Adil E. Shamoo and David B. Resnik
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195368246
- eISBN:
- 9780199867615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195368246.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
Proper management of research conduct is essential to achieving reliable results and maintaining the quality, objectivity, and integrity of research data. The different steps of research should be ...
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Proper management of research conduct is essential to achieving reliable results and maintaining the quality, objectivity, and integrity of research data. The different steps of research should be monitored carefully, and research designs should include built-in safeguards to ensure the quality and integrity of research data. This chapter addresses ethical conduct in different steps of the research process: hypothesis formation, research design, literature review, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, publication, and data storage. This chapter also discusses methods that can help assure the quality, objectivity, and integrity of research data, such as good research practices (GRPs), standard operating procedures (SOPs), peer review, and data audit.Less
Proper management of research conduct is essential to achieving reliable results and maintaining the quality, objectivity, and integrity of research data. The different steps of research should be monitored carefully, and research designs should include built-in safeguards to ensure the quality and integrity of research data. This chapter addresses ethical conduct in different steps of the research process: hypothesis formation, research design, literature review, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, publication, and data storage. This chapter also discusses methods that can help assure the quality, objectivity, and integrity of research data, such as good research practices (GRPs), standard operating procedures (SOPs), peer review, and data audit.
Robert Rosenthal
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195385540
- eISBN:
- 9780199869824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385540.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Identical observations are often interpreted differently by different scientists, and that fact and its implications are the subject of this chapter. Interpretation effects are most simply defined as ...
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Identical observations are often interpreted differently by different scientists, and that fact and its implications are the subject of this chapter. Interpretation effects are most simply defined as any difference in interpretations. The difference may be between two or more interpreters, or an interpreter and such a generalized interpreter as an established theory or an “accepted” interpretation of a cumulative series of studies. As in the observer effect, the interpreter effect, or difference, does not necessarily imply a unidirectional phenomenon. When observations are nonrandomly distributed around a true value, these are referred to as “biased observations.” Similarly, when interpretations do not vary randomly—and usually they do not—these are referred to as “biased”.Less
Identical observations are often interpreted differently by different scientists, and that fact and its implications are the subject of this chapter. Interpretation effects are most simply defined as any difference in interpretations. The difference may be between two or more interpreters, or an interpreter and such a generalized interpreter as an established theory or an “accepted” interpretation of a cumulative series of studies. As in the observer effect, the interpreter effect, or difference, does not necessarily imply a unidirectional phenomenon. When observations are nonrandomly distributed around a true value, these are referred to as “biased observations.” Similarly, when interpretations do not vary randomly—and usually they do not—these are referred to as “biased”.
J. H. Abramson and Z. H. Abramson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195145250
- eISBN:
- 9780199864775
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195145250.001.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This book on the use of epidemiologic data deals with the basic concepts and skills needed for the appraisal of published reports or one's own findings. Applications in clinical medicine, public ...
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This book on the use of epidemiologic data deals with the basic concepts and skills needed for the appraisal of published reports or one's own findings. Applications in clinical medicine, public health and community medicine, and research are taken into consideration. The book acts as an introductory manual that deals in a simple way with fundamental epidemiological approaches and procedures; its aim is to produce competence in the ABC's of data interpretation. It is a workbook of short exercises and instructional self-tests that introduces and explains fundamental approaches and procedures in data interpretation and develops competency in working with epidemiological tools. It deals with basic concepts, the step-by-step assessment of data, rates and other simple measures and the appraisal of their accuracy, associations between variables, the appraisal of cause-effect relationships, meta-analysis, and the practical application of epidemiological findings in clinical practice, community medicine and public health, or research.Less
This book on the use of epidemiologic data deals with the basic concepts and skills needed for the appraisal of published reports or one's own findings. Applications in clinical medicine, public health and community medicine, and research are taken into consideration. The book acts as an introductory manual that deals in a simple way with fundamental epidemiological approaches and procedures; its aim is to produce competence in the ABC's of data interpretation. It is a workbook of short exercises and instructional self-tests that introduces and explains fundamental approaches and procedures in data interpretation and develops competency in working with epidemiological tools. It deals with basic concepts, the step-by-step assessment of data, rates and other simple measures and the appraisal of their accuracy, associations between variables, the appraisal of cause-effect relationships, meta-analysis, and the practical application of epidemiological findings in clinical practice, community medicine and public health, or research.
Jeffrey Longhofer, Jerry Floersch, and Janet Hoy
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195398472
- eISBN:
- 9780199979325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195398472.003.0003
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
A quick-start to qualitative research is described. Key concepts from chapter one—open system, phenomenological practice gap, brute and institutional facts, and engaged scholarship—are illustrated by ...
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A quick-start to qualitative research is described. Key concepts from chapter one—open system, phenomenological practice gap, brute and institutional facts, and engaged scholarship—are illustrated by applying them to a research case study of adolescent psychotropic treatment. Readers are provided a step-by-step description of formulating an engaged scholarship project; one extensive case study demonstrates each research step. A learning-by-doing style allows the reader to imagine that they can initiate engaged scholarship research. Each step of conducting research is discussed: research aims and questions, sampling, data collection and management tools, analytic strategy, and interpretation. While these activities are typical of all research projects, it is argued that what makes for successful achievement is their integration. An original, easily to follow quick-start guide to using ATLAS.ti software helps the practitioner and avoids intimidation by complex computer software.Less
A quick-start to qualitative research is described. Key concepts from chapter one—open system, phenomenological practice gap, brute and institutional facts, and engaged scholarship—are illustrated by applying them to a research case study of adolescent psychotropic treatment. Readers are provided a step-by-step description of formulating an engaged scholarship project; one extensive case study demonstrates each research step. A learning-by-doing style allows the reader to imagine that they can initiate engaged scholarship research. Each step of conducting research is discussed: research aims and questions, sampling, data collection and management tools, analytic strategy, and interpretation. While these activities are typical of all research projects, it is argued that what makes for successful achievement is their integration. An original, easily to follow quick-start guide to using ATLAS.ti software helps the practitioner and avoids intimidation by complex computer software.
Bettelou Los
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199274765
- eISBN:
- 9780191705885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274765.003.0011
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics
This final chapter wraps up the main conclusions of the book: the origin of the to-infinitive and its reanalysis as a non-finite subjunctive clause, and its rise and spread at the expense of the ...
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This final chapter wraps up the main conclusions of the book: the origin of the to-infinitive and its reanalysis as a non-finite subjunctive clause, and its rise and spread at the expense of the finite subjunctive clause. It also reflects on wider issues to do with the interpretation of historical linguistic data, especially the absence of certain constructions (the problem of ‘negative evidence’) and how we can make the most of the data we have. The key to these problems is not to look at syntactic constructions in isolation, but to focus on their function in the language. This means that historical linguists sometimes have to cast their nets wide and look at other fields — discourse, theories of textual cohesion, translation studies, and pragmatics — in order to find the answers to syntactic problems.Less
This final chapter wraps up the main conclusions of the book: the origin of the to-infinitive and its reanalysis as a non-finite subjunctive clause, and its rise and spread at the expense of the finite subjunctive clause. It also reflects on wider issues to do with the interpretation of historical linguistic data, especially the absence of certain constructions (the problem of ‘negative evidence’) and how we can make the most of the data we have. The key to these problems is not to look at syntactic constructions in isolation, but to focus on their function in the language. This means that historical linguists sometimes have to cast their nets wide and look at other fields — discourse, theories of textual cohesion, translation studies, and pragmatics — in order to find the answers to syntactic problems.
Mo Yee Lee and Amy Zaharlick
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199846597
- eISBN:
- 9780199315918
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199846597.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation, Communities and Organizations
An ethnographic approach is eclectic and allows for triangulation of data from multiple sources to enrich and confirm understandings of the studied phenomenon. Data analysis and interpretation are ...
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An ethnographic approach is eclectic and allows for triangulation of data from multiple sources to enrich and confirm understandings of the studied phenomenon. Data analysis and interpretation are guided by an ethnographic perspective that values the researcher’s collaborative relationships with the study group. Data collection, management, and analysis are intricately related processes that occur throughout the study. Through a feedback process of constant questioning, modifying, and clarifying of data and findings, researchers attempt to determine ‘what is going on’ in order to construct an understanding of emerging data, to provide direction for further data collection, and to answer research questions. The central role of historical, sociocultural, and institutional factors are considered. Ethnographic analysis and interpretation facilitates discovery of the cultural factors significant to the group being investigated and how such discoveries fit into a larger context. Two case studies illustrate how an ethnographic perspective can yield culturally competent interpretations.Less
An ethnographic approach is eclectic and allows for triangulation of data from multiple sources to enrich and confirm understandings of the studied phenomenon. Data analysis and interpretation are guided by an ethnographic perspective that values the researcher’s collaborative relationships with the study group. Data collection, management, and analysis are intricately related processes that occur throughout the study. Through a feedback process of constant questioning, modifying, and clarifying of data and findings, researchers attempt to determine ‘what is going on’ in order to construct an understanding of emerging data, to provide direction for further data collection, and to answer research questions. The central role of historical, sociocultural, and institutional factors are considered. Ethnographic analysis and interpretation facilitates discovery of the cultural factors significant to the group being investigated and how such discoveries fit into a larger context. Two case studies illustrate how an ethnographic perspective can yield culturally competent interpretations.
J. H. Abramson and Z. H. Abramson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195145250
- eISBN:
- 9780199864775
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195145250.003.0001
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The exercises in this section have three main purposes. First, they introduce a basic approach to the appraisal of data presented in a table or diagram—the basic questions to be asked, and the ...
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The exercises in this section have three main purposes. First, they introduce a basic approach to the appraisal of data presented in a table or diagram—the basic questions to be asked, and the explanations to be considered and tested, including the possible roles of artifacts, chance, and confounding and modifying factors. Also methods of testing causal explanations are considered. Second, fundamental terms and concepts are introduced, such as rates of different kinds, risks, refinement of data, dependent and independent variables, absolute and relative differences, bias, inductive and deductive reasoning, elaboration of associations, causal processes, and epidemiological models. And third, attention is directed to the uses that may be made of epidemiological data, by clinicians, practitioners of public health and community medicine, and researchers. A self-test concludes the section.Less
The exercises in this section have three main purposes. First, they introduce a basic approach to the appraisal of data presented in a table or diagram—the basic questions to be asked, and the explanations to be considered and tested, including the possible roles of artifacts, chance, and confounding and modifying factors. Also methods of testing causal explanations are considered. Second, fundamental terms and concepts are introduced, such as rates of different kinds, risks, refinement of data, dependent and independent variables, absolute and relative differences, bias, inductive and deductive reasoning, elaboration of associations, causal processes, and epidemiological models. And third, attention is directed to the uses that may be made of epidemiological data, by clinicians, practitioners of public health and community medicine, and researchers. A self-test concludes the section.
Richard C. Dicker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195313802
- eISBN:
- 9780199863952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313802.003.0010
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
The purpose of many field investigations is to identify causes, risk factors, sources, vehicles, routes of transmission, or other factors that put some members of the population at greater risk than ...
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The purpose of many field investigations is to identify causes, risk factors, sources, vehicles, routes of transmission, or other factors that put some members of the population at greater risk than others of having an adverse health event. In some field investigations, identifying a “culprit” is sufficient; if the culprit can be eliminated, the problem is solved. In other field settings, the goal is to quantify the relationship between exposure (or any population characteristic) and a health outcome. Quantifying this relationship may lead not only to appropriate interventions but also to advances in knowledge about disease causation. Both types of field investigation require appropriate analytical methods. This chapter describes the strategy for planning an analysis, methods for conducting the analysis, and guidelines for interpreting the results.Less
The purpose of many field investigations is to identify causes, risk factors, sources, vehicles, routes of transmission, or other factors that put some members of the population at greater risk than others of having an adverse health event. In some field investigations, identifying a “culprit” is sufficient; if the culprit can be eliminated, the problem is solved. In other field settings, the goal is to quantify the relationship between exposure (or any population characteristic) and a health outcome. Quantifying this relationship may lead not only to appropriate interventions but also to advances in knowledge about disease causation. Both types of field investigation require appropriate analytical methods. This chapter describes the strategy for planning an analysis, methods for conducting the analysis, and guidelines for interpreting the results.
Tsuneo Ishikawa
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198288626
- eISBN:
- 9780191596469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019828862X.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The first part of Ch. 1 outlines the purpose and organization of the book. The second part provides an overview of the current labour participation structure, and of the structure and distribution of ...
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The first part of Ch. 1 outlines the purpose and organization of the book. The second part provides an overview of the current labour participation structure, and of the structure and distribution of income and wealth in Japan. It also draws attention to the pitfalls that may arise in interpreting the data on these issues.Less
The first part of Ch. 1 outlines the purpose and organization of the book. The second part provides an overview of the current labour participation structure, and of the structure and distribution of income and wealth in Japan. It also draws attention to the pitfalls that may arise in interpreting the data on these issues.
Walter Willett
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195122978
- eISBN:
- 9780199864249
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.003.01
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter provides an overview of nutritional epidemiology for those unfamiliar with the field. It discusses the epidemiologic approaches to diet and disease, and the interpretation of ...
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This chapter provides an overview of nutritional epidemiology for those unfamiliar with the field. It discusses the epidemiologic approaches to diet and disease, and the interpretation of epidemiologic data.Less
This chapter provides an overview of nutritional epidemiology for those unfamiliar with the field. It discusses the epidemiologic approaches to diet and disease, and the interpretation of epidemiologic data.
Anne Galletta
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814732939
- eISBN:
- 9780814732953
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814732939.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This book offers an in-depth step-by-step guide to the use of semi-structured interviews in qualitative research. By tracing the life of an actual research project—an exploration of a school ...
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This book offers an in-depth step-by-step guide to the use of semi-structured interviews in qualitative research. By tracing the life of an actual research project—an exploration of a school district's effort over 40 years to address racial equality—as a consistent example threaded across the book, it shows how readers can approach the planning and execution of their own new research endeavor, and illuminates unexpected real-life challenges they may confront and how to address them. The book offers a close look at the inductive nature of qualitative research, the use of researcher reflexivity, and the systematic and iterative steps involved in data collection, analysis, and interpretation. It offers guidance on how to develop an interview protocol, including the arrangement of questions and ways to evoke analytically rich data.Less
This book offers an in-depth step-by-step guide to the use of semi-structured interviews in qualitative research. By tracing the life of an actual research project—an exploration of a school district's effort over 40 years to address racial equality—as a consistent example threaded across the book, it shows how readers can approach the planning and execution of their own new research endeavor, and illuminates unexpected real-life challenges they may confront and how to address them. The book offers a close look at the inductive nature of qualitative research, the use of researcher reflexivity, and the systematic and iterative steps involved in data collection, analysis, and interpretation. It offers guidance on how to develop an interview protocol, including the arrangement of questions and ways to evoke analytically rich data.
Jeffrey M. Brackett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199732869
- eISBN:
- 9780199918522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732869.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Religious Studies
The ethnographic model of Undergraduate Research in the discipline makes use of the qualitative gathering and interpretation of data for the purpose of exploring contemporary ideas and practices. ...
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The ethnographic model of Undergraduate Research in the discipline makes use of the qualitative gathering and interpretation of data for the purpose of exploring contemporary ideas and practices. This chapter describes the application of the ethnographic model to the study of religions of Southeast Asia.Less
The ethnographic model of Undergraduate Research in the discipline makes use of the qualitative gathering and interpretation of data for the purpose of exploring contemporary ideas and practices. This chapter describes the application of the ethnographic model to the study of religions of Southeast Asia.
Dawn Nafus (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034173
- eISBN:
- 9780262334549
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034173.001.0001
- Subject:
- Information Science, Communications
Today anyone can purchase technology that can track, quantify, and measure the body and its environment. Wearable or portable sensors detect heart rates, glucose levels, steps taken, water quality, ...
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Today anyone can purchase technology that can track, quantify, and measure the body and its environment. Wearable or portable sensors detect heart rates, glucose levels, steps taken, water quality, genomes, and microbiomes, and turn them into electronic data. Is this phenomenon empowering, or a new form of social control? Who volunteers to enumerate bodily experiences, and who is forced to do so? Who interprets the resulting data? How does all this affect the relationship between medical practice and self care, between scientific and lay knowledge? Quantified examines these and other issues that arise when biosensing technologies become part of everyday life. The book offers a range of perspectives, with views from the social sciences, cultural studies, journalism, industry, and the nonprofit world. The contributors consider data, personhood, and the urge to self-quantify; legal, commercial, and medical issues, including privacy, the outsourcing of medical advice, and self-tracking as a “paraclinical” practice; and technical concerns, including interoperability, sociotechnical calibration, alternative views of data, and new space for design. Contributors: Marc Böhlen, Geoffrey C. Bowker, Sophie Day, Anna de Paula Hanika, Deborah Estrin, Brittany Fiore-Gartland, Dana Greenfield, Judith Gregory, Mette Kragh-Furbo, Celia Lury, Adrian Mackenzie, Rajiv Mehta, Maggie Mort, Dawn Nafus, Gina Neff, Helen Nissenbaum, Heather Patterson, Celia Roberts, Jamie Sherman, Alex Taylor, Gary WolfLess
Today anyone can purchase technology that can track, quantify, and measure the body and its environment. Wearable or portable sensors detect heart rates, glucose levels, steps taken, water quality, genomes, and microbiomes, and turn them into electronic data. Is this phenomenon empowering, or a new form of social control? Who volunteers to enumerate bodily experiences, and who is forced to do so? Who interprets the resulting data? How does all this affect the relationship between medical practice and self care, between scientific and lay knowledge? Quantified examines these and other issues that arise when biosensing technologies become part of everyday life. The book offers a range of perspectives, with views from the social sciences, cultural studies, journalism, industry, and the nonprofit world. The contributors consider data, personhood, and the urge to self-quantify; legal, commercial, and medical issues, including privacy, the outsourcing of medical advice, and self-tracking as a “paraclinical” practice; and technical concerns, including interoperability, sociotechnical calibration, alternative views of data, and new space for design. Contributors: Marc Böhlen, Geoffrey C. Bowker, Sophie Day, Anna de Paula Hanika, Deborah Estrin, Brittany Fiore-Gartland, Dana Greenfield, Judith Gregory, Mette Kragh-Furbo, Celia Lury, Adrian Mackenzie, Rajiv Mehta, Maggie Mort, Dawn Nafus, Gina Neff, Helen Nissenbaum, Heather Patterson, Celia Roberts, Jamie Sherman, Alex Taylor, Gary Wolf
