- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239086
- eISBN:
- 9781846312687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780853239086.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines the factors that led to the declaration of Peru's independence by Jose de San Martín in Lima in 1821 and the subsequent establishment of the new republic in 1824 following the ...
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This chapter examines the factors that led to the declaration of Peru's independence by Jose de San Martín in Lima in 1821 and the subsequent establishment of the new republic in 1824 following the triumph of patriotism over royalism. It looks at the history of Peru between the collapse of metropolitan authority in 1810 and the patriots' victory at Ayacucho in 1824, the pre-1810 movements and conspiracies, and the more significant manifestations of insurgency in Peru in the second decade of the nineteenth century. The chapter argues that most of the country's creoles did not fight for independence, but instead resorted to fidelismo – the insistence upon the maintenance of Peru's subordinate relationship with metropolitan Spain – in order to preserve their privileged position within the viceroyalty of españoles as well as restore the viceroyalty's pre-eminence in South America.Less
This chapter examines the factors that led to the declaration of Peru's independence by Jose de San Martín in Lima in 1821 and the subsequent establishment of the new republic in 1824 following the triumph of patriotism over royalism. It looks at the history of Peru between the collapse of metropolitan authority in 1810 and the patriots' victory at Ayacucho in 1824, the pre-1810 movements and conspiracies, and the more significant manifestations of insurgency in Peru in the second decade of the nineteenth century. The chapter argues that most of the country's creoles did not fight for independence, but instead resorted to fidelismo – the insistence upon the maintenance of Peru's subordinate relationship with metropolitan Spain – in order to preserve their privileged position within the viceroyalty of españoles as well as restore the viceroyalty's pre-eminence in South America.
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781846310270
- eISBN:
- 9781846314117
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781846310270.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
Warfare in South America has long involved women, from María de Estrada to Catalina de Erauso. This chapter explores how women inscribed gender and conceptualised sexual difference in their works, as ...
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Warfare in South America has long involved women, from María de Estrada to Catalina de Erauso. This chapter explores how women inscribed gender and conceptualised sexual difference in their works, as well as the kind of dialogue that they initiated with the canonical texts and gender doxa. It first considers the role of women in late colonial rebellions in South America, focusing on the impact of the Spanish American Wars of Independence on women and gender, before analysing a selection of women's literature, both published and unpublished. The chapter then discusses the ways in which women from different social classes contributed to the independence cause and how they were perceived by some of the leading male protagonists of independence, such as Manuel Belgrano. It also examines José de San Martín's Orden del Sol, women patriots of Nueva Granada (present-day Colombia), and the description of women using the term ciudadanía in Venezuela.Less
Warfare in South America has long involved women, from María de Estrada to Catalina de Erauso. This chapter explores how women inscribed gender and conceptualised sexual difference in their works, as well as the kind of dialogue that they initiated with the canonical texts and gender doxa. It first considers the role of women in late colonial rebellions in South America, focusing on the impact of the Spanish American Wars of Independence on women and gender, before analysing a selection of women's literature, both published and unpublished. The chapter then discusses the ways in which women from different social classes contributed to the independence cause and how they were perceived by some of the leading male protagonists of independence, such as Manuel Belgrano. It also examines José de San Martín's Orden del Sol, women patriots of Nueva Granada (present-day Colombia), and the description of women using the term ciudadanía in Venezuela.
Nicola Miller
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691176758
- eISBN:
- 9780691185835
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691176758.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter mentions the Liberators that took time out from their military campaigns to attend to the creation of major public libraries during the wars of independence between 1808 and 1826. It ...
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This chapter mentions the Liberators that took time out from their military campaigns to attend to the creation of major public libraries during the wars of independence between 1808 and 1826. It describes the libraries as one of the first institutions to be founded that were located close to the centre of political power in the cities. It also discusses individuals of varied political views that saw libraries as both symbol and source of universal enlightenment, noting General José de San Martín, who declared libraries to be more powerful than armies for protecting the embryonic political communities. The chapter refers to Simón Bolívar, who instigated a public library in Caracas in 1814 and intervened to ensure that Lima's library was restored in 1823 and 1824. It elaborates how libraries fulfilled a central role in social self definition as touchstones of what was meant by lo público and lo nacional.Less
This chapter mentions the Liberators that took time out from their military campaigns to attend to the creation of major public libraries during the wars of independence between 1808 and 1826. It describes the libraries as one of the first institutions to be founded that were located close to the centre of political power in the cities. It also discusses individuals of varied political views that saw libraries as both symbol and source of universal enlightenment, noting General José de San Martín, who declared libraries to be more powerful than armies for protecting the embryonic political communities. The chapter refers to Simón Bolívar, who instigated a public library in Caracas in 1814 and intervened to ensure that Lima's library was restored in 1823 and 1824. It elaborates how libraries fulfilled a central role in social self definition as touchstones of what was meant by lo público and lo nacional.
Mónica Ricketts
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190494889
- eISBN:
- 9780190494919
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190494889.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History, Latin American History
The final chapter discusses in parallel the political histories of Spain and Peru in the final years of imperial rule in South America. Peru did not experience a long national struggle and lacked ...
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The final chapter discusses in parallel the political histories of Spain and Peru in the final years of imperial rule in South America. Peru did not experience a long national struggle and lacked large elites committed to independence. As in the old metropolis, a constant and violent struggle between men of letters and military officers dominated. After decades of military reform and war, army officers with experience in command and government felt entitled to rule. Old subjects and new citizens were also accustomed to seeing them lead. Men of letters, on the other hand, found limited opportunities to exercise their new authority despite their ambitions. Additionally, both in Spain and Peru, liberal men of letters failed to create a new institutional order in which the military would be subjected to civilian rule. It would take decades for both parts of the former Spanish monarchy to accomplish that goal and allow for peace.Less
The final chapter discusses in parallel the political histories of Spain and Peru in the final years of imperial rule in South America. Peru did not experience a long national struggle and lacked large elites committed to independence. As in the old metropolis, a constant and violent struggle between men of letters and military officers dominated. After decades of military reform and war, army officers with experience in command and government felt entitled to rule. Old subjects and new citizens were also accustomed to seeing them lead. Men of letters, on the other hand, found limited opportunities to exercise their new authority despite their ambitions. Additionally, both in Spain and Peru, liberal men of letters failed to create a new institutional order in which the military would be subjected to civilian rule. It would take decades for both parts of the former Spanish monarchy to accomplish that goal and allow for peace.
John Fisher
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239086
- eISBN:
- 9781846312687
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846312687
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
By considering Bourbon Peru in a chronological framework that begins at mid-century rather than 1700, this book focuses the reader's attention on the key issue of the relationship between colonial ...
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By considering Bourbon Peru in a chronological framework that begins at mid-century rather than 1700, this book focuses the reader's attention on the key issue of the relationship between colonial reform in the late eighteenth century and the creation of an independent Peruvian state in the 1820s. It sets out some uncluttered responses to this question, emphasising continuities between the two forms of regime rather than change. The book's arguments are underpinned by a review of the major elements of Peru's economic, social, and political development for the half century from 1750. The study concludes with a detailed analysis of the independence period (1810–1824), which provides an interpretation of unrest in the highlands of royalist Peru, the dying days of the viceroyalty under Jose de la Serna (1821–1824) in Cusco, and the attempts to reach a negotiated settlement with the patriots under Jose de San Martín.Less
By considering Bourbon Peru in a chronological framework that begins at mid-century rather than 1700, this book focuses the reader's attention on the key issue of the relationship between colonial reform in the late eighteenth century and the creation of an independent Peruvian state in the 1820s. It sets out some uncluttered responses to this question, emphasising continuities between the two forms of regime rather than change. The book's arguments are underpinned by a review of the major elements of Peru's economic, social, and political development for the half century from 1750. The study concludes with a detailed analysis of the independence period (1810–1824), which provides an interpretation of unrest in the highlands of royalist Peru, the dying days of the viceroyalty under Jose de la Serna (1821–1824) in Cusco, and the attempts to reach a negotiated settlement with the patriots under Jose de San Martín.
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853239086
- eISBN:
- 9781846312687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780853239086.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This book provides a historical overview of Peru under the Bourbon monarchy between 1750 and 1824. It examines Spanish imperial policies towards Spanish America in the Bourbon period under viceroy ...
More
This book provides a historical overview of Peru under the Bourbon monarchy between 1750 and 1824. It examines Spanish imperial policies towards Spanish America in the Bourbon period under viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco, Conde de Superunda (1745–1761). The book discusses the impact of such policies upon Peru in terms of both government in the viceregal capital and local provincial administration. It also considers defence and military reorganisation, the role of the Catholic Church in the governmental structures of the viceroyalty, and the creoles' use of fidelismo over separation from metropolitan control as a means to restore the viceroyalty's pre-eminence in South America in general and to preserve the privileged position within the viceroyalty of españoles in particular. Moreover, the book assesses Peru's economic development in the late-Bourbon era, with some emphasis upon the mining, manufacturing, agricultural, and commercial sectors, before concluding with a discussion of the factors that led to the declaration of the independence of Peru from Spain by Jose de San Martín in Lima in 1821 and the establishment of the new republic in 1824.Less
This book provides a historical overview of Peru under the Bourbon monarchy between 1750 and 1824. It examines Spanish imperial policies towards Spanish America in the Bourbon period under viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco, Conde de Superunda (1745–1761). The book discusses the impact of such policies upon Peru in terms of both government in the viceregal capital and local provincial administration. It also considers defence and military reorganisation, the role of the Catholic Church in the governmental structures of the viceroyalty, and the creoles' use of fidelismo over separation from metropolitan control as a means to restore the viceroyalty's pre-eminence in South America in general and to preserve the privileged position within the viceroyalty of españoles in particular. Moreover, the book assesses Peru's economic development in the late-Bourbon era, with some emphasis upon the mining, manufacturing, agricultural, and commercial sectors, before concluding with a discussion of the factors that led to the declaration of the independence of Peru from Spain by Jose de San Martín in Lima in 1821 and the establishment of the new republic in 1824.
