national security decision-making system actually works in practice. It considers five pathologies caused by Israel's uniquely harsh external environment, proportional representation electoral system, and the structure of the national security establishment. The first pathology is an unplanned process, whereby Israel's national security decision-making process (DMP) is marked by an overwhelming preoccupation with the present and immediate future, rather than the medium and long terms. Second, the DMP at the cabinet level is highly politicized. Third, Israel's government is characterized by a degree of semi-organized anarchy. Fourth, the DMP has a comparatively uninstitutionalized nature. Finally, the defense establishment, especially the Israel Defense Forces, and defense considerations have an unusual degree of influence on the DMP. The chapter also provides an overview of some of the strengths of the Israeli DMP.Less
This chapter examines how Israel's national security decision-making system actually works in practice. It considers five pathologies caused by Israel's uniquely harsh external environment, proportional representation electoral system, and the structure of the national security establishment. The first pathology is an unplanned process, whereby Israel's national security decision-making process (DMP) is marked by an overwhelming preoccupation with the present and immediate future, rather than the medium and long terms. Second, the DMP at the cabinet level is highly politicized. Third, Israel's government is characterized by a degree of semi-organized anarchy. Fourth, the DMP has a comparatively uninstitutionalized nature. Finally, the defense establishment, especially the Israel Defense Forces, and defense considerations have an unusual degree of influence on the DMP. The chapter also provides an overview of some of the strengths of the Israeli DMP.
Charles D. Freilich
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451041
- eISBN:
- 9780801465741
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451041.003.0011
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
This book concludes with a review of the findings in the seven case studies, along with a discussion of the discrepancies between the posited and actual outcomes. It cites the unplanned nature of ...
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This book concludes with a review of the findings in the seven case studies, along with a discussion of the discrepancies between the posited and actual outcomes. It cites the unplanned nature of Israel's specific national security decision-making process (DMP) as well as the primacy of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and the defense establishment as the two most strongly substantiated pathologies; the politicized and uninstitutionalized nature of the DMP were somewhat less substantiated. Semi-organized anarchy was manifested at a lower level than expected. The chapter also considers past attempts to reform the DMP, paying attention to the Israel National Security Council and the reasons it has yet to live up to its intended role. It argues that Israel should start addressing its decision-making ills instead of continuing business as usual. Finally, it offers recommendations for further reforms needed on both the institutional and electoral levels aimed at improving the DMP.Less
This book concludes with a review of the findings in the seven case studies, along with a discussion of the discrepancies between the posited and actual outcomes. It cites the unplanned nature of Israel's specific national security decision-making process (DMP) as well as the primacy of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and the defense establishment as the two most strongly substantiated pathologies; the politicized and uninstitutionalized nature of the DMP were somewhat less substantiated. Semi-organized anarchy was manifested at a lower level than expected. The chapter also considers past attempts to reform the DMP, paying attention to the Israel National Security Council and the reasons it has yet to live up to its intended role. It argues that Israel should start addressing its decision-making ills instead of continuing business as usual. Finally, it offers recommendations for further reforms needed on both the institutional and electoral levels aimed at improving the DMP.
Susan G. Clark, Murray B. Rutherford, and David J. Mattson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226107400
- eISBN:
- 9780226107547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226107547.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter provides an overview of the biophysical and socio-political dimensions of large carnivore conservation in North America. We describe common challenges and discuss myths, symbolism, ...
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This chapter provides an overview of the biophysical and socio-political dimensions of large carnivore conservation in North America. We describe common challenges and discuss myths, symbolism, values, political polarization, and other factors. To be successful, carnivore conservation requires well-designed public decision-making processes (governance) that can integrate or balance contesting interests and find enduring common ground. The conventional approach of “scientific management” has proven inadequate for the task. We describe an alternative integrative and interdisciplinary approach to carnivore conservation—including a conceptual framework and evaluation criteria—used throughout this book to analyze, understand, and develop strategies to overcome problems associated with carnivores, people, and governance.Less
This chapter provides an overview of the biophysical and socio-political dimensions of large carnivore conservation in North America. We describe common challenges and discuss myths, symbolism, values, political polarization, and other factors. To be successful, carnivore conservation requires well-designed public decision-making processes (governance) that can integrate or balance contesting interests and find enduring common ground. The conventional approach of “scientific management” has proven inadequate for the task. We describe an alternative integrative and interdisciplinary approach to carnivore conservation—including a conceptual framework and evaluation criteria—used throughout this book to analyze, understand, and develop strategies to overcome problems associated with carnivores, people, and governance.
Elizabeth A. Grunfeld
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198530756
- eISBN:
- 9780191730481
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198530756.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter discusses the social and psychological issues for patients with advanced breast cancer. These issues may accompany the diagnosis and treatment of advanced breast cancer, and are both ...
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This chapter discusses the social and psychological issues for patients with advanced breast cancer. These issues may accompany the diagnosis and treatment of advanced breast cancer, and are both varied and complex. The concepts of psychiatric morbidity and psychological distress are introduced in the first section, while the rest of the chapter looks at screening for depression and the three main interventions for depression. The factors involved in the decision-making process and the possible effects of treatment on a patient are discussed as well.Less
This chapter discusses the social and psychological issues for patients with advanced breast cancer. These issues may accompany the diagnosis and treatment of advanced breast cancer, and are both varied and complex. The concepts of psychiatric morbidity and psychological distress are introduced in the first section, while the rest of the chapter looks at screening for depression and the three main interventions for depression. The factors involved in the decision-making process and the possible effects of treatment on a patient are discussed as well.
James Lindley Wilson
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691190914
- eISBN:
- 9780691194141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691190914.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter identifies what it means to enjoy specifically political equality. To affirm equal political status is to recognize each citizen as equally entitled to render authoritative judgments as ...
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This chapter identifies what it means to enjoy specifically political equality. To affirm equal political status is to recognize each citizen as equally entitled to render authoritative judgments as to how to organize and regulate all citizens' common life. Citizens have equal political status when common institutions and practices reflect and express the idea that they each have the capacity to judge matters of justice and political morality, and the entitlement to exercise that capacity by rendering judgments that have public authority on equal terms with others. Admitting citizens into the common project of political rule—to a share in the regime—respects them, by granting authority to their political judgment. A politically egalitarian society, then, regulates matters of common concern through decision-making processes that respect equally each citizen's authority, or jurisdiction.Less
This chapter identifies what it means to enjoy specifically political equality. To affirm equal political status is to recognize each citizen as equally entitled to render authoritative judgments as to how to organize and regulate all citizens' common life. Citizens have equal political status when common institutions and practices reflect and express the idea that they each have the capacity to judge matters of justice and political morality, and the entitlement to exercise that capacity by rendering judgments that have public authority on equal terms with others. Admitting citizens into the common project of political rule—to a share in the regime—respects them, by granting authority to their political judgment. A politically egalitarian society, then, regulates matters of common concern through decision-making processes that respect equally each citizen's authority, or jurisdiction.
Tom Gallagher
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719077432
- eISBN:
- 9781781702260
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719077432.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
According to this book, Romania's predatory rulers, the heirs of the sinister communist dictator Ceauşescu, have inflicted a humiliating defeat on the European Union. The book argues that Brussels ...
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According to this book, Romania's predatory rulers, the heirs of the sinister communist dictator Ceauşescu, have inflicted a humiliating defeat on the European Union. The book argues that Brussels was tricked into offering full membership to this Balkan country in return for substantial reforms which its rulers now refuse to carry out. It unmasks the failure of the EU to match its visionary promises of transforming Romania with the shabby reality. Benefiting from access to internal reports and leading figures involved in a decade of negotiations, the book shows how Eurocrats were outwitted by unscrupulous local politicians who turned the EU's multi-level decision-making processes into a laughing-stock. The EU's famous ‘soft power’ turned out to be a mirage, as it was unable to summon up the willpower to insist that this key Balkan state embraced its standards of behaviour in the political and economic realms. The book unravels policy failures in the areas of justice, administrative and agricultural reform, showing how Romania moved backwards politically during the years of negotiations.Less
According to this book, Romania's predatory rulers, the heirs of the sinister communist dictator Ceauşescu, have inflicted a humiliating defeat on the European Union. The book argues that Brussels was tricked into offering full membership to this Balkan country in return for substantial reforms which its rulers now refuse to carry out. It unmasks the failure of the EU to match its visionary promises of transforming Romania with the shabby reality. Benefiting from access to internal reports and leading figures involved in a decade of negotiations, the book shows how Eurocrats were outwitted by unscrupulous local politicians who turned the EU's multi-level decision-making processes into a laughing-stock. The EU's famous ‘soft power’ turned out to be a mirage, as it was unable to summon up the willpower to insist that this key Balkan state embraced its standards of behaviour in the political and economic realms. The book unravels policy failures in the areas of justice, administrative and agricultural reform, showing how Romania moved backwards politically during the years of negotiations.
Lackland H. Bloom
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199765881
- eISBN:
- 9780199366903
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765881.003.0023
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
The Conclusion applies four criteria to each of the cases discussed in the book in an attempt to determine whether the greatness of the case had an adverse impact on the decision and made bad law. ...
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The Conclusion applies four criteria to each of the cases discussed in the book in an attempt to determine whether the greatness of the case had an adverse impact on the decision and made bad law. First, consideration is given to whether the greatness of the case had an impact on the Court’s decision-making process. Second, did the greatness of the case affect the opinions of the justices? Third, did the greatness of the case lead the Court to produce bad law in a subjective but demonstrable sense? Finally, did the greatness of the case affect the long term impact of the law that the case produced? The chapter concludes that the greatness or momentousness of the cases can make bad law but generally does not. In most instances, the opinions and the quality of the law produced by the Court is more of a function of the calibre and confidence of the justices and especially the presence or absence of firm judicial leadership in the Court.Less
The Conclusion applies four criteria to each of the cases discussed in the book in an attempt to determine whether the greatness of the case had an adverse impact on the decision and made bad law. First, consideration is given to whether the greatness of the case had an impact on the Court’s decision-making process. Second, did the greatness of the case affect the opinions of the justices? Third, did the greatness of the case lead the Court to produce bad law in a subjective but demonstrable sense? Finally, did the greatness of the case affect the long term impact of the law that the case produced? The chapter concludes that the greatness or momentousness of the cases can make bad law but generally does not. In most instances, the opinions and the quality of the law produced by the Court is more of a function of the calibre and confidence of the justices and especially the presence or absence of firm judicial leadership in the Court.
