Cecilia L. Ridgeway
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199755776
- eISBN:
- 9780199894925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755776.003.0006
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Previous chapters addressed the persistence of inequality in existing institutions; this chapter examines persistence at sites of economic and social innovation. Evidence shows that gender ...
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Previous chapters addressed the persistence of inequality in existing institutions; this chapter examines persistence at sites of economic and social innovation. Evidence shows that gender stereotypes change more slowly than material arrangements between men and women (cultural lag). At sites of innovation, people implicitly draw on lagging stereotypes to help organize their uncertain new situations, rewriting gender inequality into the new organizational procedures and structures they create. Some of these new organizational routines spread widely to become blueprints for new industries and social forms, reinventing but also modifying inequality for a new era. This argument is examined through studies of innovative work sites (biotechnology and information-technology start-ups) and forms of heterosexual union (student hook-ups).Less
Previous chapters addressed the persistence of inequality in existing institutions; this chapter examines persistence at sites of economic and social innovation. Evidence shows that gender stereotypes change more slowly than material arrangements between men and women (cultural lag). At sites of innovation, people implicitly draw on lagging stereotypes to help organize their uncertain new situations, rewriting gender inequality into the new organizational procedures and structures they create. Some of these new organizational routines spread widely to become blueprints for new industries and social forms, reinventing but also modifying inequality for a new era. This argument is examined through studies of innovative work sites (biotechnology and information-technology start-ups) and forms of heterosexual union (student hook-ups).
Cecilia L. Ridgeway
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199755776
- eISBN:
- 9780199894925
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199755776.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
How does gender inequality persist in an advanced industrial society like the United States, where legal, political, institutional, and economic processes work against it? This book draws on ...
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How does gender inequality persist in an advanced industrial society like the United States, where legal, political, institutional, and economic processes work against it? This book draws on empirical evidence from sociology, psychology, and organizational studies to argue that people's everyday use of gender as a primary cultural tool for organizing social relations with others creates processes that rewrite gender inequality into new forms of social and economic organization as these forms emerge in society. Widely shared gender stereotypes act as a “common knowledge” cultural frame that people use to initiate the process of making sense of one another in order to coordinate their interaction. Gender stereotypes change more slowly than material arrangements between men and women. As a result of this cultural lag, at sites of social innovation, people implicitly draw on trailing stereotypes of gender difference and inequality to help organize the new activities, procedures, and forms of organization that they create, in effect reinventing gender inequality for a new era. Chapters 1 through 3 explain how gender acts as a primary frame and how gender stereotypes shape interpersonal behavior and judgments in contextually varying ways. Chapters 4 and 5 show how these effects in the workplace and the home reproduce contemporary structures of gender inequality. Chapters 6 examines the cultural lag of gender stereotypes and shows how they create gender inequality at sites of innovation in work (high-tech start-ups) and intimate relations (college hook-ups). Chapter 7 develops the implications of this persistence dynamic for progress toward gender equality.Less
How does gender inequality persist in an advanced industrial society like the United States, where legal, political, institutional, and economic processes work against it? This book draws on empirical evidence from sociology, psychology, and organizational studies to argue that people's everyday use of gender as a primary cultural tool for organizing social relations with others creates processes that rewrite gender inequality into new forms of social and economic organization as these forms emerge in society. Widely shared gender stereotypes act as a “common knowledge” cultural frame that people use to initiate the process of making sense of one another in order to coordinate their interaction. Gender stereotypes change more slowly than material arrangements between men and women. As a result of this cultural lag, at sites of social innovation, people implicitly draw on trailing stereotypes of gender difference and inequality to help organize the new activities, procedures, and forms of organization that they create, in effect reinventing gender inequality for a new era. Chapters 1 through 3 explain how gender acts as a primary frame and how gender stereotypes shape interpersonal behavior and judgments in contextually varying ways. Chapters 4 and 5 show how these effects in the workplace and the home reproduce contemporary structures of gender inequality. Chapters 6 examines the cultural lag of gender stereotypes and shows how they create gender inequality at sites of innovation in work (high-tech start-ups) and intimate relations (college hook-ups). Chapter 7 develops the implications of this persistence dynamic for progress toward gender equality.
Jamil W. Drake
- Published in print:
- 2022
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780190082680
- eISBN:
- 9780190082727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190082680.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Chapter 4 examines the Myrdal-Carnegie Negro Problem Study of the late 1930s, on cusp of World War II. It concentrates on the study’s work on religion by discussing the works of Guy Johnson and ...
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Chapter 4 examines the Myrdal-Carnegie Negro Problem Study of the late 1930s, on cusp of World War II. It concentrates on the study’s work on religion by discussing the works of Guy Johnson and Allison Davis, a Black social anthropologist. Davis studied a variety of religious cultures in Natchez, Mississippi, such as Pentecostal, Holiness, and Spiritualism. Although he did not use the folk category, Davis nevertheless used “cultural lag” to frame what he took to be lower-class religion. He argued that these emotional, cathartic lower-class religions contributed to the maintenance of the “caste and class” system that subjugated Black and the poor populations in Mississippi Delta. Davis adds to Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal’s perspective that the lower-class religion of the rural folk populations was considered a “pathology” and consequently hindered the struggle for racial democracy, otherwise known as the “American Creed.” Thus, Davis, along with Johnson, supported Myrdal’s view that Black religion was not a source of salvation within the contours of the American republic. Rather, he felt that the welfare state could do for Black people and the broader southern economy what Black religion could not. Yet, the folk category simplified the complexity of Black religious expression and politics. It is difficult to assign religious practices to homogeneous racial and class demographics in the Delta. But in the end, this chapter argues that the Negro Problem Study generated the idea of the rural folk roots of the religion of poverty that was migrating to the urban North with the emerging “cults and sects.”Less
Chapter 4 examines the Myrdal-Carnegie Negro Problem Study of the late 1930s, on cusp of World War II. It concentrates on the study’s work on religion by discussing the works of Guy Johnson and Allison Davis, a Black social anthropologist. Davis studied a variety of religious cultures in Natchez, Mississippi, such as Pentecostal, Holiness, and Spiritualism. Although he did not use the folk category, Davis nevertheless used “cultural lag” to frame what he took to be lower-class religion. He argued that these emotional, cathartic lower-class religions contributed to the maintenance of the “caste and class” system that subjugated Black and the poor populations in Mississippi Delta. Davis adds to Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal’s perspective that the lower-class religion of the rural folk populations was considered a “pathology” and consequently hindered the struggle for racial democracy, otherwise known as the “American Creed.” Thus, Davis, along with Johnson, supported Myrdal’s view that Black religion was not a source of salvation within the contours of the American republic. Rather, he felt that the welfare state could do for Black people and the broader southern economy what Black religion could not. Yet, the folk category simplified the complexity of Black religious expression and politics. It is difficult to assign religious practices to homogeneous racial and class demographics in the Delta. But in the end, this chapter argues that the Negro Problem Study generated the idea of the rural folk roots of the religion of poverty that was migrating to the urban North with the emerging “cults and sects.”
