Bitte Modin and Viveca Östberg
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861347589
- eISBN:
- 9781447302483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861347589.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter investigates stress-related aspects of health, namely psychosomatic complaints and psychological wellbeing, using the demand-control-support model as the frame of reference and ...
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This chapter investigates stress-related aspects of health, namely psychosomatic complaints and psychological wellbeing, using the demand-control-support model as the frame of reference and self-reported data from a nationally representative sample of Swedish compulsory school pupils. It discusses the links between the welfare state and the school, and between the work environment and health. It studies how working conditions among adults are associated with psychosomatic and psychological complaints by using data representative of the Swedish child population and direct information from children themselves.Less
This chapter investigates stress-related aspects of health, namely psychosomatic complaints and psychological wellbeing, using the demand-control-support model as the frame of reference and self-reported data from a nationally representative sample of Swedish compulsory school pupils. It discusses the links between the welfare state and the school, and between the work environment and health. It studies how working conditions among adults are associated with psychosomatic and psychological complaints by using data representative of the Swedish child population and direct information from children themselves.
Nils B. Weidmann and Espen Geelmuyden Rød
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190918309
- eISBN:
- 9780190918347
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190918309.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Democratization
This chapter addresses the need for fine-grained data on protest in autocracies. It discusses in detail the challenges arising when coding events from media reports: (i) the selection of news ...
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This chapter addresses the need for fine-grained data on protest in autocracies. It discusses in detail the challenges arising when coding events from media reports: (i) the selection of news agencies and outlets, (ii) the selection of relevant news reports, (iii) the problem of information extraction, and (iv) the problem of aggregation, where multiple reports about a single event need to be aggregated into individual events. The chapter then introduces the Mass Mobilization in Autocracies Database (MMAD), which constitutes the core for the empirical analysis in this book. Based on media reports from global news sources, the authors created an event database of protest, where each event is coded with its precise day and location (city), as well as a number of event characteristics (number of protesters, level of violence, etc.). The main innovation of the MMAD is that it provides users with a final list of event reports, which can later be aggregated to individual events.Less
This chapter addresses the need for fine-grained data on protest in autocracies. It discusses in detail the challenges arising when coding events from media reports: (i) the selection of news agencies and outlets, (ii) the selection of relevant news reports, (iii) the problem of information extraction, and (iv) the problem of aggregation, where multiple reports about a single event need to be aggregated into individual events. The chapter then introduces the Mass Mobilization in Autocracies Database (MMAD), which constitutes the core for the empirical analysis in this book. Based on media reports from global news sources, the authors created an event database of protest, where each event is coded with its precise day and location (city), as well as a number of event characteristics (number of protesters, level of violence, etc.). The main innovation of the MMAD is that it provides users with a final list of event reports, which can later be aggregated to individual events.
Audrey L. Begun and TOM Gregoire
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199892310
- eISBN:
- 9780190206376
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199892310.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter addresses challenges inherent in generating valid and reliable data in substance use research as well as presenting tools for identifying and evaluating some of the well-researched ...
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This chapter addresses challenges inherent in generating valid and reliable data in substance use research as well as presenting tools for identifying and evaluating some of the well-researched instruments and methodologies. The social work researcher needs to come to this chapter with an understanding of the relationship between variables and their measurement as well as issues in statistical analysis. This chapter builds on ideas developed in chapter 2 regarding research variables and study designs and includes “macro“- as well as “micro“-level measurement discussions.Less
This chapter addresses challenges inherent in generating valid and reliable data in substance use research as well as presenting tools for identifying and evaluating some of the well-researched instruments and methodologies. The social work researcher needs to come to this chapter with an understanding of the relationship between variables and their measurement as well as issues in statistical analysis. This chapter builds on ideas developed in chapter 2 regarding research variables and study designs and includes “macro“- as well as “micro“-level measurement discussions.
Zhizheng Wang
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190685515
- eISBN:
- 9780190685546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190685515.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Company and Commercial Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter focuses on China’s systematic government access to private-sector data. In accordance with facilitating Chinese e-government construction, many laws made for the purpose of state ...
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This chapter focuses on China’s systematic government access to private-sector data. In accordance with facilitating Chinese e-government construction, many laws made for the purpose of state security, public security, censorship, and taxation have granted the Chinese government extensive power of access to private-sector data generated in such businesses as information, finance, trade, travel, entertainment, and so on, operated in China. There are no laws or practices related to governmental systematic access currently found in China. However, this kind of systematic data access will certainly find itself anytime in the future enforcement and ensuing legislation once the Chinese government realizes it is necessary with the evolution of e-government strategy.Less
This chapter focuses on China’s systematic government access to private-sector data. In accordance with facilitating Chinese e-government construction, many laws made for the purpose of state security, public security, censorship, and taxation have granted the Chinese government extensive power of access to private-sector data generated in such businesses as information, finance, trade, travel, entertainment, and so on, operated in China. There are no laws or practices related to governmental systematic access currently found in China. However, this kind of systematic data access will certainly find itself anytime in the future enforcement and ensuing legislation once the Chinese government realizes it is necessary with the evolution of e-government strategy.
Jean-Pierre Gattuso and Jelle Bijma
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199591091
- eISBN:
- 9780191918001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199591091.003.0020
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Oceanography and Hydrology
Although the changes in the chemistry of seawater driven by the uptake of CO2 by the oceans have been known for decades, research addressing the effects of elevated CO2 on marine organisms and ...
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Although the changes in the chemistry of seawater driven by the uptake of CO2 by the oceans have been known for decades, research addressing the effects of elevated CO2 on marine organisms and ecosystems has only started recently (see Chapter 1). The first results of deliberate experiments on organisms were published in the mid 1980s (Agegian 1985) and those on communities in 2000 (Langdon et al. 2000; Leclercq et al. 2000 ). In contrast, studies focusing on the response of terrestrial plant communities began much earlier, with the first results of free-air CO2 enrichment experiments (FACE) being published in the late 1960s (see Allen 1992 ). Not surprisingly, knowledge about the effects of elevated CO2 on the marine realm lags behind that concerning the terrestrial realm. Yet ocean acidification might have significant biological, ecological, biogeochemical, and societal implications and decision-makers need to know the extent and severity of these implications in order to decide whether they should be considered, or not, when designing future policies. The goals of this chapter are to summarize key information provided in the preceding chapters by highlighting what is known and what is unknown, identify and discuss the ecosystems that are most at risk, as well as discuss prospects and recommendation for future research. The chemical, biological, ecological, biogeochemical, and societal implications of ocean acidification have been comprehensively reviewed in the previous chapters with one minor exception. Early work has shown that ocean acidification significantly affects the propagation of sound in seawater and suggested possible consequences for marine organisms sensitive to sound (Hester et al . 2008). However, sub sequent studies have shown that the changes in the upper-ocean sound absorption coefficient at future pH levels will have no or a small impact on ocean acoustic noise (Joseph and Chiu 2010; Udovydchenkov et al . 2010). The goal of this section is to condense the current knowledge about the consequences of ocean acidification in 15 key statements. Each statement is given levels of evidence and, when possible, a level of confidence as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for use in its 5th Assessment Report (Mastrandrea et al. 2010).
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Although the changes in the chemistry of seawater driven by the uptake of CO2 by the oceans have been known for decades, research addressing the effects of elevated CO2 on marine organisms and ecosystems has only started recently (see Chapter 1). The first results of deliberate experiments on organisms were published in the mid 1980s (Agegian 1985) and those on communities in 2000 (Langdon et al. 2000; Leclercq et al. 2000 ). In contrast, studies focusing on the response of terrestrial plant communities began much earlier, with the first results of free-air CO2 enrichment experiments (FACE) being published in the late 1960s (see Allen 1992 ). Not surprisingly, knowledge about the effects of elevated CO2 on the marine realm lags behind that concerning the terrestrial realm. Yet ocean acidification might have significant biological, ecological, biogeochemical, and societal implications and decision-makers need to know the extent and severity of these implications in order to decide whether they should be considered, or not, when designing future policies. The goals of this chapter are to summarize key information provided in the preceding chapters by highlighting what is known and what is unknown, identify and discuss the ecosystems that are most at risk, as well as discuss prospects and recommendation for future research. The chemical, biological, ecological, biogeochemical, and societal implications of ocean acidification have been comprehensively reviewed in the previous chapters with one minor exception. Early work has shown that ocean acidification significantly affects the propagation of sound in seawater and suggested possible consequences for marine organisms sensitive to sound (Hester et al . 2008). However, sub sequent studies have shown that the changes in the upper-ocean sound absorption coefficient at future pH levels will have no or a small impact on ocean acoustic noise (Joseph and Chiu 2010; Udovydchenkov et al . 2010). The goal of this section is to condense the current knowledge about the consequences of ocean acidification in 15 key statements. Each statement is given levels of evidence and, when possible, a level of confidence as recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for use in its 5th Assessment Report (Mastrandrea et al. 2010).
Jan O. Jonsson and Carina Mood
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198797968
- eISBN:
- 9780191839276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198797968.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, International
This chapter looks at child poverty trends in Sweden across two recessions, the first (severe) 1991–6, and the second (hardly noticeable) 2008–10, using a number of measures. Absolute (bread-line) ...
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This chapter looks at child poverty trends in Sweden across two recessions, the first (severe) 1991–6, and the second (hardly noticeable) 2008–10, using a number of measures. Absolute (bread-line) household income poverty and economic deprivation surged, with some lag, during the first recession, but shrunk steadily as the macro-economy improved up until around 2006, after which there is no trend but temporary fluctuations. Relative income poverty fell somewhat during the earlier recession but has grown since the mid-1990s, mainly because of a more precarious situation for one-parent families and non-employed parents (often immigrants). In a rare but theoretically important step, child poverty is also measured by young people’s own reports, showing few trends between 2000 and 2011. While material conditions improved somewhat, relative poverty did not change, in stark contrast to household relative poverty—perhaps because poor parents distribute more economic resources to their children during hard times.Less
This chapter looks at child poverty trends in Sweden across two recessions, the first (severe) 1991–6, and the second (hardly noticeable) 2008–10, using a number of measures. Absolute (bread-line) household income poverty and economic deprivation surged, with some lag, during the first recession, but shrunk steadily as the macro-economy improved up until around 2006, after which there is no trend but temporary fluctuations. Relative income poverty fell somewhat during the earlier recession but has grown since the mid-1990s, mainly because of a more precarious situation for one-parent families and non-employed parents (often immigrants). In a rare but theoretically important step, child poverty is also measured by young people’s own reports, showing few trends between 2000 and 2011. While material conditions improved somewhat, relative poverty did not change, in stark contrast to household relative poverty—perhaps because poor parents distribute more economic resources to their children during hard times.
